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Special materials in pyrotechnics Ⅶ: Pyrotechnics used in thermal batteries

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第3期15卷 254-263页

作者： ernst-Christian Koch Lutradyn Energetic Materials Science & Technology

Thermal batteries are unique direct current(DC) electrical power sources with long shelf live, high reliability and higher power density than classical alkaline batteries. This paper gives a brief overview into the working principle of thermal batteries and reviews the properties of zirconium/barium chromate(Zr/BaCrO4) pyrolant previously used as first fire and iron/potassium perchlorate(Fe/KClO4) pyrolant(Heat), commonly applied as heating pellet in thermal batteries and its hazard properties. The review gives 64 references to the public domain. CAS-Nos. Zr: [7440-67-7], BaCrO4: [10294-40-3], Fe: [7439-89-6], KClO4: [7778-74-7], Viton: [9011-17-0].CAS-Nos. Zr: [7440-67-7], BaCrO4: [10294-40-3], Fe: [7439-89-6], KClO4: [7778-74-7], Viton: [9011-17-0].

关键词： Barium chromate Heat-powder Iron Lithium Molten salt Potassium perchlorate Pyrotechnics Thermal battery Zirconium

Insensitive high explosives:Ⅳ. Nitroguanidine-Initiation & detonation

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第4期15卷 467-487页

作者： ernst-Christian Koch Lutradyn-Energetic Materials

This paper reviews the detonative properties of low bulk density(LBD),high bulk density(HBD)Nitroguanidine(NGu)(1),CAS-No:[556-88-7]and 82 explosive formulations based on NGu reported in the public *** rank the performance of those formulations they are compared with 15 reference compositions containing both standard high explosives such as octogen(HMX)(2),hexogen(RDX)(3),pentaerythritol tetranitrate(PETN)(4),2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)(5)as well as insensitive high explosives such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolone(NTO)(6),1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene(TATB)(7),1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene(FOX-7)(8)and N-Guanylurea dinitramide(FOX 12)(9).NGu based formulations are superior to those based on FOX-12 or TATB and are a close match with FOX-7 based explosives,the latter just having higher Gurney Energies(-10%)and slightly higher detonation pressure(+2%).NGu based explosives even reach up to 78% of the detonation pressure,82% Gurney energy and up to 95% of detonation velocity of ***-NGu dissolves in many melt cast eutectics forming dense charges thereby eliminating the need for costly High Bulk Density *** based formulations are at the rock bottom of sensitiveness among all the above-mentioned explosives which contributes to the safety of these *** review gives 132 references to the public *** a review on the synthesis spectroscopy and sensitiveness of Nitroguanidine see Ref.[1].

关键词： Cook-off Detonation Insensitive munitions Nitroguanidine Shock sensitvity

Using coalgebras and the Giry monad for interpreting game logics a tutorial

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2017年第6期11卷 948-970页

作者： ernst-Erich DOBERKAT Math++ Software Bochum 44879 Germany

The stochastic interpretation of Parikh＇s game logic should not follow the usual pattern of Kripke models, which in turn are based on the Kleisli morphisms for the Giry monad, rather, a specific and more general approach to proba- bilistic nondeterminism is required. We outline this approach together with its probabilistic and measure theoretic basis, in- troducing in a leisurely pace the Giry monad and its Kleisli morphisms together with important techniques for manipu- lating them. Proof establishing specific techniques are given, and pointers to the extant literature are provided. After working through this tutorial, the reader should find it easier to follow the original literature in this and related areas, and it should be possible for her or him to appreciate measure theoretic arguments for original work in the areas of Markov transition systems, and stochastic effectivity func- tions.

关键词： coalgebras modal logics monads Giry monad,upper closed monad composition of monads game logics

Superlubricity on the nanometer scale

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Friction 2014年第2期2卷 106-113页

作者： ernst MEYER Enrico GNECCO Department of Physics University of BaselKlingelbergstr.824056 BaselSwitzerland IMDEA Nanociencia Campus Universitario de CantoblancoCalle Faraday 928049 MadridSpain

The transition from atomic stick-slip to continuous sliding has been observed in a number of *** extended contacts are moved in different directions,so-called structural lubricity is observed when the two surface lattices are ***,a“superlubric”state of motion can be achieved if the normal force is reduced below a certain threshold,the temperature is increased,or the contact is actuated *** processes have been partially demonstrated using atomic force microscopy,and they can be theoretically understood by proper modifications of the Prandtl−Tomlinson model.

关键词： structural lubricity dynamic superlubricity atomic force microscopy friction force microscopy themolubricity Prandtl−Tomlinson model

Review of Late Jurassic-early Miocene sedimentation and plate-tectonic evolution of northern California:illuminating example of an accretionary margin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2015年第2期34卷 123-142页

作者： W.G.ernst Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences Stanford University

