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Unveiling vulnerable smart contracts: Toward profiling vulnerable smart contracts using genetic algorithm and generating benchmark dataset

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BLOCKCHAIN-RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2024年第1期5卷 58-84页

作者： HajiHosseinkhani, Sepideh lashkari, Arash Habibi Oskui, Ali Mizani York Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Comp Sci Toronto ON M3J1P3 Canada York Univ Behav Centr Cybersecur Ctr BCCC Sch Informat Technol Toronto ON M3J1P3 Canada financial & Crypto Advisory Switzerland fICAS AG Zug Switzerland

Smart contracts (SCs) are crucial in maintaining trust within blockchain networks. However, existing methods for analyzing SC vulnerabilities often lack accuracy and effectiveness, while approaches based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) struggle with detecting complex vulnerabilities due to limited data availability. This paper proposes a novel approach for analyzing SC vulnerabilities. Our method leverages an advanced form of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and includes the development of a comprehensive benchmark dataset consisting of 36,670 Solidity source code samples. The primary objective of our study is to profile vulnerable SCs effectively. To achieve this goal, we have devised an analyzer called SCsVulLyzer based on GAs, designed explicitly for profiling SCs. Additionally, we have carefully curated a new dataset encompassing a wide range of examples, ensuring the practical validation of our approach. furthermore, we have established three distinct taxonomies that cover SCs, profiling techniques, and feature extraction. These taxonomies provide a systematic classification and analysis of information, improving the efficiency of our approach. Our methodology underwent rigorous testing through experimentation, and the results demonstrated the superior capabilities of our model in detecting vulnerabilities. Compared to traditional and DNN-based approaches, our approach achieved higher precision, recall, and f1 -score, which are widely used metrics for evaluating model performance. Across all these metrics, our model showed exceptional results. The customization and adaptations we implemented within the GA significantly enhanced its effectiveness. Our approach detects SC vulnerabilities more efficiently and facilitates robust exploration. These promising results highlight the potential of GA -based profiling to improve the detection of SC vulnerabilities, contributing to enhanced security in blockchain networks.

关键词： Smart contracts (SCs) Vulnerability Vulnerable smart contracts Vulnerability profiling Genetic algorithm BEHAVIOR OPTIMIZATION INfORMATION DISCOVERY KNOWLEDGE fRAMEWORK

Niosome-encapsulated auraptene reduced the mRNA expression of VEGf-A and PDGfs genes in human retinaderived RPE cell line

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2024年第6期17卷 1028-1035页

作者： Akram vahidi Teymoor Khosravi farzad Dastaviz Mehdi Sheikh Arabi Ayyoob Khosravi Morteza Oladnabi Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Medical Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Medical TechnologiesGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Molecular Medicine Faculty of Advanced Medical TechnologiesGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran

AIM:To evaluate the effect of auraptene(AUR)treatment in forms of free and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles by investigating the mRNA expression level of vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGf)-A and platelet-derived growth factors(PDGfs)in human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cell ***:Niosome nanocarriers were produced using two surfactants Span 60 and Tween *** cell line was treated with both free AUR and *** dosage of treatments was calculated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)*** of VEGf-A and PDGf-A,PDGf-B,PDGf-C,PDGf-D genes was measured after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis,using real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS:The highest entrapment efficiency(EE)was achieved by Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)with 64.3%.The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of free and niosome-encapsulated AUR were 38.5 and 27.78µg/mL,*** study revealed that niosomal AUR had more gradual delivery to the ***-PCR results showed reduced expression levels of VEGf-A,PDGf-A,PDGf-B,PDGf-C,and PDGf-D after treatment with both free and niosomal ***:Niosomal formulation of Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)is an effective drug delivery approach to transfer AUR to RPE ***-A,PDGf-A,PDGf-B,PDGf-C,and PDGf-D are four angiogenic factors,inhibiting which by niosomal AUR may be effective in age-related macular degeneration.

