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作者： elizabeth Shomari Ally 华东政法大学

学位级别：硕士

本文的主题意在探讨如何平衡坦桑尼亚的人权和跨国公司的利益。跨国公司是指在两个或两个以上的国家间开展业务的企业,这些公司为许多非洲国家,包括坦桑尼亚的经济增长做出了贡献。在坦桑尼亚运营的大多数大型公司都是跨国公司,它们几... 详细信息

本文的主题意在探讨如何平衡坦桑尼亚的人权和跨国公司的利益。跨国公司是指在两个或两个以上的国家间开展业务的企业,这些公司为许多非洲国家,包括坦桑尼亚的经济增长做出了贡献。在坦桑尼亚运营的大多数大型公司都是跨国公司,它们几乎存在于所有主要的经济领域,如采矿、农业、制造业、银行、旅游等。针对这些跨国公司对东道国经济的影响,人们之间有不同的观点。有人认为跨国公司是东道国经济发展的推动力,而另一些人则认为它们遏制了发展中国家经济发展,因为它们减少了就业机会、增加了本地产业的竞争,以及侵犯人权。多年来,跨国公司与当地民众之间发生了许多冲突。本论文深入地研究了这些冲突背后的原因。正因为跨国公司侵犯人权以及坦桑尼亚人滥用公司权利才导致了这些冲突。本文引用了许多案例来论证此种观点,即跨国公司正在侵犯人权,以及他们如何滥用公司权利。在坦桑尼亚,曾发生有几起跨国公司侵犯人权的案例。其中一起案例中Acacia Mining(前身为Barrick Gold)-加拿大矿业公司Acacia Mining被指控在坦桑尼亚北玛拉金矿进行人权侵犯。该公司被指控使用过度武力对待试图进入矿区废料堆寻找黄金的当地居民。此外,该公司还被指控用有毒化学品污染当地的水源。在另一起案件中,一家韩国石油公司Sogoil被指控在坦桑尼亚侵犯了Maasai人的土地和人权。该公司未经Maasai人的同意就收购了他们的土地,然后使用武力驱逐他们离开家园。该公司还被指控污染环境并破坏当地社区的生计。在下一起案件中,坦桑尼亚啤酒有限公司(TBL)是跨国酿酒公司Diageo的子公司,被指控在坦桑尼亚Serengeti酿酒厂损害工人的人权。该公司被指控使用临时工,他们的工资较低,福利也较少于正式工人。此外,该公司还被指控未能为工人提供足够的安全设备和培训,导致工作场所事故和工人伤害。跨国公司公司(MNCs)在坦桑尼亚的运营也面临与其权利和运营相关的挑战与质疑。其中包括腐败、前后不一致的政策和法规以及缺乏充足的基础设施等。在坦桑尼亚,MNCs面临的主要挑战之一是腐败。一些MNCs报告了在与坦桑尼亚政府官员或其他利益相关者打交道时出现贿赂和其他形式的腐败。腐败可能会导致不公平竞争和不平等的竞争环境,使得MNCs难以在道德和可持续的方式下运营。不一致的政策和法规也对在坦桑尼亚运营的MNCs构成挑战。政府曾经出现过引入新政策或法规,对MNCs的运营产生负面影响的情况。例如,在2017年,坦桑尼亚政府颁布了一项新法律,要求矿业公司将其运营的16%所有权转让给政府。这一举措影响了许多在坦桑尼亚运营的跨国矿业公司的运营。最后一个挑战是缺乏充足的基础设施,如可靠的电力供应和交通运输,也给坦桑尼亚的MNCs带来了挑战。这可能会使MNCs难以高效和有效地运营,并导致成本增加和利润降低。本论文还回顾了国际、区域间法律和坦桑尼亚的法律,以考察它们各自是如何建议MNCs在坦桑尼亚的运营。许多国际组织管理着跨国公司在国外的运营,如国际劳工组织和联合国经济合作与发展组织。坦桑尼亚法律的漏洞和缺陷此前也已经被讨论过。坦桑尼亚平衡跨国公司(MNCs)的利益和人权侵犯是一个复杂的问题,需要多面向的解决方法,包括国际、区域间和坦桑尼亚法律的应用。以下是本文提供的一些可能实现当地人权与跨国公司利益平衡的建议:第一,定期进行人权影响评估,即在坦桑尼亚运营的MNCs应该定期进行人权影响评估,以识别潜在的人权风险并积极解决。这些评估应该包括与当地社区和民间社会组织的磋商,以确保考虑到他们的观点和关切。第二,实施国际人权标准:在坦桑尼亚运营的MNCs应该遵守国际人权标准,如联合国《企业与人权指导原则》。这些标准提供了关于企业如何尊重人权、避免造成或促成人权滥用以及应对可能产生的任何负面影响的指导。第三,遵守坦桑尼亚法律:在坦桑尼亚经营的跨国公司应遵守坦桑尼亚的法律,包括与劳动、环境和人权相关的法律。这些法律提供了促进人权、确保跨国公司的利益与当地社区和工人的权利平衡的框架。第四,使用区域机制解决争端:区域机制(如非洲人权与人民权利委员会)可用于解决跨国公司与当地社区或工人之间的争端。这些机制可以提供一个中立和公正的平台来解决争端,确保尊重人权。第五,进行利益相关者对话:在坦桑尼亚经营的跨国公司应与当地社区、民间社会组织和其他利益相关者进行利益相关者对话,以确保考虑他们的观点和关切。这可以帮助建立信任,促进相互理解,从而实现更可持续、更公平的结果。综上所述,在坦桑尼亚平衡人权侵犯和跨国公司利益需要综合方法,包括遵守国际和坦桑尼亚法律,定期进行人权影响评估,进行利益相关者对话以及使用区域机制解决争端。在本文末尾,我将提供一个法律框架来综合处理这些冲突问题。

