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Near Surface Carbon Dioxide and Methane in Urban Areas of Costa Rica

Open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第4期4卷 208-223页

作者： germain esquivel-hernández Mario Villalobos-Forbes Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo Christian Birkel Juan Valdés-González Jan Boll Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Grupo de Investigación en Isotopos Estables Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Escuela de Geografía Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Northern Rivers Institute University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Washington State University Pullman USA

Little information is available for Central America regarding methane and carbon dioxide mixing ratios in urban areas. This work reports a representative spatial and seasonal study of near surface carbon dioxide and methane, carried out between July 2014 and January 2015 (27 weeks) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, and other urban and rural sites across the country and covering three distinct seasons: Mid-summer drought (July-August), wet season (September-November) and transition period (December-January). The mixing ratios of both gases are clearly influenced by the metropolitan area, and by the prevailing atmospheric conditions during the wet season months. Average carbon dioxide concentration (629 ± 80 ppm) and average methane concentration (2192 ± 110 ppb) were up to 8% and up to 10%, respectively, higher during the wet season than the values recorded outside this period. HYSPLIT back air mass trajectories analysis, and weather data available for the Central Valley, suggest that these differences arise as result of a reduction in the mixing layer of depth (~425 m) and the wind speed (~1.5 m/s) across the valley, favoring the accumulation of polluted air masses in the metropolitan area. Other natural and anthropogenic sources, like the volcanic emissions of the Turrialba Volcano and the livestock activities at rural sites, apparently influence the mixing ratios of both gases across Costa Rica. Although the scope of this study is limited to representative seasonal conditions of the Central Valley in 2014 and 2015, it is possible considering the information presented in this work that the “dome” phenomenon can be assumed to exist.

关键词： Carbon Dioxide Methane Urban Areas Costa Rica HYSPLIT Atmospheric Conditions

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Spatial and Temporal Variation of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation across Costa Rica: An Analysis of Historic GNIP Records

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2013年第4期3卷 226-240页

作者： Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo germain esquivel-hernández Kristen Welsh Erin S. Brooks Jan Boll Rosa Alfaro-Solís Juan Valdés-González Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of Idaho Moscow USA. Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera Escuela de Química Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica Waters of the West-Water Resources Program University of Idaho Moscow USA

The location of Costa Rica on the Central American Isthmus creates unique microclimate systems that receive moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In Costa Rica, stable isotope monitoring was conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Association as part of the worldwide effort entitled Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. Sampling campaigns were mainly comprised of monthly-integrated samples during intermittent years from 1990 to 2005. The main goal of this study was to determine spatial and temporal isotopic variations of meteoric waters in Costa Rica using historic records. Samples were grouped in four main regions: Nicoya Peninsula (d2H = 6.65d18O -0.13;r2 = 0.86);Pacific Coast (d2H = 7.60d18O + 7.95;r2 = 0.99);Caribbean Slope (d2H = 6.97d18O + 4.97;r2 = 0.97);and Central Valley (d2H = 7.94d18O + 10.38;r2 = 0.98). The water meteoric line for Costa Rica can be defined as d2H = 7.61d18O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). The regression of precipitation amount and annual arithmetic means yields a slope of ﹣1.6‰ d18O per 100 mm of rain (r2 = 0.57) which corresponds with a temperature effect of ﹣0.37‰ d18O/°C. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.77) of ﹣2.0‰ d18O per km of elevation was found. Samples within the Nicoya Peninsula and Caribbean lowlands appear to be dominated by evaporation enrichment as shown in d-excess interpolation, especially during the dry months, likely resulting from small precipitation amounts. In the inter-mountainous region of the Central Valley and Pacific slope, complex moisture recycling processes may dominate isotopic variations. Generally, isotopic values tend to be more depleted as the rainy season progresses over the year. Air parcel back trajectories indicate that enriched isotopic compositions both in Turrialba and Monteverde are related to central Caribbean parental moisture and low rainfall intensities. Depleted events appear to be related to high rainfall amounts despite the

