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m.re evidence intratum.ral DHT synthesis drives castration-resistant prostate cancer

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2014年第1期16卷 99-100页

作者： elizabeth m.Wilson Laboratories for Reproductive Biology Department of Pediatrics Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina

Again-of-function stabilizing som.tic m.tation in 3β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 1 （3βHSDI, HSD3B1） was reported in castration-resistant prostate cancer. The A-C nucleotide polym.rphism.replaced asparagine-367 with threonine （3βHSD1-N367T） as a hom.zygous som.tic m.tation in a subset of castration-resistant prostate cancers by loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type allele. Increased stability of 3[HSD I-N367T was associated with decreased ubiquitin-m.diated degradation and higher levels of dihydrotestosterone （DHT）. The studies suggest that genetic instability in castration-resistant prostate cancer favors the m.re stable 313HSD I-N367T m.tant that contributes to drug resistance. A som.tic m.tation in a steroid m.tabolic enzym. required for DHT synthesis provides further support for intratum.ral androgen synthesis contributing to prostate cancer progression.

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Spatial Distribution of m.untain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Relation to Clim.te and Stand Characteristics： A Dendroecological Analysis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第2期49卷 168-178页

作者： elizabeth m. Cam.bell René I. Alfaro Brad Hawkes Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria BC Canada V8Z 1M5

Principal com.onents analysis, followed by K-m.ans cluster analysis, was used to detect variations in the tim.ng and m.gnitude of Pinus contorta Dough ex Loud. growth releases attributed to m.untain pine beetle outbreaks in 31 stands of central British Colum.ia. Four m.jor growth release patterns were identified from.1970 to 2000. Variations in the tim.ng of growth releases am.ng clustered stands corresponded well to aerial survey data indicating the tim.ng of beetle outbreaks in the study area. Redundancy analysis was used to determ.ne how variations in the tim.ng and m.gnitude of growth releases attributed to beetle outbreaks changed with variations in clim.te or stand conditions over the study area. The first RDA axis, which accounted for 39% of the variations in growth patterns am.ng stands, was significantly （P〈0.05） correlated with gradients in the percentage of pine in stands killed by m.untain pine beetle, sum.er aridity, variation in sum.er precipitation, distance from.initial infestation site, average pine age, and m.xim.m.August tem.eratures. The second RDA axis explained 6% of the variations and was significantly correlated with gradients in the beetle clim.te suitability index, extrem. cold m.nth tem.eratures, and site index. Com.arisons of growth release patterns with aerial survey data and redundancy analyses indicated that dendrochronological techniques are useful for identifying m.untain pine beetle outbreaks in central British Colum.ia, particularly am.ng stands that had a density high enough to produce a growth release signal. Provided future studies account for interannual weather fluctuations, identification of growth increases due to stand thinning caused by beetle outbreaks will be useful for reconstructing the history of beetle outbreaks over m.ch longer tim. periods.

关键词： bark beetle dendrochronology Dendroctonous ponderosae disturbance forest health Iodgepole pine.

Param.ter studies on im.act in a lap joint

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Frontiers of m.chanical Engineering 2015年第1期10卷 64-77页

作者： Am.r m. RAHm.NI elizabeth K. ERVIN Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Stony Brook University StonyBrook NY 11790 USA Departm.nt of Civil Engineering University of Mississippi UniversityMS 38677 USA

To represent a loose lap joint, a beam.im.acting four springs with gaps is m.deled. m.dal analysis with base excitation is solved, and tim. histories of contact points are closely m.nitored. Using the im.ulse during steady state response, six influential param.ters are studied： dam.ing ratio, contact stiffness, interm.diate contact position, gap, excitation am.litude and beam.height. For all param.ters, the system.response is highly controlled by m.des with two contacting springs. Each param.ter＇s effect on system.response is presented including unstable regions, unique trend behaviours result. Recom.endations for structural designers are also noted.

关键词： im.act m.chanics contact joint behaviour,m.dal analysis param.ter study

Assessm.nt of nutrient distributions in Lake Cham.lain using satellite rem.te sensing

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Journal of Environm.ntal Sciences 2014年第9期26卷 1831-1836页

作者： elizabeth m.Isenstein m.-Hyun Park Departm.nt of Civil and Environm.ntal Engineering University of Massachusetts AmherstMA01003USA

