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Phages and their potential to modulate the microbiome and immunity

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第4期18卷 889-904页

作者： Sara Federici Samuel P.Nobs eran elinav Immunology Department Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot 7610001Israel Cancer-Microbiome Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum(DKFZ) Neuenheimer Feld 28069120 HeidelbergGermany

Bacteriophages(hence termed phages)are viruses that target bacteria and have long been considered as potential future treatments against antibiotic-resistant bacterial ***,the molecular nature of phage interactions with bacteria and the human host has remained elusive for decades,limiting their therapeutic *** many phages and their functional repertoires remain unknown,the advent of next-generation sequencing has increasingly enabled researchers to decode new lytic and lysogenic mechanisms by which they attack and destroy ***,the last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the utilization of phages as therapeutic vectors and as a means of targeting pathogenic or commensal bacteria or inducing ***,the narrow host range,immense antibacterial repertoire,and ease of manipulating phages may potentially allow for their use as targeted modulators of pathogenic,commensal and pathobiont members of the microbiome,thereby impacting mammalian physiology and immunity along mucosal surfaces in health and in microbiomeassociated *** this review,we aim to highlight recent advances in phage biology and how a mechanistic understanding of phage-bacteria-host interactions may facilitate the development of novel phage-based *** provide an overview of the challenges of the therapeutic use of phages and how these could be addressed for future use of phages as specific modulators of the human microbiome in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable human diseases.

关键词： Microbiota Microbiome Phages

Intraspecific scaling and early life history determine the cost of free-flight in a large beetle(Batocera rufomaculata)

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Insect Science 2024年第2期31卷 524-532页

作者： Tomer Urcai eran Levin eran Gefen Gal Ribak Faculty of Life Sciences School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Israel National Center for Biodiversity StudiesTel AvivIsrael Department of Biology University of Haifa-OranimKiryat TivonIsrael

The scaling of the energetic cost of locomotion with body mass is well documented at the interspecific ***,methodological restrictions limit our understanding of the scaling of flight metabolic rate(MR)in free-flying *** is particularly true at the intraspecific level,where variation in body mass and flight energetics may have direct consequences for the fitness of an *** applied a 13C stable isotope method to investigate the scaling of MR with body mass during free-flight in the beetle Batocera *** species exhibits large intraspecific variation in adult body mass as a consequence of the environmental conditions during larval *** show that the flight-MR scales with body mass to the power of 0.57,with smaller conspecifics possessing up to 2.3 fold higher mass-specific flight MR than larger *** the scaling exponent of free-flight MR was found to be like that determined for tethered-flight,the energy expenditure during free-flight was more than 2.7 fold higher than for *** metabolic cost of flight should therefore be studied under free-flight conditions,a requirement now enabled by the 13C technique described herein for insect flight.

关键词： allometry body mass Coleoptera free-flight insect flight stable carbon isotope tethered-flight

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个性化饮食

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Role of the microbiome in non-gastrointestinal cancers

作者： (以)伊兰·西格尔(eran Segal) (以)伊兰·埃利纳夫(eran elinav)

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2016年第2期7卷 200-213页

作者： Meirav Pevsner-Fischer Timur Tuganbaev Mariska Meijer Sheng-Hong Zhang Zhi-Rong Zeng Min-Hu Chen eran elinav Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden University Division of Gastroenterology the First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat-sen University

"The forgotten organ",the human microbiome,comprises a community of microorganisms that colonizes various sites of the human *** coevolution of bacteria,archaea and fungi with the human host over thousands of years,a complex host-microbiome relationship emerged in which many functions,including metabolism and immune responses,became *** coupling becomes evident when disruption in the microbiome composition,termed dysbiosis,is mirrored by the development of pathologies in the *** the most serious consequences of dysbiosis,is the development of *** many as 20% of total cancers worldwide are caused by a microbial *** date,a vast majority of microbiomecancer studies focus solely on the microbiome of the large intestine and the development of gastrointestinal ***,we will review the available evidence implicating microbiome involvement in the development and progression of non-gastrointestinal cancers,while distinguishing between viral and bacterial drivers of cancer,as well as "local" and "systemic","cancer-stimulating" and "cancer-suppressing" effects of the *** a system-wide approach to cancer-microbiome studies will be crucial in understanding how microbiome influences carcinogenesis,and may enable to employ microbiome-targeting approaches as part of cancer treatment.

关键词： Microbiome Non-gastrointestinal cancers Carcinogenesis Dysbiosis Microbial agent

Circumventing the phonon bottleneck by multiphonon-mediated hot exciton cooling at the nanoscale

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npj Computational Materials 2023年第1期9卷 845-852页

作者： Dipti Jasrasaria eran Rabani Department of Chemistry University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 69978Israel Present address:Department of Chemistry Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA

Nonradiative processes govern efficiencies of semiconductor nanocrystal(NC)-based devices.A central process is hot exciton cooling,or the nonradiative relaxation of a highly excited electron/hole pair to form a band-edge *** to quantum confinement effects,the timescale and mechanism of cooling are not well understood.A mismatch between electronic energy gaps and phonon frequencies has led to the hypothesis of a phonon bottleneck and extremely slow cooling,while enhanced electron-hole interactions have suggested ultrafast *** measurements of the cooling timescale range six orders of ***,we develop an atomistic approach to describe phonon-mediated exciton dynamics and simulate cooling in NCs of experimentally relevant *** find that cooling occurs on~30 fs timescales in CdSe NCs,in agreement with the most recent measurements,and that the phonon bottleneck is circumvented through a cascade of multiphonon-mediated relaxation ***,we identify NC handles for tuning the cooling timescale.

