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Analytical framework Model for Capacity Needs Assessment and Strategic Capacity Development within the Local Government Structure in Tanzania

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2014年第13期4卷 502-508页

作者： John f. Kessy Abiud Kaswamila Department of forest Economics Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Department of Geography University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania

This is a methodological paper prepared by senior academicians, researchers and consultants from renowned universities in Tanzania. The paper provides insights as to how best development agents can approach the challenge of capacity needs assessment and development of capacity building programs in the context of the local government structure in Tanzania. The paper is of original nature and is based on author’s accumulated knowledge and practice in conducting capacity assessments and developing capacity building programs in Tanzania. The paper describes what can be considered to be best practices in conducting participatory capacity assessment through consultative processes which involves most of the key actors who would be engaged in implementing proposed interventions. The paper puts forward an analytical model for capacity assessment and program development in the Tanzanian context. The main features of the model can be summarized as participatory capacity assessment, strategic capacity building program development and complementarity through synergy building with like-minded stakeholders. The operational modality for utilizing the model in developing capacity building programs which among other components has monitoring and evaluation aspects is included. It is recommended that practitioners and development agents should test the model in their working environments to realize its potential benefits including program ownership by stakeholders.

关键词： Capacity Assessment Local Government Structure Tanzania

Influence of Re on the Properties of a NiCoCrAlY Coating Alloy

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2011年第5期27卷 408-414页

作者： J.J. Liang H. We Y.L. Zhu X.f. Sun Z.Q. Hu M.S. Dargusch X.D. Yao Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China School of Materials & Mining Engineering The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia

MCrAIY can serve as stand-alone overlay coatings or bond coats in thermal barrier coating systems, and its properties play a vital role in determining the performance of these coating systems. In order to further understand the behavior of MCrAIY coatings, several NiCoCrAIY model alloys with different levels of Re （0.3 wt%, O wt%, and 9 wt%） were investigated. Microstructural observation showed the addition of Re promoted the precipitation of Cr-rich phases, such as α-Cr and σ. The presence of α-Cr lowered the coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） of the coating alloys, which could reduce the CTE mismatch at the scale-metal interface. The solid solution strengthening effect of Re is responsible for an increase in Rockwell hardness of the coating alloys. But the isothermal oxidation resistance at 1100℃ was deteriorated due to the precipitation of brittle α-Cr phase, a phase of inferior oxidation resistance compared with β-NiAI and γ-Ni.

关键词： NiCoCrAIY Phase constitution Oxidation Thermal expansion behavior Hardness

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A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to Cost-Benefit Analysis within the framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-fSA Studies

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Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 2011年第1期1卷 65-76页

作者： Y. Yamada f. Kaneko Structural Engineering Department National Maritime Research Institute Tokyo 1810004 Japan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （fSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental fSA.

关键词： Cost of oil spill formal safety assessment cost benefit analysis CAf CATS.

IMAGING REDOX STATE HETEROGENEITY WITHIN INDIVIDUAL EMBRYONIC STEM CELL COLONIES

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2011年第3期4卷 279-288页

作者： HE N.XU RUSSELL C.ADDIS DAVIDA f.GOINGS SHOKO NIOKA BRITTON CHANCE JOHN D.GEARHART LIN Z.LI Molecular Imaging Laboratory Department of Radiology University of PennsylvaniaSchool of Medicine PhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine PhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging Johnson Research foundation Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine PhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA 19104USA

Redox state mediates embryonic stem cell(ESC)differentiation and thus offers an important complementary approach to understanding the pluripotency of stem *** redox ratio(NADH/(fp t NADH)),where NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and fp is the oxidizedflavoproteins,has been established as a sensitive indicator of mitochondrial redox *** this paper,we report our redox imaging data on the mitochondrial redox state of mouse ESC(mESC)colonies and the implications *** low-temperature NADH/fp redox scanner was employed to image mESC colonies grown on a feeder layer of gamma-irradiated mouse embryonicfibroblasts(MEfs)on glass cover *** result showed significant heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state within individual mESC colonies(size:~200-440μm),exhibiting a core with a more reduced state than the *** more reduced state positively correlates with the expression pattern of Oct4,a well-established marker of *** observation is thefirst to show the heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state within a mESC colony,suggesting that mitochondrial redox state should be further investigated as a potential new biomarker for the stemness of embryonic stem cells.