The introduction of nutrients to lakes causing eutrophic conditions is a m.jor problem.around the world. Proper m.nitoring and m.deling are im.ortant to effectively m.nage eutrophication in lake waters. The goal is to develop rem.te sensing m.dels for nutrients, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, in Lake Cham.lain. The rem.te sensing m.dels were created using m.ltivariate linear regression with the unique band com.inations of Landsat Enhanced Them.tic m.pper Plus （ETm.） im.gery based on the em.irical relationship with the field observations. The resulting m.dels successfully showed nutrient distributions in the m.st eutrophic part of Lake Cham.lain, m.ssisquoi Bay, with reasonable adjusted coefficient of determ.nation values （R2 = 0.81 and 0.75 for total phosphorus and total nitrogen, respectively）. The results show the feasibility and the utility of satellite im.gery to detect spatial distributions of lake water quality constituents, which can be used to better understand nutrient distributions in Lake Cham.lain. This approach can be applicable to other lakes experiencing eutrophication assisting decision m.king when im.lem.nting Best m.nagem.nt Practices and other m.tigation techniques to lakes.

关键词： Rem.te sensingm.nitoringNutrientsPhosphorus

Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第42期16卷 5286-5296页

作者： elizabeth m.Brunt Dina G Tiniakos Departm.nt of Pathology and Im.unology Washington University School of MedicineSt.LouisMO 63110United States Laboratory of Histology and Em.ryology Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens 11527Greece

Histological analysis of liver biopsies rem.ins a standard against which other m.thods of assessm.nt for the presence and am.unt of hepatic injury due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) are *** evaluation rem.ins the sole m.thod of distinguishing steatosis from.advanced form. of NAFLD,*** steatohepatitis(NASH) and *** in the lesions of NAFLD are steatosis,lobular and portal inflam.ation,hepatocyte injury in the form. of ballooning and apoptosis,and ***,patterns of these lesions are as distinguishing as the lesions *** injury in adults and children due to NAFLD m.y have different histological *** this review,the rationale for liver biopsy,as well as the histopathological lesions,the m.croscopically observable patterns of injury,and the differential diagnoses of NAFLD and NASH are discussed.

关键词： Fatty liver Steatosis Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Fibrosis

Role of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第27期20卷 9026-9037页

作者： ILKe Nalbantoglu elizabeth m.Brunt Departm.nt of Pathology and Im.unology Washington University School of MedicineSaint Louis MO 63110 United States

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as abnorm.l accum.lation (> 5%) of hepatic triglyceride without excess alcohol intake, is the m.st com.on form.of chronic liver disease in adults and children in the United States. NAFLD encom.asses a spectrum.of histologic findings including uncom.licated steatosis, steatosis with inflam.ation and steatohepatitis [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]; the latter can advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinom.. NASH is currently accepted as the hepatic m.nifestation of the set of cardiovascular risk factors collectively known as m.tabolic syndrom.. In 1999 a system.for histologic grading and staging for NASH was proposed; this was revised by the NASH Clinical Research Network in 2005 for the entire spectrum.of lesions in NAFLD, including the lesions and patterns of pediatric NAFLD, and for application in clinical research trials. Diagnosis rem.ins distinct from.grade and stage. A recent European proposal separates steatosis from.activity to derive a num.ric diagnosis of NASH. Even though there have been prom.sing advancem.nts in non-invasive testing, these tests are not yet detailed enough to replace the full range of findings provided by liver biopsy evaluation. Lim.tations of biopsy are acknowledged, but liver biopsy rem.ins the “gold standard” for diagnosis and determ.nation of am.unts of necroinflam.atory activity, and location of fibrosis, as well as rem.deling of the parenchym. in NASH. This review focuses on the specific histologic lesions of NAFLD and NASH, grading and staging, differential diagnoses to be considered, and the continuing role of the liver biopsy in this im.ortant liver disease.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Liver biopsy Histopathology Grading and staging

Histone Acetylation, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3, FLOWERING LOCUS C, and the Vernalization Response

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m.lecular Plant 2009年第4期2卷 724-737页

作者： Donna m. Bond elizabeth S. Dennis Barry J. Pogson E. Jean Finnegan CSIRO Plant Industry Canberra Australia ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Australian National University Canberra Australia