关键词： phonon relaxation excited

Neuromuscular junction mitochondrial enrichment: a “double-edged sword” underlying the selective motor neuron vulnerability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第1期16卷 115-116页

作者： Topaz Altman eran Perlson Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael

Motor neurons are highly polarized cells,with long axons that extend to more than 1 m in the adult *** axons further arborize into a specialized synaptic compartment,the motor unit,containing up to 2000 neuromuscular junctions(NMJs).While the size of other neuronal synapses can be up to 1μm,the NMJ is much larger and can reach 10–30μm(Jones et al.,2017).The vast size of the motor unit requires motor neurons to evolutionally adapt and supply this distal portion with a sufficient amount of ATP,as well as to replenish the axonal protein pool in order to maintain their synapses.

关键词： specialized maintain sword

Global epigenetic changes during somatic cell reprogramming to iPS cells

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分子细胞生物学报:英文版 2011年第6期3卷 341-350页

作者： Anna Mattout Alva Biran eran Meshorer Department of Genetics Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem 91904Israel

Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)exhibit unique chromatin features,including a permissive transcriptional program and an open,decondensed chromatin *** pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs),which are very similar to ESCs,hold great promise for therapy and basic ***,the mechanisms by which reprogramming occurs and the chromatin organization that underlies the reprogramming process are largely *** we characterize and compare the epigenetic landscapes of partially and fully reprogrammed iPSCs to mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs)and ESCs,which serves as a standard for *** immuno-fluorescence and biochemical fractionations,we analyzed the levels and distribution of a battery of histone modifications(H3ac,H4ac,H4K5ac,H3K9ac,H3K27ac,H3K4me3,H3K36me2,H3K9me3,H3K27me3,and gH2AX),as well as HP1a and lamin *** find that fully reprogrammed iPSCs are epigenetically identical to ESCs,and that partially reprogrammed iPSCs are closer to ***,combining both time-course reprogramming experiments and data from the partially reprogrammed iPSCs,we find that heterochromatin reorganization precedes Nanog expression and active histone ***,these data delineate the global epigenetic state of iPSCs in conjunction with their pluripotent state,and demonstrate that heterochromatin precedes euchromatin in reorganization during reprogramming.

关键词： chromatin pluripotency reprogramming iPSCs ESCs histone modifications epigenetics

Muscle secretion of toxic factors,regulated by miR126-5p,facilitates motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第6期14卷 969-970页

作者： Roy Maimon eran Perlson Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv University

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a lethal neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuromuscular junction(NMJ)disruption,motor neuron(MN)axon degeneration,and neuronal ***,there is currently no effective treatment available for ALS and consequently,most patients die several years post *** neurodegeneration that occurs in ALS is considered to be a non-cell autonomous process involving interactions between the motor neuron and its diverse extracellular microenvironments via an unknown *** Axonopathy is one of the early disease signs;however,the involvement and contribution of neighboring tissues and specifically,the muscle environment to the disease pathology remain *** works have concluded that muscles play a minor role or none at all in ALS pathology.

关键词： Muscle secretion toxic factors facilitates motor

Metabolic cost of flight and aerobic efficiency in the rose chafer,Protaetia cuprea(Cetoniinae)

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Insect Science 2022年第5期29卷 1361-1372页

作者： Tomer Urca eran Levin Gal Ribak School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Israel National Center for Biodiversity StudiesTel AvivIsrael

Rose chafer beetles(Protetia cuprea)are pollinators as well as agricultural pests,flying between flowers and trees while foraging for pollen and *** the energy they expend on flying during foraging activity faces the challenge of measuring the metabolic rate(MR)of free-flying insects in an open *** overcame this challenge by using the bolus injection of ^(13)C Na-bicarbonate technique to measure their metabolic energy expenditure while flying in a large flight ***,we tracked the insects with high-speed cameras to extract their flight trajectory,from which we calculated the mechanical power invested in flying for each flight *** found that the chemical(metabolic)energy input converted to mechanical flight energy output at a mean efficiency of 10.4%±5.2%,with a trend of increased efficiency in larger conspecifics(efficiency scaled with body mass to the power of 1.4).The transition in the summer from a diet of pollen to that of fruits may affect the energy budget available for *** ***,feeding on apples ad libitum,increased their body mass by an average of 6%in 2 *** to our calculations,such a meal can power a 630-m flight(assuming a carbohydrate assimilation efficiency of 90%).Pollen,with a low water and carbohydrate content but rich in proteins and lipids,has a higher caloric content and should assimilate differently when converting food to flight *** high cost of aerial locomotion is inherent to the foraging behavior of rose chafers,explaining their short flight bouts followed by prolonged feeding activity.

关键词： aerobic eficieney bolus injection of^(13)C-Na-bicarbonate feeding capacity flight metabolic rate flower chafer bele free flight mechanical power