关键词： Stable Isotopes Costa Rica Precipitation GNIP HYSPLIT Model

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Waste Minimization Practices at the National University of Costa Rica

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2014年第2期3卷 106-116页

作者： Mora Jose esquivel germain Rodriguez Javier Salas Carolina Department of Chemistry National University of Costa Rica Heredia 863000 Costa Rica Department of Economy National University of Costa Rica Heredia 863000 Costa Riea Research Institute National University of Costa Rica Heredia 863000 Costa Rica

In order to determine the quantity of laboratories doing waste minimization practice related with the USEPA （United State Environmental Protection Agency） pollution hierarchy, an initial diagnostic about waste management at laboratories was conducted. The data gathered were used to start a training to laboratory personnel training about EPA-PH （Environmental Protection Agency-Pollution Hierarchy）. After training new diagnostics were performed. The applications of waste minimization practices in the laboratories were analyzed before and after the training. The most poorly practices performed year by year during the study period were ＂substitute nonhazardous materials＂, ＂chemical treatment＂ and ＂distillation＂. ＂Redistribute surplus chemical＂ was performed in 22 labs, 30 labs and 48 labs during years 2010, 2011 and 2013 respectively as the most common practice. This study showed that training about pollution prevention hierarchy increased the number of laboratories doing waste minimization practices, prioritizing reduction and prevention from the source.

关键词： Chemical waste management waste reduction and prevention laboratories.

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Disaster Risk Resilience:Conceptual Evolution,Key Issues,and Opportunities

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第3期13卷 330-341页

作者： Marie-Hélène Graveline Daniel germain Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement(ISE) Universitédu QuébecàMontréalMontréalH3C 3P8Canada Department of Geography Universitédu QuébecàMontréalMontréalH3C 3P8Canada

Resilience has become a cornerstone for risk management and disaster ***,it has evolved extensively both etymologically and conceptually in time and across scientific *** concept has been(re)shaped by the evolution of research and practice *** the opposite of vulnerability for a long time,resilience was first defined as the ability to resist,bounce back,cope with,and recover quickly from the impacts of *** avoid the possible return to conditions of vulnerability and exposure to hazards,the notions of post-disaster development,transformation,and adaptation(build back better)and anticipation,innovation,and proactivity(bounce forward)were then ***,resilience is characterized by a multitude of components and several *** present a selection of 25 components used to define resilience,and an interesting linkage emerges between these components and the dimensions of risk management(prevention,preparedness,response,and recovery),offering a perspective to strengthen resilience through the development of *** its potential,resilience is subject to challenges regarding its operationalization,effectiveness,measurement,credibility,equity,and even its ***,it offers applicability and opportunities for local communities as well as an interdisciplinary look at global challenges.

关键词： Community Disaster risk Resilience Sustainable development

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Effects of finite water depth and lateral confinement on ships wakes and resistance

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2020年第3期32卷 582-590页

作者： Clément Caplier germain Rousseaux Damien Calluaud Laurent David Institut Pprime-CNRS University of PoitiersISAE-ENSMAChasseneuilFrance

Wash waves produced by ships disintegrate river banks and coastal lines. This phenomenon of bank erosion is mainly due to the height of the waves. Various factors govern the formation of these waves and their amplitudes: the geometry of the water channel, the shape and the speed of the boat, etc.. These factors play an important role on the wave generation, in addition on the resistance of the ship and so on its fuel consumption. Whether to study the impact of wash waves on the ship's environment or its resistance, the analysis of the generated wake is essential. Hence a fine characterization of the wave field is necessary. This study proposes a comparison of wakes generated by two generic ships based on a Wigley hull with block coefficients 0.67 and 0.89 respectively representative of maritime and fluvial ships. The wakes generated in deep water and confined water configurations have been measured for different Froude numbers by a non-intrusive optical stereo-correlation method, giving access to a detailed and complete definition of the generated wave fields. The resistance of the ship hulls has been measured in deep and confined water configurations with a hydrodynamic balance. The results permit one to study the influence of both hull and water channel geometries on the ship wake, on the amplitude of the far-field generated waves and on the near-field hydrodynamic response. Moreover, resistance curves are obtained for both configurations and highlight the effect of both hull and water channel geometries on the resistance coefficient of the ship. A comparison of the resistance curves with or without the ship trim is conducted and shows the influence of the trim on the resistance coefficient in the different ship speed regimes.

