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characteristics of lipids and their feeding value in swine diets

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 249-271页

作者： Brian J.Kerr Trey A.Kellner gerald c.shurson USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment AmesIA 50011USA Department of Animal Science Iowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA Department of Animal Science University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMN 55108USA

In livestock diets, energy is one of the most expensive nutritional components of feed formulation. Because lipids are a concentrated energy source, inclusion of lipids are known to affect growth rate and feed efficiency, but are also known to affect diet palatability, feed dustiness, and pellet quality. In reviewing the literature, the majority of research studies conducted on the subject of lipids have focused mainly on the effects of feeding presumably high quality lipids on growth performance, digestion, and metabolism in young animals. There is, however, the wide array of composition and quality differences among lipid sources available to the animal industry making it essential to understand differences in lipid composition and quality factors affecting their digestion and metabolism more fully. In addition there is often confusion in lipid nomenclature, measuring lipid content and composition, and evaluating quality factors necessary to understand the true feeding value to animals. Lastly, advances in understanding lipid digestion, post-absorption metabolism, and physiological processes（e.g., cell division and differentiation, immune function and inflammation）; and in metabolic oxidative stress in the animal and lipid peroxidation, necessitates a more compressive assessment of factors affecting the value of lipid supplementation to livestock diets. The following review provides insight into lipid classification, digestion and absorption, lipid peroxidation indices, lipid quality and nutritional value, and antioxidants in growing pigs.

关键词： Digestion Energy Lipids Peroxidation Pigs

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Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)

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Animal Nutrition 2018年第4期4卷 435-441页

作者： Eui-cheol Shin gerald c.shurson Daniel D.Gallaher Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota

corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

关键词： corn distillers dried grains with solubles Vitamin E Ferulic acid Xanthophylls Lutein Antioxidant capacity

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Strategies to improve fiber utilization in swine

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2013年第2期4卷 112-123页

作者： Brian J Kerr gerald c.shurson USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment University of Minnesota

Application of feed processing methods and use of exogenous feed additives in an effort to improve nutrient digestibility of plant-based feed ingredients for swine has been studied for decades. The following review will discuss several of these topics, including： fiber characterization, impact of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal physiology, energy, and nutrient digestibility, mechanical processing of feed on fiber and energy digestibility, and the use of exogenous enzymes in diets fed to growing pigs. Taken together, the diversity and concentration of chemical characteristics that exists among plant-based feed ingredients, as well as interactions among constituents within feed ingredients and diets, suggests that improvements in nutrient digestibility and pig performance from mechanical processing or adding exogenous enzymes to diets fed to swine depends on a better understanding of these characteristics, but also relating enzyme activity to targeted substrates. It may be that an enzyme must not only match a target substrate（s）, but there may also need to be a ＇cocktail＇ of enzymes to effectively breakdown the complex matrixes of fibrous carbohydrates, such that the negative impact of these compounds on nutrient digestibility or voluntary feed intake are alleviated. With the inverse relationship between fiber content and energy digestibility being well described for several feed ingredients, it is only logical that development of processing techniques or enzymes that degrade fiber, and thereby improve energy digestibility or voluntary feed intake, will be both metabolically and economically beneficial to pork production.

关键词： Energy Enzymes Fiber Growing-finishing pigs Nutrient digestibility Processing

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Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ)to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第4期10卷 958-968页

作者： Yuan T.Hung Andrea R.Hanson Pedro E.Urriola Lee J.Johnston Brian J.Kerr gerald c.shurson Department of Animal Science University of Minnesota1988 Fitch Ave.St.PaulMN 55108USA Professional Swine Management LLCCarthageIL 62321USA USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment AmesIA 50011USA West central Research and Outreach center University of MinnesotaMorrisMN 56267USA

Background: Maize oil is abundantly used in foods and feeds and is highly susceptible to oxidation. consequently,commercially available antioxidants should be evaluated for effectiveness against lipid oxidation in swine diets. Our study was conducted to evaluate growth performance of nursery pigs fed oxidized maize oil and to determine effects of using antioxidants on oxidative status in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two hundred eight weaned pigs were blocked by initial BW into 13 blocks, resulting in 4 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 6% unoxidized or oxidized maize oil, and 0 or 60 mg/kg of tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), which was added after lipid oxidation. Data for growth performance were collected from 5 time periods of a two-phase feeding program(Phase 1 = d 0 to 12 and Phase 2 = d 13 to 34). Serum and liver samples were collected from one pig per pen, which had initial BW closest to average BW to determine oxidative status on d 34.Results: Oxidized maize oil was heated for 12 h at 185 °c with 12 L/min of air, yielding a peroxide value(PV) of 5.98 m Eq O2/kg and TBARS of 0.11 mg MDA eq/g. Addition of TBHQ to diets containing oxidized maize oil decreased PV by 37% and increased the oil stability index by 69%. Final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs were not different among the four dietary treatments. However, pigs fed oxidized maize oil tended(P crease hepatosomatic index by 5% compared with those fed unoxidized oil, and this was not affected by adding TBHQ.The serum vitamin E concentration of pigs fed oxidized maize oil was less(P ction was not reversed by adding TBHQ. Finally, the serum and liver selenium concentration were not different among the treatments.conclusions: The addition of TBHQ did not affect growth performance and vitamin E status in pigs fed moderately oxidized maize oil, but TBHQ reduced lipid oxidation, enhanced the oil stability, and appeared to reduce oxidative stress.

