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Disaster Risk Resilience:Conceptual Evolution,Key Issues,and Opportunities

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第3期13卷 330-341页

作者： Marie-hélène Graveline Daniel germain Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement(ISE) Universitédu QuébecàMontréalMontréalH3C 3P8Canada Department of Geography Universitédu QuébecàMontréalMontréalH3C 3P8Canada

Resilience has become a cornerstone for risk management and disaster ***,it has evolved extensively both etymologically and conceptually in time and across scientific *** concept has been(re)shaped by the evolution of research and practice *** the opposite of vulnerability for a long time,resilience was first defined as the ability to resist,bounce back,cope with,and recover quickly from the impacts of *** avoid the possible return to conditions of vulnerability and exposure to hazards,the notions of post-disaster development,transformation,and adaptation(build back better)and anticipation,innovation,and proactivity(bounce forward)were then ***,resilience is characterized by a multitude of components and several *** present a selection of 25 components used to define resilience,and an interesting linkage emerges between these components and the dimensions of risk management(prevention,preparedness,response,and recovery),offering a perspective to strengthen resilience through the development of *** its potential,resilience is subject to challenges regarding its operationalization,effectiveness,measurement,credibility,equity,and even its ***,it offers applicability and opportunities for local communities as well as an interdisciplinary look at global challenges.

关键词： Community Disaster risk Resilience Sustainable development

Theoretical Investigation of X-Ray Absorption near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) Angular Dependence of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Grown by DC hF CVD Process

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2015年第5期6卷 373-390页

作者： Bridinette Thiodjio Sendja Rolant Eba Medjo Jeannot Mane Mane germain hubert ben-bolie Pierre Owono Ateba Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique (National Advanced School of Engineering) Department of Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon Physics Department Faculty of Science University of Douala Douala Cameroon Physics Department Faculty of Science University of Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroon

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on plain substrates SiO2/Si(100) by a direct current and hot filaments catalytic chemical vapor deposition process have been studied by synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) technique to theoretically investigate the angular-dependence of carbone (C) K-edge π* and σ* transitions. Experimental XANES spectra show that π* resonance increases with the incidence angle from normal to grazing incidence angle while σ* resonance decreases. This has been explained by the sine-square and cosine-square dependencies of π* and σ* intensities, respectively. These results were confirmed by theoretical XANES curves of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (hOPG) and CNTs plotted versus incidence angle. It has been shown that π* and σ* transitions strongly depend on the nature of polarized light (linearly or circularly). At the linear polarized light, π* resonance is a preference as well as at right-circular polarized. At the left-circular polarized light, σ* resonance is a preference. The π* intensities are high at parallel orientation and the σ* intensities are low at normal orientation. The smallest π* intensity is noticed at normal orientation, where the π* orbitals are supposed to be lying parallel to the surface plane for perfectly aligned hOPG or CNTs. This explains the incomplete extinction of π* intensity. We noticed at parallel orientation a region where any π* and σ* transitions did not expect because of the lack of polarization light.

关键词： Angular Dependence XANES Normal Incidence Grazing Incidence Carbon Nanotubes Intensity

Techno-economic analysis of sidestream ammonia removal technologies:Biological options versus thermal stripping

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2023年第1期13卷 107-114页

作者： Pascal Ochs ben Martin Eve germain-Cripps Tom Stephenson Mark van Loosdrecht Ana Soares Cranfield University College RoadCranfieldBedfordMK430ALUnited Kingdom Thames Water Reading STWIsland RoadRG20RPReadingUnited Kingdom Delft University of Technology Building 58Van der Maasweg 92629DelftNetherlands