关键词： Redox imaging pluripotency NADH flavoproteins redox ratio

Distal radial fractures——Operative versus nonoperative treatment

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中华创伤骨科杂志 2004年第10期 95-98页

作者： James f.Kellam,Branco Kopjar,Ladislav Nagy,Rodrigo f.Pesantez AO Publishing Stettbachstrasse 10 CH-8600 Dbendorf Switzerland AO Publishing Stettbachstrasse 10 CH-8600 Dbendorf Switzerland AO Publishing Stettbachstrasse 10 CH-8600 Dbendorf Switzerland AO Publishing Stettbachstrasse 10 CH-8600 Dbendorf Switzerland

There is some evidence to suggest superior results of surgical treatment that includes open reduction internal fixation (ORIf) or percutaneous pin fixation (not including Kapandji pinning) to stabilize fracture fragments and improve functional ability compared with conservative treatment. However, larger studies with longer follow up are needed to verify these results.

关键词： Distal radial fractures Operative treatment Nonoperative treatment

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Rainfed farming Systems: A Modeling framework for Scaling-Out Climate Smart Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa

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American Journal of Climate Change 2015年第4期4卷 313-329页

作者： Berhanu f. Alemaw Timothy Simalenga Department of Geology University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research & Development in Southern Africa (CCARDESA) Gaborone Botswana

Improving agricultural water productivity, under rainfed or irrigated conditions, holds significant scope for addressing climate change vulnerability. It also offers adaptation capacity needs as well as water and food security in the southern African region. In this study, evidence for climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in rainfed agricultural systems is explored through modeling predictions of crop yield, soil moisture and excess water for potential harvesting. The study specifically presents the results of climate change impacts under rainfed conditions for maize, sorghum and sunflower using soil-water-crop model simulations, integrated based on daily inputs of rainfall and evapotranspiration disaggregated from GCM scenarios. The research targets a vast farming region dominated by heavy clay soils where rainfed agriculture is a dominant practice. The potential for improving soil water productivity and improved water harvesting have been explored as ways of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. This can be utilized to explore and design appropriate conservation agriculture and adaptation practices in similar agro-ecological environments, and create opportunities for outscaling for much wider areas. The results of this study can suggest the need for possible policy refinements towards reducing vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in rainfed farming systems.

关键词： Climate Change Adaptation Rainfed farming Systems A Modeling Climate Smart Agriculture Southern Africa

feasibility of using polypropylene ground cover upon consideration of long-term responses of sweet cherry nutrition and profitability

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第4期3卷 594-601页

作者： Xinhua Yin Clark f. Seavert Assistant Professor Department of Plant Sciences The University of Tennessee 605 Airways Blvd. Jackson TN 38301 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Ballard Extension Hall Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331

