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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第2期11卷 167-178页

作者： elizabeth Maly Anawat Suppasri International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku UniversitySendai 980-8579.Japan

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR) represents an inclusive approach to disaster risk reduction, linked to development and recovery. Building on previous international guidelines, the SFDRR promotes practical and measurable outcomes for reducing disaster losses, including indicators to measure progress towards seven specific global *** in the context of the priorities and global targets of the SFDRR, the article considers the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 to illustrate advances and limitations in pre-disaster tsunami hazard engineering and post-disaster recovery. With respect to the targets set out in the Sendai Framework related to risk reduction and tsunami engineering, especially Priority 1,understanding disaster risk, there have been significant advances in hazard assessment and systems for tsunami detection and warning. Although the SFDRR emphasizes actions in the recovery phase through Priority 4, enhancing disaster preparedness with an emphasis on the concept of build back better, on its own this does not function as a clear directive for guiding recovery. However, the overall people-centered and inclusive approach of the SFDRR, as well as the global targets and several sub-priorities, can be a useful way to shape good practices in recovery and evaluate recovery progress.

关键词： Build back better Disaster recovery Great East Japan Earthquake Sendai Framework Tsunami risk

Cultural and health implications of fish advisories in a Native American community

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 42-53页

作者： elizabeth Hoover American Studies and Ethnic Studies Brown UniversityBox 1886Providence RI 02860USA

Introduction:Fish advisories are issued in an effort to protect human health from exposure to contaminants,but Native American communities may suffer unintended health,social,and cultural consequences as a result of warnings against eating local *** paper focuses on the Mohawk community of Akwesasne,which lies downstream from a Superfund site,and explores how fish advisories have impacted fish consumption and ***:65 Akwesasne community members were interviewed between March 2008 and April *** were semi-structured,lasted from 30–90 minutes and consisted of open-ended questions about the impacts of environmental contamination on the *** field notes were also maintained during extensive visits between 2007–*** were transcribed,and these transcripts as well as the field notes were analyzed in NVivo *** research received approval from the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment Research Advisory Committee,as well as the Brown University Institutional Review ***:Three-quarters of the 50 Akwesasne Mohawks interviewed have ceased or significantly curtailed their local fish consumption due to the issuance of fish advisories or witnessing or hearing about deformities on *** of these respondents have turned to outside sources of fish,from other communities or from grocery *** change in fish consumption concerns many residents because cultural and social connections developed around fishing are being lost and because fish has been replaced with high-fat high-carb processed foods,which has led to other health ***-quarter of the 50 interviewees still eat local fish,but these are generally middle-aged or older residents;fish consumption no longer occurs in the multi-generational social context it once ***:Human health in Native American communities such as Akwesasne is intimately tied to the health of the *** advisories should not be used as an institutional

关键词： Fish advisories Native American Mohawk Haudenosaunee PCBs Superfund St.Lawrence River Health risk assessment

Hydrologic experiments and modeling of two laboratory bioretention systems under different boundary conditions

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第4期11卷 83-92页

作者： Ruifen Liu elizabeth Fassman-Beck Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental Engineering Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430068 China Department of Civil Environmental and Ocean Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

Hydrologic performance of bioretention systems is significantly influenced by the media composition and underdrain configuration. This research measured hydrologic performance of column-scale bioretention systems during a synthetic design storm of 25.9 mm, assuming a system area：catchment area ratio of 5%. The laboratory experiments involved two different engineered media and two different drainage configurations. Results show that the two engineered mediawith different sand aggregates were able to retain about 36% of the inflow volume with tree drainage conlaguratlon. However, the medium with marine sand is better at delaying the occurrence of drainage than the one with pumice sand, denoting the better detention ability of the former. For both engineered media, an underdrain configuration with internal water storage （IWS） zone lowered drainage volume and peak drainage rate as well as delayed the occurrence of drainage and peak drainage rate, as compared to a free drainage configuration. The USEPA SWMM v5.1.11 model was applied for the tree drainage configuration case, and there is a reasonable fit between observed and modeled drainag.e-rates when media-specific characteristics are available. For the IWS drainage configuration case, air entrapment was observed to occur in the engineered medium with manne sand. F^lhng ot an IWS zone is most likely to be influenced by many factors, such as the structure of the bioretention system, medium physical and hydraulic properties, and inflow characteristics. More research is needed on the analysis and modeling of hydrologic process in bioretention with IWS drainage configuration.

关键词： Bioretention Hydrologic process Underdrain configuration SWMM Modeling

Exploring Loss and Damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： Karen elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change Loss and damage Mitigation United Nations

The role of the TrkB-T1 receptor in the neurotrophin-4/5 antagonism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on corticostriatal synaptic transmission

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Neural Regeneration Research 2020年第11期15卷 1973-1976页

作者： elizabeth Hernandez-Echeagaray Unidad de Investigacion en Biomedicina FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexicoMexico

This manuscript reviews the function and fundamental characteristics of the neurotrophins and their receptors to introduce the reader to the differential effects exhibited by the neurotrophins;brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 4/5 when acted together after sequential *** neurotrophin 4/5 exhibits an inhibitory action on the modulatory effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in corticostriatal synapses when they are administered sequentially(brain-derived neurotrophic factor to neurotrophin 4/5).This inhibitory effect has not been previously documented and is relevant for these neurotrophins as both of them stimulate the TrkB *** additive effect of these neurotrophins is also discussed and occurs when neurotrophin 4/5 exposure is followed by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a mouse model of striatal *** and additive effects of both neurotrophins are accompanied by changes in the expression of the TrkB receptor isoforms,specifically TrkB-T1 and TrkB-FL,as well as differences in phosphorylation levels of the TrkB *** results of the experiments described raise several questions to inquire about the role that TrkB-T1 receptor plays in striatal physiology,as well as the functional relevance of the interaction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 4/5 in the brain and more specifically at the striatal circuits in normal as well as pathological conditions.

