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Different Conceptions and a General Concept of Human Rights

Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2015年第3期8卷 369-385页

作者： georg lohmann Friedbergstr. 38 14057 Berlin Germany

In this study, I show that human fights are historical projects. They are legal inventions and institutional structures and respond to historical injustices and serious atrocities suffered by people, or which threaten them. It is useful therefore to first distinguish, both historically and systematically, different conceptions of human fights from a concept of human fights. I will distinguish three conceptions： national, international and transnational. Included in national conceptions are the human fights declarations of North America （1776） and France （1789）. The starting event of the international conception is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations after the Second World War in 1948. And it can be argued that a transnational conception of human fights that better fits the globalised world and the already global developments in intemational law and governance is needed.

关键词： Human rights International law Cultural relativism and universality Transnational human fights conception Moral justification and legal institutionalisation of human fights

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Individual Human Rights and Obligations Towards Communities

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2015年第3期8卷 387-399页

作者： georg lohmann Friedbergstr.38 14057 BerlinGermany

Tensions and oppositions between the individual and community have accompanied the discourse on human rights from the beginning. I want to first recall how in the UDHR （1948） and in the major human rights treaties, the rights and obligations of individuals are regulated towards communities. I then want to investigate whether the talk of ＂collective human rights＂, understood as ＂third- generation＂ rights, are of equal value to be set with individual human rights. Against communitarian arguments for the primacy of community-related duties one can stress an expansion of a liberal concept of human rights by the inclusion of justice demands and social human rights. To show that special community needs can be protected and promoted through individual human rights and national col- lective rights, I used the example of the protection of minorities. Finally, I will explain why human rights are not a comprehensive theory of the good and illustrate with this the limits, and also the original strength of human rights. We should not overestimate human rights, but also we should be aware that a sober understanding of human rights is philosophically reasonable, legally possible and politically of great importance.

关键词： Individualism of human rights Collective rights Third generation of human rights Communitarianism Cultural relativism and universality Protectionof minorities Social human rights A sober conception of human rights Limits and strength of human rights

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Toward a Better Understanding of Human Rights

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2015年第3期8卷 365-367页

作者： georg lohmann Friedbergstr. 38 14057 Berlin Germany

In all countries of the world, human rights are formally recognized in one way or another, either as in the People＇s Republic of China by a separate article in the Constitution, or in Germany as fundamental rights of the Constitution and/or by ratification of international treaties. At the same time, human rights are controver- sial in their general understanding and in many specific questions. They are often disregarded or abused as an instrument of power politics. And the institutions of control, enforcement and the legal protection could be improved in many ways. On the one hand, you can speak of a success story of human rights since the World War II, and on the other hand, specific design, effective protection and enforcement are only realized in approaches, so some speak of an impending failure of the project of human rights. There are many reasons for this ambivalent assessment. An important reason seems to be that even the ideas about what human rights are, are unclear and controversial. Many see the human rights unhistorical, as if they were eternal ideas, and adversely affect human rights with too high expectations. Others see in them only moral rights, or reduce them to mere political instruments. Finally, some doubt whether the human rights because they are historically developed in Western cultures, can be truly universal rights. Therefore, a conceptual and argumentative clarification should be attempted from a philosophical perspec- tive. This will be the aim of the following three papers. The first two papers date back to lectures on human rights, georg lohmann hold at Fudan University in April 2014. The third paper was annexed by courtesy of Regina Kreide, who is an important scholar on the subject of human rights in Germany, but also internationally.

关键词：人权第二次世界大战后地理基本权利国际条约法律保护 SIAL 西方文化

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Metallic debris from metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty regulates periprosthetic tissues

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2014年第5期5卷 660-666页

作者： Christoph H lohmann Gurpal Singh Hans-georg Willert Gottfried H Buchhorn Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Otto-von-Guericke University University Orthopaedics Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster National University Health System Department of Orthopaedics University Hospital Goettingen

The era of metal-on-metal(MoM) total hip arthroplasty has left the orthopaedic community with valuable insights and lessons on periprosthetic tissue reactions to metallic debris. Various terms have been used to describe the tissue reactions. Sometimes the nomenclature can be confusing. We present a review of the concepts introduced by Willert and Semlitsch in 1977,along with further developments made in the understanding of periprosthetic tissue reactions to metallic debris. We propose that periprosthetic tissue reactions be thought of as(1) gross(metallosis, necrosis, cyst formation and pseudotumour);(2) histological(macrophage-dominated, lymphocyte-dominated or mixed);and(3) molecular(expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Taper corrosion and modularity are discussed, along with future research directions to elucidate the antigen-presenting pathways and materi-al-specific biomarkers which may allow early detection and intervention in a patient with adverse periprosthetic tissue reactions to metal wear debris.

关键词： Periprosthetic tissue response Metal-on-Metal Total hip arthroplasty Metal debris Lymphocytedominated Macrophage-dominated Taper corrosion Modularity

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