The impacts of synthetic polypropylene ground cover in the row area of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees (‘Regina’/’Gisela 6’) on soil nutrient availability, tree mineral nutrition and productivity, and economic returns were investigated on a Van Horn fine sandy loam soil at Hood River OR, from 2000 to 2007. Treatments included 2.44-m wide synthetic fabric ground cover made of black, woven poly-propylene over the row area of cherry trees (woven fabric), and no ground cover but with herbicide applications in the row area with the same width as the polypropylene ground cover (herbicide strip) – standard industry practice. This article reports the plant nutrition and soil fertility results of 2006 and 2007 and profitability and feasibility results of 2000 to 2007. Tree leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly higher with 9 to 14% increases using woven fabric compared with herbicide strip in 2006 and 2007. However, leaf sulfur (S) concentrations were significantly lowered with woven fabric in the two seasons. Woven fabric resulted in fruit with comparable quality and possible greater storability under enhanced fruit yields than herbicide strip in both years. Woven fabric was more profitable than herbicide strip based on an additional net present value of $2,606 ha-1 by the end of this study. Woven fabric had annual gross returns greater than annual costs in the fourth year after planting by $8,181 ha-1 relative to herbicide strip, and had cumulative net returns greater than total costs of all previous years in the sixth year after planting by $17,796 ha-1 over herbicide strip. However, to establish a sweet cherry orchard with woven fabric, the grower would spend an additional $4,332 ha-1 over herbicide strip. In conclusion, woven fabric is a profitable and sustainable in-row ground management alternative to herbicide strip for orchards from a long-term perspective.

关键词： Polypropylene Ground Cover Sweet Cherry Leaf Nutrition fruit Storability Annual Gross Returns Annual Cost Annual Net Returns Cumulative Net Returns Present Value

A brief introductory review to deep generative models for civil structural health monitoring

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AI in Civil Engineering 2023年第1期2卷 1-11页

作者： furkan Luleci f.Necati Catbas Department of Civil Environmentaland Construction EngineeringUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL 32816USA

The use of deep generative models(DGMs)such as variational autoencoders,autoregressive models,flow-based models,energy-based models,generative adversarial networks,and diffusion models has been advantageous in various disciplines due to their high data generative *** DGMs has become one of the most trending research topics in Artificial Intelligence in recent *** the other hand,the research and development endeavors in the civil structural health monitoring(SHM)area have also been very progressive owing to the increasing use of Machine Learning *** such,some of the DGMs have also been used in the civil SHM field *** short review communication paper aims to assist researchers in the civil SHM field in understanding the fundamentals of DGMs and,consequently,to help initiate their use for current and possible future engineering *** this basis,this study briefly introduces the concept and mechanism of different DGMs in a comparative *** preparing this short review communication,it was observed that some DGMs had not been utilized or exploited fully in the SHM ***,some representative studies presented in the civil SHM field that use DGMs are briefly *** study also presents a short comparative discussion on DGMs,their link to the SHM,and research directions.

关键词： Deep generative models Structural health monitoring Generative adversarial networks Diffusion models Energy-based models flow-based models

DEGRADATION BEHAVIORS Of NEW TYPE TiV-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE ELECTRODE ALLOYS

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2006年第1期19卷 68-74页

作者： X.Z. Sun Y. f. Zhu Y. Lin R. Li M.X. Gao H. G. Pan Department of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China

The degradation behaviors of the TiV-based multiphase hydrogen storage alloy Ti0.8Zr0.2V3.2Mn0.64 Cr0.96Ni1.2 during electrochemical cycling in alkaline electrolyte have been studied by XRD, SEM, EIS and AES measurements. XRD analysis indicates that the alloy consists of a C14-type Laves phase and a V-based solid solution. The lattice parameters of both phases are increased after discharged with cycling, which indicates that more irreversible hydrogen remains not discharged in the alloy. It shold be responsible for the decrease of discharge capacity. SEM micrographs show that after 10 electrochemical cycles, a large number of cracks can be observed in the alloy, existing mainly in the V-based solid solution phase. Moreover, after 30 cycles, the alloy particles are obviously pulverized due to the larger expansion and shrinkage of cell volumes during hydrogen absorption and desorption, which induces the fast degradation of the TiV-based hydrogen storage alloys. EIS and AES measurements indicate that some passive oxide film has been formed on the surface of alloy electrode, which has higher charge-transfer resistance, lower hydrogen diffusivity, and less electro-catalytic activity. Therefore it can be concluded that the pulverization and oxidation of the alloy are the main factors responsible for the fast degradation of the TiV-hased hydrogen storage alloys.

关键词： metal hydrides hydrogen storage alloy pulverization degradation

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