关键词： auraptene niosome age-related macular degeneration angiogenesis nanocarrier

A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Technique for Optimal Power Allocation in Multiple Access Communications

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2024年第1期39卷 93-108页

作者： Sepehr Soltani Ehsan Ghafourian Reza Salehi Diego Martín Milad vahidi Department of Industrial Engineering College of EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204USA Department of Computer Science Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA ETSI de Telecomunicación Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain faculty of School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversityBlacksburgVirginia24060USA

formany years,researchers have explored power allocation(PA)algorithms driven bymodels in wireless networks where multiple-user communications with interference are ***,data-driven machine learning methods have become quite popular in analyzing wireless communication systems,which among them deep reinforcement learning(DRL)has a significant role in solving optimization issues under certain *** this purpose,in this paper,we investigate the PA problem in a k-user multiple access channels(MAC),where k transmitters(e.g.,mobile users)aim to send an independent message to a common receiver(e.g.,base station)through wireless *** this end,we first train the deep Q network(DQN)with a deep Q learning(DQL)algorithm over the simulation environment,utilizing offline ***,the DQN will be used with the real data in the online training method for the PA issue by maximizing the sumrate subjected to the source ***,the simulation results indicate that our proposedDQNmethod provides better performance in terms of the sumrate compared with the available DQL training approaches such as fractional programming(fP)and weighted minimum mean squared error(WMMSE).Additionally,by considering different user densities,we show that our proposed DQN outperforms benchmark algorithms,thereby,a good generalization ability is verified over wireless multi-user communication systems.

关键词： Deep reinforcement learning deep Q learning multiple access channel power allocation

Impact of umbelliprenin-containing niosome nanoparticles on VEGf-A and CTGf genes expression in retinal pigment epithelium cells

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2024年第1期17卷 7-15页

作者： farzad Dastaviz Akram vahidi Teymoor Khosravi Ayyoob Khosravi Mehdi Sheikh Arabi Abouzar Bagheri Mohsen Rashidi Morteza Oladnabi Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Medical Genetics School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Student Research Committee Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Molecular Medicine Faculty of Advanced Medical TechnologiesGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Medical Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Medical TechnologiesGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics Faculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari ***Iran Department Pharmacology Faculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari ***Iran Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center Golestan University of Medical SciencesGorgan ***Iran

AIM:To investigate the impact of niosome nanoparticles carrying umbelliprenin(UMB),an anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory plant compound,on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGf-A)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGf)genes in a human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)-like retina-derived cell ***:UMB-containing niosomes were created,optimized,and ***-like cells were treated with free UMB and UMB-containing *** IC_(50)values of the treatments were determined using an MTT *** expression of VEGf-A and CTGf was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction and cDNA ***’characteristics,including drug entrapment efficiency,size,dispersion index,and zeta potential were *** UMB had an IC_(50)of 96.2μg/mL,while UMB-containing niosomes had an IC_(50)of 25μg/***:Treatment with UMB-containing niosomes and free UMB resulted in a significant reduction in VEGf-A expression compared to control cells(P=0.001).Additionally,UMB-containing niosomes demonstrated a significant reduction in CTGf expression compared to control cells(P=0.05).However,there was no significant reduction in the expression of both genes in cells treated with free ***:Both free UMB and niosome-encapsulated UMB inhibits VEGf-A and CTGf genes ***,the latter demonstrates significantly greater efficacy,potentially due to the lower UMB dosage and gradual *** findings have implications for anti-angiogenesis therapeutic approaches targeting age-related macular degeneration.

关键词： umbelliprenin niosome age-related macular degeneration vascular endothelial growth factor-A connective tissue growth factor

Carbon coated Lafe_(0.92)Pd_(0.08)O_(3) composites for catalytic transfer hydrogenation:Balance in the ability of substrates adsorption and conversion

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Nano Research 2024年第5期17卷 3724-3732页

作者： Bowen Wang Nan Zhang Ping Xiao Jian Zhang Sónia A.C.Carabineiro Junjiang Zhu Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass fibers and Eco-dyeing&finishing College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringWuhan Textile UniversityWuhan 430200China College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of ChemistryNOVA School of Science and TechnologyUniversidade NOVA de LisboaLargo da Torre2829-516 CaparicaPortugal