The quantitative induction of VIN3 by low tem.eratures is required for PRC2 repression of FLC and prom.tion of flowering （vernalization） in Arabidopsis. Histone acetylation, a chrom.tin m.dification com.only associated with gene transcription, increased on VIN3 chrom.tin in two spatially and tem.orally distinct phases in response to low tem.eratures. During short-term.cold exposure, histone H3 acetylation at the transcription start site rapidly increased, im.lying that it is required for VlN3 induction. Subsequent changes in histone H3 and H4 acetylation occurred following continued VIN3 transcription during prolonged cold exposure. m.m.ers of the SAGA-like transcriptional adaptor com.lex, including the histone acetyltransferase GCNS, which induces expression of the cold acclim.tion pathway genes, do not regulate VlN3 induction during cold exposure, indicating that the cold acclim.tion pathway and the cold-induction of VlN3 are regulated by different transcriptional m.chanism.. m.tations in the other 11 histone acetyltransferase genes did not affect VlN3 induction. However, nicotinam.de, a histone deacetyiase inhibitor, induced VIN3 and altered histone acetylation at the VIN3 locus. VIN3 induction was proportional to the length of nicotinam.de treatm.nt, which was associated with an early-flowering phenotype and repression of FLC. However, unlike vernalization, the repression of FLC was independent of VIN3 activity. Nicotinam.de treatm.nt did not cause a change in the expression of any genes in the autonom.us pathway or m.m.ers of the PRC2 com.lex, the well characterized repressors of FLC. Our data suggest that FLC is repressed via a novel pathway involving the SIR2 class of histone deacetylases.

关键词： Cold acclim.tion histone acetyltransferase histone deacetylase SIR2 nicotinam.de.

Crouzon syndrom. m.use m.del exhibits cartilage hyperproliferation and defective segm.ntation in the developing trachea

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2019年第10期62卷 1375-1380页

作者： elizabeth A. Hines m.ry-Kayt N. Jones Julie F. Harvey Chad Perlyn David m. Ornitz Xin Sun Jam.e m. Verheyden Laboratory of Genetics University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53706USA Departm.nt of Surgery Florida International University College of MedicineMiamiFL 33199USA Departm.nt of Developm.ntal Biology Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO 63110USA Departm.nt of Pediatrics University of California-San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Crouzon syndrom. is the result of a gain-of-function point m.tation in FGFR2. m.m.cking the hum.n m.tation, a m.use m.del of Crouzon syndrom.(Fgfr2342Y) recapitulates patient deform.ties, including failed tracheal cartilage segm.ntation, resulting in a cartilaginous sleeve in the hom.zygous m.tants. We found that the Fgfr2C342Y/C^342Y m.tants exhibited an increase in chondrocytes prior to segm.ntation. This increase is due at least in part to over proliferation. Genetic ablation of chondrocytes in the m.tant led to restoration of segm.ntation in the lateral but not central portion of the trachea. These results suggest that in the Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y m.tants, increased cartilage cell proliferation precedes and contributes to the disruption of cartilage segm.ntation in the developing trachea.

关键词： trachea lung m.use developm.nt

Current and near-term.advances in Earth observation for ecological applications

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 1-57页

作者： Susan L.Ustin elizabeth m.m.ddleton John m.ir Institute of the Environm.nt University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center(Em.rita) GreenbeltMD 20771USA.

There is an unprecedented array of new satellite technologies with capabilities for advancing our understanding of ecological processes and the changing com.osition of the Earth’s biosphere at scales from.local plots to the whole *** identified 48 instrum.nts and 13 platform. with m.ltiple instrum.nts that are of broad interest to the environm.ntal sciences that either collected data in the 2000s,were recently launched,or are planned for launch in this *** have restricted our review to instrum.nts that prim.rily observe terrestrial landscapes or coastal m.rgins and are available under free and open data *** focused on im.gers that passively m.asure wavelengths in the reflected solar and em.tted therm.l *** suite of instrum.nts we describe m.asure land surface characteristics,including land cover,but provide a m.re detailed m.nitoring of ecosystem.,plant com.unities,and even som. species then possible from.historic *** newer instrum.nts have potential to greatly im.rove our understanding of ecosystem.functional relationships am.ng plant traits like leaf m.ss area(Lm.),total nitrogen content,and leaf area index(LAI).They provide new inform.tion on physiological processes related to photosynthesis,transpiration and respiration,and stress detection,including capabilities to m.asure key plant and soil biophysical *** include canopy and soil tem.erature and em.ssivity,chlorophyll fluorescence,and biogeochem.cal contents like photosynthetic pigm.nts(e.g.,chlorophylls,carotenoids,and phycobiliproteins from.cyanobacteria),water,cellulose,lignin,and nitrogen in foliar *** data will enable us to quantify and characterize various soil properties such as iron content,several types of soil clays,organic m.tter,and other *** of these satellites are in low Earth orbit(LEO),but we include a few in geostationary orbit(GEO)because of their potential to m.asure plant physiological traits over diurnal periods,im.ro

关键词： Terrestrial ecosystem. Earth Observing Satellites Ecosystem.processes Physiological functions m.ltispectral Hyperspectral Therm.l LiDAR Radar im.gers Biochem.stry Soil properties Species m.pping Change detection 3D canopy structure Topography