关键词：跨国企业外商直接投资人权国际法区域法律

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Oximes： Unrecognized Chameleons in Genera and Specialized Plant Metabolism

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Molecular Plant 2018年第1期11卷 95-117页

作者： Mette S rensen elizabeth H.J. Neilson Birger Lindberg Moiler Plant Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark Center for Synthetic Biology University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg C Copenhagen Denmark

Oximes （R1R2C=NOH） are nitrogen-containing chemical constituents that are formed in species representing all kingdoms of life. In plants, oximes are positioned at important metabolic bifurcation points between general and specialized metabolism. The majority of plant oximes are amino acid-derived metabolites formed by the action of a cytochrome P450 from the CYP79 family. Auxin, cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, and a number of other bioactive specialized metabolites including volatiles are produced from oximes. Oximes with the E configuration have high biological activity compared with Z-oximes. Oximes or their derivatives have been demonstrated or proposed to play roles in growth regulation, plant defense, pollinator attraction, and plant communication with the surrounding environment. In addition, oxime-derived products may serve as quenchers of reactive oxygen species and storage compounds for reduced nitrogen that may be released on demand by the activation of endogenous turnover pathways. As highly bioactive molecules, chemically synthesized oximes have found versatile uses in many sectors of society, especially in the agro- and medical sectors. This review provides an update on the structural diversity, occurrence, and biosynthesis of oximes in plants and discusses their role as key players in plant general and specialized metabolism.

关键词： structural diversity CYP79 auxin cyanogenic glucosides volatile organic compounds E-oxime Z-oxime

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Exploring the Challenges and Performance of Family Business in Tanzania

Exploring the Challenges and Performance of Family Business ...

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作者： elizabeth Leonard coy 河北工业大学

学位级别：硕士

本文以坦桑尼亚的家族企业为研究对象,选取了该国家的几个地区进行研究,这些地区包括:达雷斯萨拉姆、多多马、莫洛戈罗和姆万扎。本文主要探索坦桑尼亚家族企业面临的挑战与取得的业绩。研究目的主要是了解坦桑尼亚家族企业的表现,以评... 详细信息

本文以坦桑尼亚的家族企业为研究对象,选取了该国家的几个地区进行研究,这些地区包括:达雷斯萨拉姆、多多马、莫洛戈罗和姆万扎。本文主要探索坦桑尼亚家族企业面临的挑战与取得的业绩。研究目的主要是了解坦桑尼亚家族企业的表现,以评估坦桑尼亚家族企业所面临的挑战,并考察家族企业在当今商业环境中所受到的影响。本研究使用的数据来源于四个选定地区的20名受访者。本文在研究方法的选取上采用随机抽样的定性方法。研究结果显示,尽管遇到了种种挑战,坦桑尼亚的家族企业仍然在逆境中屹立不倒,甚至勇往直前。此外,调查结果显示,家族企业主要受到了政治、经济和市场挑战的影响。市场挑战主要体现在商业竞争是坦桑尼亚家族企业面临的挑战之一。经济挑战体现在经济不稳定给家族企业带来了巨大的影响,主要在于当前政权下的政府经济改革导致了货币流通量偏低。此外,政治挑战揭示了政府进行的政治改革会影响家族企业。例如,议会的官员和一些税收收入者由于曲解中央政府的指令,从而过高估计收入水平。此外,研究表明,以往的家族企业与如今的坦桑尼亚家族企业密切相关。本文得出研究结论认为,尽管存在市场、技术、政治和经济方面的挑战,坦桑尼亚的家族企业仍然迈着不断发展的步伐。同时,本文提倡国家应该积极鼓励与支持家族企业的经营,因为它不仅能够帮助减少家庭成员之间的贫困,还能够给社会创造了大量的就业机会。