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation(CTH)is a green and efficient pathway for selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes and ***,managing the abilities of solid catalysts to adsorb substrates and to convert them into desired products is a challenging ***,we report the synthesis of carbon coated Lafe_(0.92)Pd_(0.08)O_(3) composites(LfPO-8@C)for CTH of benzaldehyde(BzH)into benzyl alcohol(BzOH),using isopropanol(IPA)as hydrogen *** coating with carbon improves the ability to adsorb/transfer reactants from solution to active sites,and the doping of Pd2+at fe3+site strengthens the ability of LafeO_(3) to convert BzH into BzOH.A balanced point between them(i.e.,abilities to adsorb BzH and to convert BzH into BzOH)is obtained at LfPO-8@C,which exhibits a BzOH formation rate of 3.88 mmol·gcat^(-1)·h^(-1) at 180℃ for 3 h,which is 1.50 and 2.72 times faster than those of LfPO-8 and LafeO_(3)@C.A reaction mechanism is proposed,in which the acidic sites(e.g.,fe^(4+),oxygen vacancy)are used for the activation of C=O bond of BzH and O-H bond of IPA,and the basic sites(e.g.,lattice oxygen)for the activation ofα-H(O-H)bond of IPA.

关键词： Lafe_(0.92)Pd_(0.08)O_(3) porous carbon catalytic transfer hydrogenation isopropanol reaction mechanism

Enhancing visible-light-driven NO oxidation through molecular‐level insights of dye-loaded sea sands

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Rare Metals 2024年第2期43卷 543-554页

作者： Yu-Han Li Bang-fu Chen Sónia A.C.Carabineiro You-Yu Duan Ping Tan Wing-Kei Ho fan Dong Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment Ministry of EducationChongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental MaterialsChongqing Technology and Business UniversityChongqing400067China Nanchang Institute of Technology Nanchang33044China LAQV-REQUIMTE Department of ChemistryNOVA School of Science and TechnologyUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516CaparicaPortugal College of Physics and Center of Quantum Materials and Devices Chongqing UniversityChongqing401331China Department of Science and Environmental Studies The Education University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China

Natural minerals,abundant and easily obtained through simple physical processing,offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for dyeing wastewater disposal and air pollution *** study investigates the photocatalytic removal of NO using natural different types of dyes,loaded on natural sand,under visible light *** examining various coating concentrations of dyes and sand weights,we discovered that sand loaded with Rhodamine B(RhB)exhibits high activity for the photo-oxidation of NO.A combination results of X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(fTIR)and thermogravimetric(TG)analyses confirm the presence of SiO_(2),CaCO_(3),Al_(2)O_(3)and iron oxides as the main components of the ***,studying RhB-loaded individual components reveals that CaCO_(3)plays a crucial role in enhancing the NO removal *** results and theoretical calculations demonstrate the establishment of a directional charge transfer channel from CaCO_(3)to RhB,facilitating the adsorption and activation of molecular NO and O_(2).This work not only promotes the utilization of natural mineral resources but also enriches the fields of environmental photochemistry and semiconductor photocatalysis.

关键词： Sand dyes Rhodamine B Photo-oxidation of NO Visible light illumination

环氧树脂涂层中添加含铝复合粉增强碳钢基材的防腐性

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Journal of Central South University 2024年第3期31卷 723-736页

作者： Meysam TOOZANDEHJANI Pooria MOOZARM nia Ebrahim ABOUZARI LOTf farhad OSTOVAN Mahnaz SHAMSHIRSAZ New Technologies Research Center Amirkabir University of TechnologyTehran Polytechnic424 Hafez Ave.P.B.15875-4413TehranIran Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis Department of PhysicsTechnicFysikvejBygning 311Kongens LyngbyDK-2800Denmark Institute of Nanotechnology and Institute of Quantum Materials and Technology Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O.Box 364076021 KarlsruheGermany Department of Materials Science and Engineering Bandar Abbas BranchIslamic Azad UniversityBandar AbbasIran

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和电位极化(Tafel)试验,研究了在环氧树脂涂层中添加含铝粉末以增强碳钢基材的防腐性,含铝粉末包括纯铝、Al/CNT、Al/Al_(2)O_(3)、Al/CNT/Al_(2)O_(3)。用球磨法合成含2 wt.%碳纳米管、2 wt.%氧化铝纳米颗粒的复... 详细信息

