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Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 330-340页

作者： gerald c shurson Brian J Kerr Andrea R Hanson Department of Animal Science University of MinnesotaStPaulMN 55018USA usda-ars-national laboratory for agriculture and the environment Ames IA 50011USA svc-research St PeterMN 56082USA

Feed fats and oils provide significant amounts of energy to swine diets, but there is large variation in composition,quality, feeding value, and price among sources. common measures of lipid quality include moisture, insolubles,and unsaponifiables（MIU）, titer, and free fatty acid content, but provide limited information regarding their feeding value. Lipid peroxidation is an important quality factor related to animal growth performance and health, but maximum tolerable limits in various lipids have not been established. Several indicative assays can be used to detect the presence of various peroxidation compounds, but due to the complexity and numerous compounds produced and degraded during peroxidation process, no single method can adequately determine the extent of peroxidation. Until further information is available, using a combination of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances（TBARS）, and anisidine value appear to provide a reasonable assessment of the extent of peroxidation in a lipid at a reasonable cost. However, fatty acid composition of the lipid being evaluated should be considered when selecting specific assays. Predictive tests can also be used to estimate the stability or susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation and include active oxygen method, oil stability index, and oxygen bomb method. A review of 16 published studies with pigs has shown an average decrease of 11.4% in growth rate, 8.8% feed intake fed isocaloric diets containing peroxidized lipids compared to diets containing unperoxidized lipids of the same ***, serum vitamin E content was generally reduced and serum TBARS content was increased when peroxidized lipids were fed in these studies, suggesting that feeding peroxidized lipids negatively affects metabolic oxidative status of pigs. However, it is unclear if antioxidants are useful additions to lipids to maintain optimal nutritional value, or if their addition to swine diets is beneficial in overcoming a met

关键词： Growth Indicative tests Lipids Metabolic oxidation Peroxidation Pigs

characteristics of lipids and their feeding value in swine diets

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 249-271页

作者： Brian J.Kerr Trey A.Kellner gerald c.shurson USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment AmesIA 50011USA Department of Animal Science Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA Department of Animal Science University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55108USA

In livestock diets, energy is one of the most expensive nutritional components of feed formulation. Because lipids are a concentrated energy source, inclusion of lipids are known to affect growth rate and feed efficiency, but are also known to affect diet palatability, feed dustiness, and pellet quality. In reviewing the literature, the majority of research studies conducted on the subject of lipids have focused mainly on the effects of feeding presumably high quality lipids on growth performance, digestion, and metabolism in young animals. There is, however, the wide array of composition and quality differences among lipid sources available to the animal industry making it essential to understand differences in lipid composition and quality factors affecting their digestion and metabolism more fully. In addition there is often confusion in lipid nomenclature, measuring lipid content and composition, and evaluating quality factors necessary to understand the true feeding value to animals. Lastly, advances in understanding lipid digestion, post-absorption metabolism, and physiological processes（e.g., cell division and differentiation, immune function and inflammation）; and in metabolic oxidative stress in the animal and lipid peroxidation, necessitates a more compressive assessment of factors affecting the value of lipid supplementation to livestock diets. The following review provides insight into lipid classification, digestion and absorption, lipid peroxidation indices, lipid quality and nutritional value, and antioxidants in growing pigs.

关键词： Digestion Energy Lipids Peroxidation Pigs

Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)

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Animal Nutrition 2018年第4期4卷 435-441页

作者： Eui-cheol Shin gerald c.shurson Daniel D.Gallaher Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota

corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the *** characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

关键词： corn distillers dried grains with solubles Vitamin E Ferulic acid Xanthophylls Lutein Antioxidant capacity

Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ)to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第4期10卷 958-968页

作者： Yuan T.Hung Andrea R.Hanson Pedro E.Urriola Lee J.Johnston Brian J.Kerr gerald c.shurson Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota1988 Fitch Ave.St.PaulMN 55108USA Professional Swine Management LLCCarthageIL 62321USA USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment AmesIA 50011USA West central Research and Outreach center University of MinnesotaMorrisMN 56267USA