Over the past twenty years,various commercial technologies have been deployed to remove ammonia(Nh4eN)from anaerobic digestion(AD)*** recent years many anaerobic digesters have been upgraded to include a pre-treatment,such as the thermal hydrolysis process(ThP),to produce more biogas,increasing Nh4eN concentrations in the liquors are costly to *** study provides a comparative techno-economic assessment of sidestream technologies to remove Nh4eN from conventional AD and ThP/AD dewatering liquors:a deammonification continuous stirred tank reactor(PNA),a nitrification/denitrification sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and thermal ammonia stripping process with an ammonia scrubber(STRIP).The SBR and PNA were based on full-scale data,whereas the STRIP was designed using a computational approach to achieve Nh4eN removals of 90e95%.The PNA presented the lowest whole-life cost(WLC)over 40 years,with£7.7 M,while the STRIP had a WLC of£43.9 *** study identified that ThP dewatering liquors,and thus a higher ammonia load,can lead to a 1.5e3.0 times increase in operational expenditure with the PNA and the ***,this study highlighted that deammonification is a capable and cost-effective nitrogen removal *** like the STRIP respond to current pressures faced by the water industry on ammonia recovery together with targets to reduce nitrous oxide ***,ammonia striping-based processes must further be demonstrated in WWTPs and WLC reduced to grant their wide implementation and replace existing technologies.

关键词： Deammonification Nitrification Denitrification Wastewater Sludge dewatering liquors

Effects of finite water depth and lateral confinement on ships wakes and resistance

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Journal of hydrodynamics 2020年第3期32卷 582-590页

作者： Clément Caplier germain Rousseaux Damien Calluaud Laurent David Institut Pprime-CNRS University of PoitiersISAE-ENSMAChasseneuilFrance

Wash waves produced by ships disintegrate river banks and coastal lines. This phenomenon of bank erosion is mainly due to the height of the waves. Various factors govern the formation of these waves and their amplitudes: the geometry of the water channel, the shape and the speed of the boat, etc.. These factors play an important role on the wave generation, in addition on the resistance of the ship and so on its fuel consumption. Whether to study the impact of wash waves on the ship's environment or its resistance, the analysis of the generated wake is essential. hence a fine characterization of the wave field is necessary. This study proposes a comparison of wakes generated by two generic ships based on a Wigley hull with block coefficients 0.67 and 0.89 respectively representative of maritime and fluvial ships. The wakes generated in deep water and confined water configurations have been measured for different Froude numbers by a non-intrusive optical stereo-correlation method, giving access to a detailed and complete definition of the generated wave fields. The resistance of the ship hulls has been measured in deep and confined water configurations with a hydrodynamic balance. The results permit one to study the influence of both hull and water channel geometries on the ship wake, on the amplitude of the far-field generated waves and on the near-field hydrodynamic response. Moreover, resistance curves are obtained for both configurations and highlight the effect of both hull and water channel geometries on the resistance coefficient of the ship. A comparison of the resistance curves with or without the ship trim is conducted and shows the influence of the trim on the resistance coefficient in the different ship speed regimes.

关键词： Ship wakes wash waves confined water ship resistance

Integration of Trace Images in Three‑dimensional Crime Scene Reconstruction

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Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 2016年第1期2卷 48-52页

作者： Quentin Milliet Eric germain Sapin Forensic Imaging Institute of Forensic ScienceSchool of Criminal JusticeUniversity of LausanneBatochimeCH‑1015 LausanneSwitzerland

Forensic image analysis has greatly developed with the proliferation of photography and video recording *** images of serious incidents are increasingly captured by first responders,witnesses,bystanders,or surveillance *** perception is exposed with a special emphasis on the influence of the field of view on *** response to the pitfalls of the mental eye,a way to systematize the integration of images as traces in three‑dimensional crime scene reconstruction is *** systematic approach is based on the application of photogrammetric principles to slightly modify the usual photographic documentation as well as on the early collection and review of available trace *** integration of images as traces provides valuable contributions to contextualize what happened at a crime scene based on the information that can be obtained from *** a wider perspective,the systematic analysis of images fosters the use and interpretation of forensic evidence to complement witness statements in the criminal justice *** article outlines the benefits of integrating trace images into a coherent reconstruction framework in order to improve interpretation of their content.A solution is proposed to integrate perception differences between the field of view of cameras and the human eye.