Production of voluminous igneous arc rocks,high-pressure/low-temperature(HP/LT) metamafic rocks,westward relative migration of the Klamath Mountains province,and U-Pb ages of deposition,sediment sources,and spatial locations of Jurassic and younger,detrital zirconbearing clastic rocks constrain geologic development of the northern California continental edge as follows:(1) At~ 175 Ma,transpressive plate underflow began to generate an Andean-type Klamath-Sierran arc along the margin.(2)Oceanic crustal rocks were metamorphosed under HP/LT conditions in an inboard,east-inclined subduction zone from~ 170-155 *** for the Red Ant blueschists,such Ethologies remained stored at depth;most HP/LT mafic tectonic blocks returned surfaceward only during mid- and Late Cretaceous time,chiefly entrained in circulating,buoyant Franciscan mud-matrix melange.(3) By ~ 165 Ma and continuing to ~ 150-140 Ma,erosion supplied volcanogenic debris to proximal Mariposa-Galice ± Myrtle overlap strata.(4) At ~ 140,immediately prior to the onset of paired Franciscan and Great Valley Group(GVG) +Hornbrook deposition,the Klamath salient was deformed and displaced ~ 100-150 km westward relative to the Sierran arc,stranding pre-existing oceanic crust on the south as the Coast Range Ophiolite(CRO).(5) After the end-ofJurassic seaward step-out of the Farallon-North American convergent plate junction,terrigineous debris began to be deposited in the outboard Franciscan trench and intervening Great Valley forearc.(6) Voluminous sedimentation and accretion of Franciscan Eastern + Central belts and GVG detritus took place during paroxysmal igneous activity and rapid,nearly orthogonal plate convergence at^125-80 Ma.(7) Sierran arc volcanism-plutonism ceased by^80 Ma in northern California,signaling a transition to shallow,nearly subhorizontal eastward plate underflow attending Laramide orogeny far to the east.(8) Presently exposed Paleogenelower Miocene Franciscan Coastal Belt sedimentary strata were

关键词：板块构造早中新世加利福尼亚州晚侏罗世增生保证金 U-Pb年龄地层沉积

The Mechanism of Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag Preventing Alkali Aggregate Reaction

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2010年第2期25卷 332-341页

作者： STARK Jochen FREYBURG ernst F A Finger-Institute for Building Material Science of Bauhaus-University Weimar

Three different methods were applied to study the alkali content of gelpores in cement. In the closed system, the concentration of K＋, Na＋ and OH - have not reduced with the increase of age. In the open system, the diffusion and transferring of K＋ and Na＋ towards free space leads to the de-crease of total alkali content. In the micro-analysis system, the contents of K＋ and Na＋ in the first hy- drated layer of ground granulated blastfurnace slag （GBFS） are very low, while the contents of calcium and magnesium are relatively high. This phenomenon shows that the mechanism of GBFS preventing alkali aggregate reaction （AAR） is： when GBFS is dissolved by alkali medium, SiO2 and Al2O3 are dissolved into the cement matrix, then around GBFS particles form reaction rings rich in Ca2＋ and Mg^2＋, and the C-S-H gel of positive charges formed in the area repulses K＋ and Na＋, which are forced to transfer to the mortar＇s matrix, pore or mortar sample surface. The transferred K ^＋ and Na^＋ form alkali gel products with other dissolved ions, then become evenly distributed in the mortar sample and react with Ca（OH）2 in pore solutions to form （Na,K）x-2z·zCa·（SiO2）y·（OH）x gel products; and thus changes the AAR gel products＇ structure. The gel products will not expand, and so they can delay expansion destruction.

关键词： granulated blastfurnace slag (GBFS) alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) alkali content preventing mechanism

THE HP-VERSION OF BEM-FAST CONVERGENCE,ADAPTIVITY AND EFFICIENT PRECONDITIONING

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2009年第2期27卷 348-359页

作者： ernst P.Stephan Institute of Applied Mathematics Leibniz University HannoverGermany

In this survey paper we report on recent developments of the hp-version of the boundary element method （BEM）. As model problems we consider weakly singular and hypersingular integral equations of the first kind on a planar, open surface. We show that the Galerkin solutions （computed with the hp-version on geometric meshes） converge exponentially fast towards the exact solutions of the integral equations. An hp-adaptive algorithm is given and the implementation of the hp-version BEM is discussed together with the choice of efficient preconditioners for the ill-conditioned boundary element stiffness matrices. We also comment on the use of the hp-version BEM for solving Signorini contact problems in linear elasticity where the contact conditions are enforced only on the discrete set of Gauss-Lobatto points. Numerical results are presented which underline the theoretical results.

关键词： hp-version of the boundary element method Adaptive refinement Preconditioning Signorini contact

Interaction phenomena between liquid droplets and hot particles—Captured via high-speed camera

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Particuology 2009年第4期7卷 260-263页

作者： Sebastian Gehrke Karl-ernst Wirth Institute of Particle Technology Cauerstrasse 4Erlangen 91058Germany

The interaction of evaporating droplets and hot catalyst particles plays a major role in heterogeneously catalysed reactions. The liquid feed is injected into a gas-solid flow and is mixed with the catalyst. The interaction phenomena determine the evaporation time which should be minimised to keep the reactor vessel small. First measurements with a bed of fixed hot FCC-particles （fluid catalytic cracking） and two model fluids have been conducted. The interactions of ethanol and water droplets with the hot bed surface were captured via a high-speed camera. While the ethanol droplet developed a stable steam cushion due to Leidenfrost phenomena, water showed intense interaction and steam explosions which induced repulsion and atomisation of the droplet.

关键词： Particle-droplet-interaction Leidenfrost phenomenon Direct heat transfer Liquid-feed-injection

Dyke Swarms: Keys to Paleogeographic Reconstructions, Preface for IDC7 2016

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第S1期90卷 3-5页

作者： PENG Peng Richard ernst State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Scientist in Residence Department of Earth Sciences Carleton University Faculty of Geology and Geography Tomsk State University

Focusing on geological,geochemical and geophysical aspects of dykes and related units,the International Dyke Conference(IDC)series was launched in Toronto,Canada in 1985 by *** ***(University of Toronto).It has contin... 详细信息

关键词： IDC Dyke Swarms Keys to Paleogeographic Reconstructions Preface for IDC7 2016