关键词： Ship wakes wash waves confined water ship resistance

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Discrete energy transport in collagen molecules

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Chinese Physics B 2014年第9期23卷 544-548页

作者： Alain Mvogo germain H.Ben-Bolie Timoléon C.Kofané Laboratory of Biophysics Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde I Laboratory of Nuclear Physics Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde I Centre d'Excellence Africain en Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication University of Yaounde I Laboratory of Mechanics Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaounde I

The modulational instability in the three coupled α-polypeptide chains of a collagen molecule is investigated. Choosing symmetric and asymmetric solutions, and applying the so-called rotating-wave approximation, we describe the dynamics of the system by the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger （DNLS） equation. The linear stability analysis of the continuous wave solution is performed. The numerical simulations show the generation of trains of solitonic structures in the lattice with increasing amplitude as time progresses. The effect of damping and noise forces of the physiological temperature （T = 300 K） introduces an erratic behavior to the formed patterns, reinforcing the idea that the energy used in metabolic processes is confined to specific regions for efficiency.

关键词： modulational instability collagen molecules damping noise force

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Analysis of Benzene Exposure Levels on Commuters Traveling within the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2015年第1期4卷 38-46页

作者： Wendy Villalobos-Gonzalez germain esquivel-hernandez Ricardo Sanchez-Murillo José Leonardo Corrales-Salazar Juan Valdes-Gonzalez Laboratorio de Química de la Atmosfera Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica Grupo de Investigación en Isotopos Estables Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Heredia Costa Rica

This study reports the benzene exposure levels of commuters traveling within the metropolitan area of Costa Rica using personal cars, buses, and urban trains. 47 in-vehicle samples were collected in the 2014 wet season under three different driving conditions: rush hour traffic, normal traffic and weekends. Samples were collected in Tedlar bags and analyzed using 75 μm carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Additionally, duplicate samples were collected on adsorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and analyzed by thermal desorption (TD) and GC-FID. Results indicate that travelling in cars and buses under rush hour conditions exposes commuters to statistically equal average benzene concentration of 48.7 and 51.6 μg/m3, respectively. Average benzene levels in urban trains (33.0 μg/m3) were measured only during morning rush hours. Greater benzene levels in buses than personal cars concentrations may be attributable to the immersion of traffic-related emission within the bus cabins. Factors, such as the driving pattern, the number of vehicles on the route, the road infrastructure, and the prevalence of gasoline-fueled vehicles in Costa Rica, may increase ambient benzene concentrations. Benzene levels inside car cabins reported in this study are in the range of those reported in other urban areas;however, the corresponding concentrations inside buses and urban trains (rush hour only) are higher than previously published exposure levels.

关键词： Costa Rica Benzene Exposure Levels Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) Traffic Hours Commuters Exposure

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Integration of Trace Images in Three‑dimensional Crime Scene Reconstruction

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Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 2016年第1期2卷 48-52页

作者： Quentin Milliet Eric germain Sapin Forensic Imaging Institute of Forensic ScienceSchool of Criminal JusticeUniversity of LausanneBatochimeCH‑1015 LausanneSwitzerland