关键词： Image perception interpretation photogrammetry witness images

Alignment of Vertically Grown Carbon Nanostructures Studied by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2014年第13期5卷 966-983页

作者： Jeannot Mane Mane Francois Le Normand Rolant Eba Medjo Costel Sorin Cojocaru Ovidiu Ersen Antoine Senger Carine Laffon Bridinette Thiodjio Sendja César Mbane Biouele germain hubert ben-bolie Pierre Owono Ateba Philippe Parent IPCMS UMR 7504 CNRSStrasbourgFrance Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique(National Advanced School of Engineering) Department of Mathematics and Physical SciencesThe University of YaoundéIYaoundeCameroon Physics Department Faculty of ScienceUniversity of YaoundéIYaoundeCameroon Physics Department Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DoualaDoualaCameroon LURE UMR CNRSCentre Universitaire Paris SudOrsayFrance

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) on the carbon K edge of carbon nanostructures (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowalls) is reported here. They are grown on plain SiO2 (8 nm thick)/Si(100) substrates by a Plasma and hot Filaments-enhanced Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (PE hF CCVD) process. The morphology and the nature of these carbon nanostructures are characterized by SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. According to conditions of catalyst preparation and DC hF CCVD process, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanowalls (CNWs), carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with different orientation of the graphene plans or shells can be prepared. From the angular dependence of the incident light and geometrical morphology of the nanostructures, wide variations of the C K-edge intensity of the transitions to the empty π* and σ* states occur. A full lineshape analysis of the XAS spectra has been carried out using a home-made software, allowing estimating the relative proportion of π* and σ* transitions. A geometrical model of the angular dependence with the incidence angle of the light and the morphology of the carbon nanostructures is derived. With normalization to the hOPG (highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite graphite) reference case, a degree of alignment can be extracted which is representative of the localized orientation of the graphitic carbon π bonds, accounting not only for the overall orientation, but also for local defects like impurities incorporation, structural defects ... This degree of alignment shows good agreement with SEM observations. Thus CNTs films display degrees of alignment around 50%, depending on the occurrence of defects in the course of the growth, whereas no special alignment can be detected with CNFs and CNPs, and a weak one (about 20%) is detected on CNWs.

关键词： X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Carbon Nanostructures(CNTs,CNFs,CNWs,CNPs) Plasma-and hot Filaments-Enhanced Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Geometrical Model Angular Dependence

A Myosin XI Tail Domain homologous to the Yeast Myosin Vacuole-Binding Domain Interacts with Plastids and Stromules in Nicotiana benthamiana

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Molecular Plant 2009年第6期2卷 1351-1358页

作者： Amir Sattarzadeh Johanna Krahmer Arnaud D. germain Maureen R. hanson Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Biotechnology Building Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

The actin cytoskeleton plays a role in mobility of many different organelles in plant cells, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi, and peroxisomes. While progress has been made in identifying the myosin motors involved in trafficking of various plant organelles, not all of the cargoes mobilized by different members of the myosin XI family have yet been identified. The involvement of myosins in chloroplast positioning and mitochondrial movement was demonstrated by expression of a virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） construct in tobacco. When VIGS with two different conserved sequences from a myosin Xl motor was performed in plants with either GFP-labeled plastids or mitochondria, chloroplast positioning in the dark was abnormal, and mitochondrial movement ceased. Because these and prior obser- vations have implicated a role for myosins and the actin cytoskeleton in plastid and stromule movement, we searched for myosin tail domains that could associate with plastids and stromules. While a yellow fluorescent protein （YFP） fusion with the entire tail region of myosin XI-F was usually found only in the cytoplasm, we observed that an Arabidopsis or Nicotiana benthamiana YFP：：myosin XI-F tail domain homologous to the yeast myo2p vacuole-binding domain associated with plastids and stromules after transient expression in N. benthamiana. Taken together, these observations implicate myosin motor proteins in dynamics of plastids and stromules.

关键词： Chloroplast biology cytoskeleton dynamics mitochondria gene silencing fluorescent protein.