Background: Maize oil is abundantly used in foods and feeds and is highly susceptible to oxidation. consequently,commercially available antioxidants should be evaluated for effectiveness against lipid oxidation in swine diets. Our study was conducted to evaluate growth performance of nursery pigs fed oxidized maize oil and to determine effects of using antioxidants on oxidative status in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two hundred eight weaned pigs were blocked by initial BW into 13 blocks, resulting in 4 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 6% unoxidized or oxidized maize oil, and 0 or 60 mg/kg of tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), which was added after lipid oxidation. Data for growth performance were collected from 5 time periods of a two-phase feeding program(Phase 1 = d 0 to 12 and Phase 2 = d 13 to 34). Serum and liver samples were collected from one pig per pen, which had initial BW closest to average BW to determine oxidative status on d ***: Oxidized maize oil was heated for 12 h at 185 °c with 12 L/min of air, yielding a peroxide value(PV) of 5.98 m Eq O2/kg and TBARS of 0.11 mg MDA eq/g. Addition of TBHQ to diets containing oxidized maize oil decreased PV by 37% and increased the oil stability index by 69%. Final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs were not different among the four dietary treatments. However, pigs fed oxidized maize oil tended(P crease hepatosomatic index by 5% compared with those fed unoxidized oil, and this was not affected by adding *** serum vitamin E concentration of pigs fed oxidized maize oil was less(P ction was not reversed by adding TBHQ. Finally, the serum and liver selenium concentration were not different among the ***: The addition of TBHQ did not affect growth performance and vitamin E status in pigs fed moderately oxidized maize oil, but TBHQ reduced lipid oxidation, enhanced the oil stability, and appeared to redu

关键词： Growth performance Lipid oxidation Maize oil Nursery pigs TBHQ Vitamin E

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仔猪生长缓慢的行为信号

猪业科学 2018年第8期35卷 24-27页

作者：张振玲(编译) yijie he john deen gerald c.shurson yuzhi z.li 徐州生物工程职业技术学院动物工程系江苏徐州221006 不详

文章介绍了美国明尼苏达大学(University of Minnesota)的一项有关仔猪福利方面的研究。此项研究的目的是确定料槽对保育期生长快慢和仔猪行为的影响。保育猪n=192;初始重(7.4±1.6)kg)置于24个圈栏中(每圈8头),其中12个猪圈配备了2个... 详细信息

文章介绍了美国明尼苏达大学(University of Minnesota)的一项有关仔猪福利方面的研究。此项研究的目的是确定料槽对保育期生长快慢和仔猪行为的影响。保育猪n=192;初始重(7.4±1.6)kg)置于24个圈栏中(每圈8头),其中12个猪圈配备了2个槽口的料槽(另外12个圈配5个槽口料槽)。根据商品猪上市时校正体重,将猪分为生长较慢(SG)和生长较快(FG)两组(SG<105 kg;FG≥105 kg)。进入保育舍后头4 d和第21天对仔猪的行为进行录像记录,9周龄时对96头试验猪进行摄食率测定。研究结果表明,属于SG组的猪用于饮水的时间较FG组要长(P<0.05);与配有2个槽口的相比,属于SG组里配有5个槽口圈栏的猪站或走的时间要少(P<0.05)。这些结果表明,提供更多槽口的喂料器可能有利于改善猪的福利。

关键词：行为摄食率料槽空间猪生长缓慢

Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs.

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Eye on the Sky: A UAP Research and Field Study off New York’s Long Island coast

畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版) 2019年第4期

作者： Yuan T.Hung Andrea R.Hanson Pedro E.Urriola Lee J.Johnston Brian J.Kerr gerald c.shurson Department of Animal Science，University of Minnesota Professional Swine Management，LLc West central Research and Outreach center，University of Minnesota USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第8期14卷 2267-2295页

作者： John Joseph Tedesco gerald Thomas Tedesco Harvard Universitys Galileo Project Independent Research Affiliate Cambridge USA consortium for The Scientific Understanding of Natures Mysteries Holbrook USA Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Washington USA American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientist Annapolis USA Independent Researcher Holbrook USA

A ten-month field research study was meticulously conducted at Robert Moses State Park (RMSP) on the south shore of Long Island, NY. The objective was to determine if aerial phenomena of an unknown nature exist over a coastal location and to characterize their properties and behaviors. Primary and secondary field observation methods were utilized in this data-centric study. Forensic engineering principles and methodologies guided the study. The challenges set forward were object detection, observation, and characterization, where multispectral electro-optical devices and radar were employed due to limited visual acuity and intermittent presentation of the phenomena. The primary means of detection utilized a 3 cm X-band radar operating in two scan geometries, the X- and Y-axis. Multispectral electro-optical devices were utilized as a secondary means of detection and identification. Data was emphasized using HF and LF detectors and spectrum analyzers incorporating EM, ultrasonic, magnetic, and RF field transducers to record spectral data in these domains. Data collection concentrated on characterizing VIS, NIR, SWIR, LWIR, UVA, UVB, UVc, and the higher energy spectral range of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, and X-ray) recorded by Geiger-Müller counters as well as special purpose semiconductor diode sensors.