关键词： brain-derived neurotrophic factor neurotrophin 4/5 occlusive striatum synergic TrkB-FL TrkB-T1

More evidence intratumoral DHT synthesis drives castration-resistant prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 99-100页

作者： elizabeth M Wilson Laboratories for Reproductive Biology Department of Pediatrics Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina

Again-of-function stabilizing somatic mutation in 3β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 1 （3βHSDI, HSD3B1） was reported in castration-resistant prostate cancer. The A-C nucleotide polymorphism replaced asparagine-367 with threonine （3βHSD1-N367T） as a homozygous somatic mutation in a subset of castration-resistant prostate cancers by loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type allele. Increased stability of 3[HSD I-N367T was associated with decreased ubiquitin-mediated degradation and higher levels of dihydrotestosterone （DHT）. The studies suggest that genetic instability in castration-resistant prostate cancer favors the more stable 313HSD I-N367T mutant that contributes to drug resistance. A somatic mutation in a steroid metabolic enzyme required for DHT synthesis provides further support for intratumoral androgen synthesis contributing to prostate cancer progression.

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Genetic engineering and enzyme research in lignocellulosic ethanol production

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Protein & Cell 2011年第10期2卷 776-777页

作者： elizabeth Jane Ashforth Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

In April this year,Mossi&Ghisolfi Group(Chemtex)commenced construction of a commercial-scale 13 million gallons/year(50 million liters)cellulosic ethanol production facility in Crescentino,Italy(European biofuels technology ***://***/cell_***#*** 8 September 2011).The plant will use Novozymes enzyme technology to convert a range of cellulosic feedstocks to ethanol,and is just one example of the boom the cellulosic bioethanol industry has seen over the last few years.

关键词： convert fuels milli

Neuroimaging studies of bilingual expressive language representation in the brain:potential applications for magnetoencephalography

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2012年第6期28卷 759-764页

作者： elizabeth W.Pang Division of Neurology Hospital for Sick Children Neurosciences and Mental Health Sick Kids Research Institute Department of Paediatrics University of TorontoTorontoOntario M5G 1x8Canada

Bilingualism is the ability to use two or more languages with equal or near equal fluency. How the brain, often seamlessly, selects, controls, and switches between languages is an enigma. Neuroimaging studies offer the unique opportunity to probe the mechanisms underlying bilingual brain function. Non-invasive methods, in particular, functional MRI （fMRI） and event-related potentials （ERPs）, have allowed examination in healthy control populations. Whole-head magnetoencephalography （MEG）, a relatively new addition to the cadre of neuroimaging tools, offers a combination of the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of ERPs. Thus far, MEG has been applied to the studies of bilingual receptive language, or bilingual language comprehension. MEG has not yet been applied to the study of bilingual language production as such studies have faced more challenges （see Salmelin, 2007 for a review）, and these have only recently been addressed. Here, we review the literature on MEG expressive language studies and point out a direction for the application of MEG to the study of bilingual language production.

关键词： magnetoencephalography bilingualism expressive language

Science Fiction as a Manifestation of Culture in America

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外国文学研究 2005年第6期27卷 41-47页

作者： elizabeth Anne Hull William Rainey Harper College USA

Culture is broadly viewed as all the human activities that define us as a species. ″Sturgeon’s Law″ (that 90% of everything is inferior) is introduced to defend the study of fiction, and science fiction in particular, in higher education as a way of understanding ourselves better, and perhaps improving the world through the increased understanding of tomorrow’s leaders. Several ways of reading particular works of science fiction are examined, like providing historical contexts for readers, close reading and structural analysis, and application of theories based on particular ideologies or from other disciplines in the social and political sciences (such as feminist theory, Marxist theory, psychological theory, etc.). A conclusion is drawn that for literary analysis, a hybrid methodology, one devised individually for each text, works best.

关键词：科学小说美国文学研究文化背景

Role of(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in upper gastrointestinal malignancies

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第46期17卷 5059-5074页

作者： elizabeth C Smyth Manish A Shah Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York-Presbyterian Hospital

The role of whole-body FDG [(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose] positron emission tomography(PET)scan-ning as an imaging modality in the management of patients with malignancy has evolved enormously over the past two ***-PET has demonstrated signifi cant effi cacy in the staging,prognostication and detection of occult metastatic disease in malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract,in addition to assessment of the response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in a more timely manner than has traditionally been possible by more conventional imaging *** sensitivity and specif icity of FDG-PET for the detection and staging of malignancy depend not only on the site and size of the primary tumor and metastases,but also on histologi-cal cell type,reflecting underlying disparities in glucose *** metabolic response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy or to chemo-radiotherapy in cancers of the gastro-esophageal junction or stomach has been demonstrated in several prospective studies to correlate signifi cantly with both the histological tumor response to treatment and with consequent improvements in overall *** may offer a future paradigm ofpersonalized treatment based on the PET response to ***-PET has been less successful in efforts to screen for and detect recurrent upper gastro-intestinal malignancies,and in the detection of low vol-ume metastatic peritoneal *** to improve the accuracy of PET include the use of novel radiotrac-ers such as(～(18)F)FLT(3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine)or 11C-choline,or fusion PET-CT with concurrent high-res-olution computed *** review focuses on the role of FDG-PET scanning in staging and response assessment in malignancies of the upper gastrointesti-nal tract,specif ically gastric,esophageal and pancreas carcinoma.

关键词： Positron emission tomography Gastric cancer Esophageal cancer Pancreas cancer