关键词： Growth performance Lipid oxidation Maize oil Nursery pigs TBHQ Vitamin E

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Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第3期7卷 330-340页

作者： gerald c.shurson Brian J Kerr Andrea R Hanson Department of Animal Science University of MinnesotaStPaulMN 55018USA usda-ars-national laboratory for agriculture and the environment Ames IA 50011USA svc-research St PeterMN 56082USA

Feed fats and oils provide significant amounts of energy to swine diets, but there is large variation in composition,quality, feeding value, and price among sources. common measures of lipid quality include moisture, insolubles,and unsaponifiables（MIU）, titer, and free fatty acid content, but provide limited information regarding their feeding value. Lipid peroxidation is an important quality factor related to animal growth performance and health, but maximum tolerable limits in various lipids have not been established. Several indicative assays can be used to detect the presence of various peroxidation compounds, but due to the complexity and numerous compounds produced and degraded during peroxidation process, no single method can adequately determine the extent of peroxidation. Until further information is available, using a combination of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances（TBARS）, and anisidine value appear to provide a reasonable assessment of the extent of peroxidation in a lipid at a reasonable cost. However, fatty acid composition of the lipid being evaluated should be considered when selecting specific assays. Predictive tests can also be used to estimate the stability or susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation and include active oxygen method, oil stability index, and oxygen bomb method. A review of 16 published studies with pigs has shown an average decrease of 11.4% in growth rate, 8.8% feed intake fed isocaloric diets containing peroxidized lipids compared to diets containing unperoxidized lipids of the same source.Furthermore, serum vitamin E content was generally reduced and serum TBARS content was increased when peroxidized lipids were fed in these studies, suggesting that feeding peroxidized lipids negatively affects metabolic oxidative status of pigs. However, it is unclear if antioxidants are useful additions to lipids to maintain optimal nutritional value, or if their addition to swine diets is beneficial in overcoming a metabolic oxidative challenge.

关键词： Growth Indicative tests Lipids Metabolic oxidation Peroxidation Pigs

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climate-influenced vector-borne diseases in Africa: a call to empower the next generation of African researchers for sustainable solutions

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2024年第2期13卷 1-10页

作者： Obame-Nkoghe Judica?l Agossou Adjoavi Esse Mboowa gerald Kamgang Basile caminade cyril Duke Dawn c. Githeko Andrew Karanja Ogega Obed M. Elloué Nestor Engone Sarr Fatou Bintou Nkoghe Dieudonné Kengne Pierre Ndam Nicaise T. Paupy christophe Bockarie Moses Otomo Patricks Voua community Health Support Program P.O. Box Kisumu Kenya The African Academy of Sciences Nairobi Kenya center for Phylosophical Studies and Research (cERP) Omar Bongo University (UOB) BP Libreville Gabon UMRED Health Training and Research Unit University of Iba Der Thiam of Thiès BP Thiès Senegal National Parasitic Diseases control Program Ministry of Health Libreville Gabon MIVEGEc Univ. Montpellier CNRS IRD Montpellier France MERIT IRD Paris Cité University Paris France Department of Parasitology Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research University of Ghana LG Accra Ghana School of community Health Sciences Njala University Bo Sierra Leone Molecular and cellular Biology Laboratory (LabMc) Biology Department University of Science and Technology of Masuku BP Franceville Gabon Ecology and Health Research Unit Interdisciplinary Center for Medical Research of Franceville BP Franceville Gabon Department of Zoology and Entomology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State Private Bag x13 Phuthaditjhaba Republic of South Africa Laboratory of Pharmacology and Improved Traditional Medicines Department of Animal Physiology Faculty of Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi BP Cotonou Benin The African center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences Infectious Diseases Institute College of Health Sciences Makerere University P. O Box Kampala Uganda Africa centers for Disease control and Prevention African Union Commission Roosevelt Street P.O. Box WKAddis Ababa Ethiopia centre for Research in Infectious Diseases P.O. Box Yaoundé Cameroon Earth System Physics Department The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste Italy Africa Research Excellence Fund Charterhouse Street London EC1MHR UK