关键词： Unidentified Anomalous Phenomenon (UAP) Forensic Techno-Signatures Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) Multispectral Electro-Optical (MEO) Ultraviolet A Radiation (UVA) Ultraviolet B Radiation (UVB) Ultraviolet c Radiation (UVc) Visible (VIS) Near-Infrared (NIR) Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) Low-Frequency (LF) High-Frequency (HF) Radio-Frequency (RF) Alpha Beta Gamma Ultrasonic X-Band Active Radar Kinematics Aerodynamics Luminous Spheroids Robert Moses State Park (RMSP)

climate-influenced vector-borne diseases in Africa:a call to empower the next generation of African researchers for sustainable solutions

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第2期13卷 83-92页

作者： Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe Adjoavi Esse Agossou gerald Mboowa Basile Kamgang cyril caminade Dawn c.Duke Andrew Karanja Githeko Obed M.Ogega Nestor Engone Elloué Fatou Bintou Sarr DieudonnéNkoghe Pierre Kengne Nicaise T.Ndam christophe Paupy Moses Bockarie Patricks Voua Otomo Molecular and cellular Biology Laboratory(LabMc) Biology DepartmentUniversity of Science and Technology of MasukuBP 901FrancevilleGabon Ecology and Health Research Unit Interdisciplinary Center for Medical Research of FrancevilleBP 769FrancevilleGabon Department of Zoology and Entomology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the Free StatePrivate Bag x13Phuthaditjhaba 9866Republic of South Africa Laboratory of Pharmacology and Improved Traditional Medicines Department of Animal PhysiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Abomey-CalaviBP 526CotonouBenin The African center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences Infectious Diseases InstituteCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityP.O Box 22418KampalaUganda Africa centers for Disease control and Prevention African Union CommissionRoosevelt StreetP.O.Box 3243W21 K19 Addis AbabaEthiopia centre for Research in Infectious Diseases P.O.Box 13591YaoundéCameroon Earth System Physics Department The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTriesteItaly Africa Research Excellence Fund 99 Charterhouse StreetLondon EC1M 6HRUK community Health Support Program P.O.Box 872Kisumu 40100Kenya The African Academy of Sciences NairobiKenya center for Phylosophical Studies and Research(cERP) Omar Bongo University(UOB)BP 13131LibrevilleGabon UMRED Health Training and Research UnitUniversity of Iba Der Thiam of ThièsBP 967ThièsSenegal National Parasitic Diseases control Program Ministry of HealthLibrevilleGabon MIVEGEc Univ.MontpellierCNRSIRDMontpellierFrance MERIT IRDParis CitéUniversity75006 ParisFrance Department of Parasitology Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaLG 54AccraGhana School of community Health Sciences Njala UniversityBoSierra Leone

We look at the link between climate change and vector-borne diseases in low-and middle-income countries in *** large endemicity and escalating threat of diseases such as malaria and arboviral diseases,intensified by climate change,disproportionately affects vulnerable communities *** highlight the urgency of prioritizing research and development,advocating for robust scientific inquiry to promote adaptation strategies,and the vital role that the next generation of African research leaders will play in addressing these *** significant challenges such as funding shortages within countries,various pan-African-oriented funding bodies such as the African Academy of Sciences,the Africa Research Excellence Fund,the Wellcome Trust,the *** Institutes of Health,and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as well as initiatives such as the African Research Initiative for Scientific Excellence and the Pan-African Mosquito control Association,have empowered(or are empowering)these researchers by supporting capacity building activities,including continental and global networking,skill development,mentoring,and African-led *** article underscores the urgency of increased national investment in research,proposing the establishment of research government agencies to drive evidence-based *** between governments and scientific communities,sustained by pan-African funding bodies,is *** these efforts,African nations are likely to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of their systems and communities by navigating these challenges effectively,fostering scientific excellence and implementing transformative solutions against climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases.

关键词： climate change Vector-borne diseases Africa Environmental justice Research and development Pan-African funding initiatives

Impact on Soil Organic c and Total Soil N from cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. cristine L.S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOc) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (cSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of cSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil c and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in c and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total c (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive cSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea

关键词： Annual Legumes Soil N Soil Organic c Green Manure Deer Browse Forage cropping Systems