关键词：家族企业家族企业绩效家族企业挑战

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Importance of Standardizing Analytical Characterization Methodology for Improved Reliability of the Nanomedicine Literature

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Nano-Micro Letters 2022年第11期14卷 18-32页

作者： Shahriar Sharifi Nouf N.Mahmoud elizabeth Voke Markita P.Landry Morteza Mahmoudi Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA Faculty of Pharmacy Al-Zaytoonah University of JordanAmman 11733Jordan Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Health SciencesQU HealthQatar University2713 DohaQatar Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA Innovative Genomics Institute BerkeleyCAUSA California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San FranciscoCAUSA

Understanding the interaction between biological structures and nanoscale technologies,dubbed the nano-bio interface,is required for successful development of safe and efficient nanomedicine *** lack of a universal reporting system and decentralized methodologies for nanomaterial characterization have resulted in a low degree of reliability and reproducibility in the nanomedicine *** such,there is a strong need to establish a characterization system to support the reproducibility of nanoscience data particularly for studies seeking clinical ***,we discuss the existing key standards for addressing robust characterization of nanomaterials based on their intended use in medical devices or as *** also discuss the challenges surrounding implementation of such standard protocols and their implication for translation of nanotechnology into clinical ***,however,emphasize that practical implementation of standard protocols in experimental laboratories requires long-term planning through integration of stakeholders including institutions and funding agencies.

关键词： Characterization Nanomedicine Standard protocols Reproducibility Nanomedicine devices

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Airborne bacteria associated with particulate matter from a highly urbanised metropolis:A potential risk to the population’s health

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 99-114页

作者： María del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro elizabeth Selene Gómez-Acata Carolina Brunner-Mendoza Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México 04510Mexico Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de México 04510Mexico

Bacteria in the air present patterns in space and time produced by different sources and environmental *** studies have focused on the link between airborne pathogenic bacteria in densely populated cities,and the risk to the population’s *** associated with particulate matter(PM)were monitored from the air of Mexico City(Mexico).We employed a metagenomic approach to characterise bacteria using the 16S rRNA *** bacteria sampling was carried out in the north,centre,and south of Mexico City,with different urbanisation rates,during *** added to the particles were sampled using high-volume PM_(10) *** ascertain significant differences in bacterial diversity between zones and seasons,the Kruskal-Wallis,Wilcoxon tests were done on alpha diversity ***-three air samples were collected,and DNA was sequenced using next-generation *** results indicated that the bacterial phyla in the north and south of the city were Firmicutes,Cyanobacteria,Proteobacteria,and Actinobacteria,while in the central zone there were more *** were no differences in the alpha diversity indices between the sampled *** to the OTUs,the richness of bacteria was higher in the central *** diversity was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season;the Shannon index and the OTUs observed were higher in the central zone in the dry *** bacteria such as Kocuria,Paracoccus,and Micrococcus predominated in both seasonal times,while Staphylococcus,Corynebacterium,and Nocardioides were found during the rainy season,with a presence in the central zone.

关键词： Airborne bacteria Urbanisation PM10 Mexico City Microbiome

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DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS FOR GREEN BUILDING:FACILITATING SELECTION AMONG NEW ADOPTERS ON PUBLIC SECTOR PROJECTS

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Journal of Green Building 2007年第3期2卷 153-171页

作者： elizabeth Keysar Annie R.Pearce Concurrent Technologies Corporation(CTC) Myers Lawson School of Construction Virginia Tech

Green building is becoming more mainstream in the public sector,especially in federal agencies such as the ***-ment of Defense,in a large part due to federal policies requiring more sustainable outcomes in the design and construction of public sector *** policies challenge contracted design professionals by adding new demands to a process already constrained by limited budgets,multiple objectives,and short time *** purpose of this research is twofold:(a)to inventory decision support tools available to aid the green design process,and(b)to investigate approaches for organizing these tools to facilitate tool selection and adoption by designers new to green *** research ap-proach is based on principles of innovation adoption theory,specifically the constructs of relative advantage and trialability of *** 275 design-related tools examined here address the spectrum of green building concepts and represent a range of applicability to different design *** of this research indicate that while considerable investment has been made in developing freely available web-based tools to support design,a relatively small number of those tools are immediately applicable to the task of making Leadership in Energy and Environment Design(LEED)credit determinations for specific *** two characteristics of innovations explored in this research provide a basis for explaining some of the anecdotal observations of tools employed in practice,suggesting a need for further research to confirm and extend the findings.