Dynamics of Strigolactone Function and Shoot Branching Responses in Pisum sativum

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Molecular Plant 2013年第1期6卷 128-140页

作者： Elizabeth A. Dun Alexandre de Saint germain Catherine Rameau Christine A. Beveridge The University of Queensland School of Biological Sciences St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin INRA UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech F-78000 Versailles France

Strigolactones （SLs）, or their metabolites, were recently identified as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branch- ing. however, certain key features and dynamics of SL action remained to be physiologically characterized. here we show that successive direct application of SL to axillary buds at every node along the stem can fully inhibit branching. The SL inhibition of early outgrowth did not require inhibitory signals from other growing buds or the shoot tip. In add- ition to this very early or initial suppression of outgrowth, we also found SL to be effective, up to a point, at moderating the continuing growth of axillary branches. The effectiveness of SL at affecting bud and branch growth correlated with the ability of SL to regulate expression of PsBRC1. PsBRC1 is a transcription factor that is expressed strongly in axillary buds and is required for SL inhibition of shoot branching. Consistent with a dynamic role of the hormone, SL inhibition of bud growth did not prevent buds from later responding to a decapitation treatment, even though SL treatment immediately after decapitation inhibits the outgrowth response. Also, as expected from the hypothesized branching control network in plants, treatment of exogenous SL caused feedback down-regulation of SL biosynthesis genes within 2 h. Altogether, these results reveal new insights into the dynamics of SL function and support the premise that SLs or SL-derived metabolites function dynamically as a shoot branching hormone and that they act directly in axillary buds.

关键词： hormonal regulation dormancy shoot branching.

The importance of large-diameter trees to the creation of snag and deadwood biomass

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 380-393页

作者： James A.Lutz Soren Struckman Sara J.germain Tucker J.Furniss Department of Wildland Resources S.J.and Jessie E.Quinney College of Natural ResourcesUtah State University5230 Old Main HillLoganUT 84322-5230USA

Background:Baseline levels of tree mortality can,over time,contribute to high snag densities and high levels of deadwood(down woody debris)if fire is infrequent and decomposition is *** can be important for tree recruitment,and it plays a major role in terrestrial carbon cycling,but deadwood is rarely examined in a spatially explicit ***:Between 2011 and 2019,we annually tracked all trees and snags≥1 cm in diameter and mapped all pieces of deadwood≥10 cm diameter and≥1 m in length in 25.6 ha of Tsuga heterophylla/Pseudotsuga menziesii *** analyzed the amount,biomass,and spatial distribution of deadwood,and we assessed how various causes of mortality that contributed uniquely to deadwood ***:Compared to aboveground woody live biomass of 481 Mg ha^(−1)(from trees≥10 cm diameter),snag biomass was 74 Mg ha^(−1) and deadwood biomass was 109 Mg ha^(−1)(from boles≥10 cm diameter).Biomass from large-diameter trees(≥60 cm)accounted for 85%,88%,and 58%,of trees,snags,and deadwood,*** aboveground woody live and dead biomass was 668 Mg ha^(−1).The annual production of downed wood(≥10 cm diameter)from tree boles averaged 4 Mg ha^(−1) yr^(−1).Woody debris was spatially heterogeneous,varying more than two orders of magnitude from 4 to 587 Mg ha^(−1) at the scale of 20 m×20 m *** all causes of deadwood creation varied in importance between large-diameter trees and small-diameter *** of standing stems and deadwood had weak inverse distributions,reflecting the long period of time required for trees to reach large diameters following antecedent tree mortalities and the centennial scale time required for deadwood ***:Old-growth forests contain large stores of biomass in living trees,as well as in snag and deadwood biomass pools that are stable long after tree *** biomass(or carbon)in deadwood pools can lead to substantial underestimations of sequestration and stability.

关键词： Carbon sequestration Old-growth forest Pseudotsuga menziesii Tree mortality Tsuga heterophylla Wind River Forest Dynamics Plot