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和电位极化(Tafel)试验,研究了在环氧树脂涂层中添加含铝粉末以增强碳钢基材的防腐性,含铝粉末包括纯铝、Al/CNT、Al/Al_(2)O_(3)、Al/CNT/Al_(2)O_(3)。用球磨法合成含2 wt.%碳纳米管、2 wt.%氧化铝纳米颗粒的复合粉末,然后以1 wt.%的浓度加入到环氧树脂涂层中。结果表明,由于环氧树脂复合涂层的防护性能增强,从而提高了其耐腐蚀性。研究还发现,Al/CNT/Al_(2)O_(3)复合添加剂的保护性能比其他添加剂更显著,因为其颗粒尺寸的减小和具有某些形状的颗粒,进一步减少了腐蚀环境通过涂层渗透的路径,避免了金属基底/涂层界面可能发生的反应。EP-Al/CNT/Al_(2)O_(3)保持了一次时间常数特性,并在整个暴露时间内表现出最高的阻抗和最强的稳定性。这些添加剂的存在增强了涂层,从而改善了涂层的屏障性能。

关键词：铝复合材料环氧树脂复合材料涂层腐蚀电化学阻抗图谱(EIS) Tafel极化

Methionine sources and genotype affect embryonic intestinal development,antioxidants,tight junctions,and growth-related gene expression in chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 218-230页

作者： James K.Lugata Sawadi f.Ndunguru Gebrehaweria K.Reda Xénia E.Ozsváth Eszter Angyal Levente Czeglédi Gabriella Gulyás Renáta Knop János Oláh Zoltán Mészár Rita Varga Brigitta Csernus Csaba Szabó Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental ManagementUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Department of Animal Husbandry Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental ManagementUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary faculty of Agriculture and food Sciences and Environmental Management Doctoral School of Animal ScienceUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational farm University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Department of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary

Methionine(Met)is an essential and first limiting amino acid in the poultry diet that plays a significant role in chicken embryonic development and *** present study examined the effect of in ovo injection of DL-Met and L-Met sources and genotypes on chicken embryonic-intestinal development and *** eggs of the two genotypes,TETRA-SL layer hybrid(TSL)—commercial layer hybrid and Hungarian Partridge colored hen breed(HPC)—a native genotype,were randomly distributed into four treatments for each *** treatment groups include the following:1)control non-injected eggs(NoIn);2)saline-injected(SaIn);3)DL-Met injected(DLM);and 4)L-Met injected(LM).The in ovo injection was carried out on 17.5 d of embryonic development;after hatching,eight chicks per group were sacrificed,and the jejunum was extracted for *** results showed that both DLM and LM groups had enhanced intestinal development as evidenced by increased villus width,villus height,and villus area(Pficantly reduced crypt depth,glutathione(GSH)content,glutathione S-transferase 3 alpha(GST3),occludin(OCLN)gene expression and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the TSL genotype than the LM group(Pfactor 1(IGf1)gene,tricellulin(MD2),occludin(OCLN),superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1),and GST3 genes than the TSL genotype(Pfindings showed that in ovo injection of Met enhanced intestinal development,and function,with genotypes responding differently under normal *** also influenced the expression of intestinal antioxidants,tight junction,and growth-related genes.

关键词： DL-Methionine L-Methionine In ovo injection Intestinal development Poultry

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Control and vibration analyses of a sandwich doubly curved micro-composite shell with honeycomb, truss, and corrugated cores based on the fourth-order shear deformation theory

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第10期45卷 1773-1790页

作者： f.SHIRDELAN M.MOHAMMADIMEHR f.BARGOZINI Department of Solid Mechanics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Kashan

Curved shells are increasingly utilized in applied engineering due to their shared characteristics with other sandwich structures, flexibility, and attractive appearance. However, the inability of controlling and regulating vibrations and destroying them afterward is a challenge to scientists. In this paper, the curve shell equations and a linear quadratic regulator are adopted for the state feedback design to manage the structure vibrations in state space forms. A five-layer sandwich doubly curved micro-composite shell, comprising two piezoelectric layers for the sensor and actuator, is modeled by the fourth-order shear deformation theory. The core(honeycomb, truss, and corrugated) is analyzed for the bearing of transverse shear forces. The results show that the honeycomb core has a greater effect on the vibrations. When the parameters related to the core and the weight percentage of graphene increase, the frequency increases. The uniform distribution of graphene platelets results in the lowest natural frequency while the natural frequency increases. furthermore, without taking into account the piezoelectric layers,the third-order shear deformation theory(TSDT) and fourth-order shear deformation theory(fOSDT) align closely. However, when the piezoelectric layers are incorporated,these two theories diverge significantly, with the frequencies in the fOSDT being lower than those in the TSDT.

关键词： 74f15 corrugate core doubly curved shell honeycomb micro-composite O343 truss vibration and control