关键词： finding becoming adding

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Striking a balance:The critical importance of sense-making and valuescongruent partnerships between general practitioners and patients following stroke

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2015年第4期3卷 23-31页

作者： Carolyn Ehrlich elizabeth Kendall Tara Catalano Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation Medicine(CONROD) School of Human Services and Social WorkLogan CampusGriffith UniversityUniversity DriveMeadowbrookQLD 4131Australia

Objective:People with a recent experience of stroke commonly rely on general practice for assistance to manage everyday consequences and associated *** this study,we were in-terested in qualitatively exploring how the relationship between these people and their general practitioners assisted daily ***:One hundred twenty-six participants were involved in five in-depth interviews over an 18-month period after discharge from an acute care *** were thematically analyzed by two independent ***:Three themes comprehensively accounted for the expectations participants had about their interactions with general *** were(1)the critical sense-making role of general practitioners,(2)the requirement for collaborative partnerships in which personhood was vali-dated,and(3)the importance of confirming self-management ***:To comprehensively assist people to adjust to living with the residual conse-quences of a recent stroke,general practitioners need to engage in collaborative,person-centered interactions.

关键词： Person-centered care self-management general practice cerebrovascular part-nership recovery

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New insights into tumor dormancy:Targeting DNA repair pathways

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015年第5期6卷 80-88页

作者： elizabeth B Evans Shiaw-Yih Lin Department of Systems Biology the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Over the past few decades, major strides have advanced the techniques for early detection and treatment of cancer. However, metastatic tumor growth still accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In fact, breast cancers are notorious for relapsing years or decades after the initial clinical treatment, and this relapse can vary according to the type of breast cancer. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, late tumor relapses frequently occur whereas relapses in estrogen receptor-negative cancers or triple negative tumors arise early resulting in a higher mortality risk. One of the main causes of metastasis is tumor dormancy in which cancer cells remain concealed, asymptomatic, and untraceable over a prolonged period of time. Under certain conditions, dormant cells can re-enter into the cell cycle and resume proliferation leading to recurrence. However, the molecular and cellular regulators underlying this transition remain poorly understood. To date, three mechanisms have been identified to trigger tumor dormancy including cellular, angiogenic, and immunologic dormancies. In addition, recent studies have suggested that DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the survival of dormant cancer cells. In this article, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical evidence governing cancer dormancy. In addition, we will discuss the role of DNA repair mechanisms in promoting the survival of dormant cells. This information provides mechanistic insight to explain why recurrence occurs, and strategies that may enhance therapeutic approaches to prevent disease recurrence.

关键词： Quiescence Homologous recombination Non-homologous end joining Tumor dormancy DNA repair

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Characterization of soil fauna under the influence of mercury atmospheric deposition in Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第6期27卷 217-227页

作者： Andressa Cristhy Buch Maria elizabeth Fernandes Correia Daniel Cabral Teixeira Emmanoel Vieira Silva-Filho Departamento de Geoquímica Universidade Federal Fluminense Embrapa Agrobiologia BR 465 km 7

The increasing levels of mercury（Hg） found in the atmosphere arising from anthropogenic sources, have been the object of great concern in the past two decades in industrialized countries. Brazil is the seventh country with the highest rate of mercury in the *** major input of Hg to ecosystems is through atmospheric deposition（wet and dry）, being transported in the atmosphere over large distances. The forest biomes are of strong importance in the atmosphere/soil cycling of elemental Hg through foliar uptake and subsequent transference to the soil through litter, playing an important role as sink of this element. Soil microarthropods are keys to understanding the soil ecosystem, and for such purpose were characterized by the soil fauna of two Units of Forest Conservation of the state of the Rio de Janeiro, inwhich one of the areas suffer quite interference from petrochemicals and industrial anthropogenic activities and other area almost exempts of these perturbations. The results showed that soil and litter of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil tend to stock high mercury concentrations, which could affect the abundance and richness of soil fauna, endangering its biodiversity and thereby the functioning of ecosystems.

关键词： Biodiversity Litter Microarthropods Soil Trace-element

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BUILDINGS ALIVE!ESTABLISHING THE COST OF LIVING BUILDINGS STRIVING FOR NET ZERO PERFORMANCE

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Journal of Green Building 2009年第3期4卷 61-71页

作者： elizabeth J.Heider Clark Brockman Skanska USA Building United States SERA Architects Inc United States

INTRODUCTION Innovative ideas have helped bring us some of the most incredible technological advances the world has *** ideas have ranged from the practical—“classic”inventions like the telephone—to the *** would have believed 15 years ago that today,in 2009,we are literally on the cusp of space *** incredible as the thinking was behind those innovations,there is another element that affects whether or not inventions catch on in a meaningful *** remarkable as many inventions are,we know that it takes more than innovation to bring big ideas into reality—it takes a deep understanding of what things cost,and of the value that objects or ideas will deliver over time.

关键词： telephone meaningful invention

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