Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and,thus,for public health policy and vaccine development for *** this study,using either live...
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Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and,thus,for public health policy and vaccine development for *** this study,using either live SARS-CoV-2 particles or retroviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S viral surface protein(Spike),we studied the neutralizing antibody(nAb)response in serum samples from a cohort of 140 SARS-CoV-2 qPCR-confirmed infections,including patients with mild symptoms and also more severe forms,including those that required intensive *** show that nAb titers correlated strongly with disease severity and with anti-spike IgG ***,patients from intensive care units exhibited high nAb titers;conversely,patients with milder disease symptoms had heterogeneous nAb titers,and asymptomatic or exclusive outpatient-care patients had no or low *** found that nAb activity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients displayed a relatively rapid decline after recovery compared to individuals infected with other ***,we found an absence of cross-neutralization between endemic coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2,indicating that previous infection by human coronaviruses may not generate protective nAbs against ***,we found that the D614G mutation in the spike protein,which has recently been identified as the current major variant in Europe,does not allow neutralization ***,our results contribute to our understanding of the immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease,and rapid evaluation of the role of the humoral response in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.
This paper focuses on the functions of controlling in Estonia and Germany, The analysis based on the study carried out in Estonian enterprises in 2008. The study was conducted by the Estonian work group of the Interna...
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This paper focuses on the functions of controlling in Estonia and Germany, The analysis based on the study carried out in Estonian enterprises in 2008. The study was conducted by the Estonian work group of the International Controller Association ICV (internationaler controller verein). The methodology and controlling questionnaire were the same, which were used by the German work group of ICV in 2006. The mentioned questionnaire was also worked out in Germany by Otto Beisheim School of Management. The authors compared the results of both studies Cultural differences and their impact on the tasks of controllers were also scrutinized. The results of the research indicate that the tasks of Estonian controllers are strictly fixed with procedure documents, which leaves very lithe room lbr independence and initiative. Usually, they are not involved in the strategic planning and goal setting. The final conclusion is that the sustainability function of controlling is much more on the background compared to other functions of controlling, but in the future the role of this function is expected to increase
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