We look at the link between climate change and vector-borne diseases in low- and middle-income countries in Africa. The large endemicity and escalating threat of diseases such as malaria and arboviral diseases, intensified by climate change, disproportionately affects vulnerable communities globally. We highlight the urgency of prioritizing research and development, advocating for robust scientific inquiry to promote adaptation strategies, and the vital role that the next generation of African research leaders will play in addressing these challenges. Despite significant challenges such as funding shortages within countries, various pan-African-oriented funding bodies such as the African Academy of Sciences, the Africa Research Excellence Fund, the Wellcome Trust, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as well as initiatives such as the African Research Initiative for Scientific Excellence and the Pan-African Mosquito control Association, have empowered (or are empowering) these researchers by supporting capacity building activities, including continental and global networking, skill development, mentoring, and African-led research. This article underscores the urgency of increased national investment in research, proposing the establishment of research government agencies to drive evidence-based interventions. collaboration between governments and scientific communities, sustained by pan-African funding bodies, is crucial. Through these efforts, African nations are likely to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of their systems and communities by navigating these challenges effectively, fostering scientific excellence and implementing transformative solutions against climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases.

关键词： climate change Vector-borne diseases Africa Environmental justice Research and development Pan-African funding initiatives

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仔猪生长缓慢的行为信号

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猪业科学 2018年第8期35卷 24-27页

作者：张振玲(编译) yijie he john deen gerald c.shurson yuzhi z.li 徐州生物工程职业技术学院动物工程系江苏徐州221006 不详

文章介绍了美国明尼苏达大学(University of Minnesota)的一项有关仔猪福利方面的研究。此项研究的目的是确定料槽对保育期生长快慢和仔猪行为的影响。保育猪n=192;初始重(7.4±1.6)kg)置于24个圈栏中(每圈8头),其中12个猪圈配备了2个... 详细信息

文章介绍了美国明尼苏达大学(University of Minnesota)的一项有关仔猪福利方面的研究。此项研究的目的是确定料槽对保育期生长快慢和仔猪行为的影响。保育猪n=192;初始重(7.4±1.6)kg)置于24个圈栏中(每圈8头),其中12个猪圈配备了2个槽口的料槽(另外12个圈配5个槽口料槽)。根据商品猪上市时校正体重,将猪分为生长较慢(SG)和生长较快(FG)两组(SG<105 kg;FG≥105 kg)。进入保育舍后头4 d和第21天对仔猪的行为进行录像记录,9周龄时对96头试验猪进行摄食率测定。研究结果表明,属于SG组的猪用于饮水的时间较FG组要长(P<0.05);与配有2个槽口的相比,属于SG组里配有5个槽口圈栏的猪站或走的时间要少(P<0.05)。这些结果表明,提供更多槽口的喂料器可能有利于改善猪的福利。

关键词：行为摄食率料槽空间猪生长缓慢

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Impact on Soil Organic c and Total Soil N from cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage cropping System

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 333-357页

作者： clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. cristine L.S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA chief Scientific Officer Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOc) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (cSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of cSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil c and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in c and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total c (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive cSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total

关键词： Annual Legumes Soil N Soil Organic c Green Manure Deer Browse Forage cropping Systems

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Altered O-GlcNAcylation and mitochondrial dysfunction,a molecular link between brain glucose dysregulation and sporadic Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第4期18卷 779-783页

作者： chia-Wei Huang Nicholas c.Rust Hsueh-Fu Wu gerald W.Hart complex carbohydrate Research center University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA center for Molecular Medicine University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affected over 6.5 million people in the United States in 2021,with this number expected to double in the next 40 years without any sort of treatment.Due to its heterogeneity and complexity,the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease,especially sporadic Alzheimer’s disease,remains largely unclear.compelling evidence suggests that brain glucose hypometabolism,preceding Alzheimer’s disease hallmarks,is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.Herein,we discuss the potential causes of reduced glucose uptake and the mechanisms underlying glucose hypometabolism and Alzheimer’s disease pathology.Specifically,decreased O-Glc NAcylation levels by glucose deficiency alter mitochondrial functions and together contribute to Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.One major problem with Alzheimer’s disease research is that the disease progresses for several years before the onset of any symptoms,suggesting the critical need for appropriate models to study the molecular changes in the early phase of Alzheimer’s disease progression.Therefore,this review also discusses current available sporadic Alzheimer’s disease models induced by metabolic abnormalities and provides novel directions for establishing a human neuronal sporadic Alzheimer’s disease model that better represents human sporadic Alzheimer’s disease as a metabolic disease.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease amyloid beta brain glucose deficiency glucose uptake hypometabolism mitochondrial dysfunction neurodegenerative disease neurons O-GlcNAc Tau

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Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第6期15卷 605-621页

作者： clark B. Neely Francis M. Rouquette Jr. cristine L. S. Morgan Frank M. Hons William L. Rooney gerald R. Smith Department of Soil and crop Science Washington State University Pullman WA USA Texas A&M AgriLife Research Overton TX USA Soil Health Institute Morrisville NC USA Department of Soil and crop Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, c concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOc). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (cLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (cPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (cPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The cLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The cPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas cPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOc and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

关键词： High-Biomass Sorghum Legumes Green Manure Intercrop cowpea crimson clover Soil Organic carbon Soil Nitrogen

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