Forensic image analysis has greatly developed with the proliferation of photography and video recording *** images of serious incidents are increasingly captured by first responders,witnesses,bystanders,or surveillance *** perception is exposed with a special emphasis on the influence of the field of view on *** response to the pitfalls of the mental eye,a way to systematize the integration of images as traces in three‑dimensional crime scene reconstruction is *** systematic approach is based on the application of photogrammetric principles to slightly modify the usual photographic documentation as well as on the early collection and review of available trace *** integration of images as traces provides valuable contributions to contextualize what happened at a crime scene based on the information that can be obtained from *** a wider perspective,the systematic analysis of images fosters the use and interpretation of forensic evidence to complement witness statements in the criminal justice *** article outlines the benefits of integrating trace images into a coherent reconstruction framework in order to improve interpretation of their content.A solution is proposed to integrate perception differences between the field of view of cameras and the human eye.

关键词： Image perception interpretation photogrammetry witness images

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Dynamics of Strigolactone Function and Shoot Branching Responses in Pisum sativum

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Molecular Plant 2013年第1期6卷 128-140页

作者： Elizabeth A. Dun Alexandre de Saint germain Catherine Rameau Christine A. Beveridge The University of Queensland School of Biological Sciences St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin INRA UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech F-78000 Versailles France

Strigolactones （SLs）, or their metabolites, were recently identified as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branch- ing. However, certain key features and dynamics of SL action remained to be physiologically characterized. Here we show that successive direct application of SL to axillary buds at every node along the stem can fully inhibit branching. The SL inhibition of early outgrowth did not require inhibitory signals from other growing buds or the shoot tip. In add- ition to this very early or initial suppression of outgrowth, we also found SL to be effective, up to a point, at moderating the continuing growth of axillary branches. The effectiveness of SL at affecting bud and branch growth correlated with the ability of SL to regulate expression of PsBRC1. PsBRC1 is a transcription factor that is expressed strongly in axillary buds and is required for SL inhibition of shoot branching. Consistent with a dynamic role of the hormone, SL inhibition of bud growth did not prevent buds from later responding to a decapitation treatment, even though SL treatment immediately after decapitation inhibits the outgrowth response. Also, as expected from the hypothesized branching control network in plants, treatment of exogenous SL caused feedback down-regulation of SL biosynthesis genes within 2 h. Altogether, these results reveal new insights into the dynamics of SL function and support the premise that SLs or SL-derived metabolites function dynamically as a shoot branching hormone and that they act directly in axillary buds.

关键词： hormonal regulation dormancy shoot branching.

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A Myosin XI Tail Domain Homologous to the Yeast Myosin Vacuole-Binding Domain Interacts with Plastids and Stromules in Nicotiana benthamiana

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Molecular Plant 2009年第6期2卷 1351-1358页

作者： Amir Sattarzadeh Johanna Krahmer Arnaud D. germain Maureen R. Hanson Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Biotechnology Building Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA

The actin cytoskeleton plays a role in mobility of many different organelles in plant cells, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi, and peroxisomes. While progress has been made in identifying the myosin motors involved in trafficking of various plant organelles, not all of the cargoes mobilized by different members of the myosin XI family have yet been identified. The involvement of myosins in chloroplast positioning and mitochondrial movement was demonstrated by expression of a virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） construct in tobacco. When VIGS with two different conserved sequences from a myosin Xl motor was performed in plants with either GFP-labeled plastids or mitochondria, chloroplast positioning in the dark was abnormal, and mitochondrial movement ceased. Because these and prior obser- vations have implicated a role for myosins and the actin cytoskeleton in plastid and stromule movement, we searched for myosin tail domains that could associate with plastids and stromules. While a yellow fluorescent protein （YFP） fusion with the entire tail region of myosin XI-F was usually found only in the cytoplasm, we observed that an Arabidopsis or Nicotiana benthamiana YFP：：myosin XI-F tail domain homologous to the yeast myo2p vacuole-binding domain associated with plastids and stromules after transient expression in N. benthamiana. Taken together, these observations implicate myosin motor proteins in dynamics of plastids and stromules.

关键词： Chloroplast biology cytoskeleton dynamics mitochondria gene silencing fluorescent protein.

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