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Paediatric and adult colonic manometry: A tool to help unravel the pathophysiology of constipation

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第41期16卷 5162-5172页

作者： Philip G Dinning Marc A Benninga Bridget r Southwell S Mark scott Department of Gastroenterology St George Hospital University of New South Wales Kogarah Sydney 2217 Australia Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Emma Children's Hospital/AMC Amsterdam 1105 AZ The Netherlands Murdoch Childrens research Institute Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Melbourne 3052 Australia Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Melbourne 3052 Australia Queen Mary University London Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry London E11BB United Kingdom

Colonic motility subserves large bowel functions, including absorption, storage, propulsion and defaecation. Co-lonic motor dysfunction remains the leading hypothesis to explain symptom generation in chronic constipation, a heterogeneous condition which is extremely prevalent in the general population, and has huge socioeconomic impact and individual suffering. Physiological testing plays a crucial role in patient management, as it is now accepted that symptom-based assessment, although im-portant, is unsatisfactory as the sole means of directing therapy. Colonic manometry provides a direct method for studying motor activities of the large bowel, and this review provides a contemporary understanding of how this technique has enhanced our knowledge of normalcolonic motor physiology, as well as helping to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying constipation. Methodological approaches, including available catheter types, placement technique and recording protocols, are covered, along with a detailed description of re-corded colonic motor activities. This review also criti-cally examines the role of colonic manometry in current clinical practice, and how manometric assessment may aid diagnosis, classification and guide therapeutic inter-vention in the constipated individual. Most importantly, this review considers both adult and paediatric patients. Limitations of the procedure and a look to the future are also addressed.

关键词： Colon Constipation Manometry Paediatric Adult

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Anal squamous cell carcinoma: An evolution in disease and management

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第36期20卷 13052-13059页

作者： Marc C Osborne Justin Maykel eric K Johnson scott r Steele University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN55415 United States University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center Worcester MA 01609 United States Department of Surgery Madigan Army Medical Center Tacoma WA 98431 United States

Anal cancer represents less than 1% of all new cancers diagnosed annually in the United States. Yet, despite the relative paucity of cases, the incidence of anal cancer has seen a steady about 2% rise each year over the last decade. As such, all healthcare providers need to be cognizant of the evaluation and treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma. While chemoradiation remains the mainstay of therapy for most patients with anal cancer, surgery may still be required in recurrent, recalcitrant and palliative disease. In this manuscript, we will explore the diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus.

关键词： Anal cancer Squamous cell cancer Nigro protocol Anal intraepithelial neoplasia Chemoradiation therapy Anal neoplasm radiotherapy Cancer screening Drug therapy

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Machine-learning-based intelligent framework for discovering refractory high-entropy alloys with improved high-temperature yield strength

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npj Computational Materials 2022年第1期8卷 2247-2257页

作者： Stephen A.Giles Debasis Sengupta scott r.Broderick Krishna rajan CFD research Corporation 6820 Moquin Dr.NWHuntsvilleAL35806US Department of Material Design and Innovation University at Buffalo120 Bonner HallBuffaloNY14260USA

refractory high-entropy alloys(rHeAs)show significant elevated-temperature yield strengths and have potential to use as high-performance materials in gas turbine *** the vast rHeA compositional space experimentally is challenging,and a small fraction of this space has been explored to *** work demonstrates the development of a state-of-the-art machine learning framework coupled with optimization methods to intelligently explore the vast compositional space and drive the search in a direction that improves high-temperature yield *** yield strength model is shown to have a significantly improved predictive accuracy relative to the state-of-the-art approach,and also provides inherent uncertainty quantification through the use of repeated k-fold *** developing and validating a robust yield strength prediction model,the coupled framework is used to discover rHeAs with superior high temperature yield *** have shown that rHeA compositions can be customized to have maximum yield strength at a specific temperature.

关键词： strength alloys entropy

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Hepatitis B and C infection and liver disease trends among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第14期17卷 1807-1816页

作者： Susan e Buskin elizabeth A Barash John D scott David M Aboulafia robert W Wood Public Health-Seattle and King County WA 98104United States University of Washington SeattleWA 98195United States Harborview Medical Center SeattleWA 98104United States Virginia Mason Medical Center SeattleWA 98101United States

AIM:To examine trends in and correlates of liver disease and viral hepatitis in an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cohort. MeTHODS:The multi-site adult/adolescent spectrum of HIV-related diseases (ASD) followed 29 490 HIVinfected individuals receiving medical care in 11 U.S. metropolitan areas for an average of 2.4 years,and a total of 69 487 person-years,between 1998 and 2004. ASD collected data on the presentation,treatment,and outcomes of HIV,including liver disease,hepatitis screening,and hepatitis diagnoses. reSULTS:Incident liver disease,chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV),and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were diagnosed in 0.9,1.8,and 4.7 per 100 person-years. HBV and HCV screening increased from fewer than 20% to over 60% during this period of observation (P eaths occurred in 57% of those diagnosed with liver disease relative to 15% overall (P erall 10% of deaths occurred among individuals with a diagnosis of liver disease. Despite care guidelines promoting screening and vaccination for HBV and screening for HCV,screening and vaccination were not universally conducted or,if conducted,not documented. CONCLUSION:Due to high rates of incident liver disease,viral hepatitis screening,vaccination,and treatment among HIV-infected individuals should be a priority.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Liver disease

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Interactive effects of elevated CO_2 and Growth Temperature on the Tolerance of Photosynthesis to Acute Heat Stress in C_3 and C_4 Species

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1375-1387页

作者： e. William Hamilton III scott A. Heckathorn Puneet Joshi Dan Wang Deepak Barua Department of Biology Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia USA Department of environmental Sciences University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA

Determining effects of elevated CO2 on the tolerance of photosynthesis to acute heat-stress （heat wave） is necessary for predicting plant responses to global warming, as photosynthesis is thermolabile and acute heat-stress and atmospheric CO2 will increase in the future. Few studies have examined this, and past results are variable, which may be due to methodological variation. To address this, we grew two C3 and two C4 species at current or elevated CO2 and three different growth temperatures （GT）. We assessed photosynthetic thermotolerance in both unacclimated （basal tolerance） and preheat-stressed （preHS = acclimated） plants. In C3 species, basal thermotolerance of net photosynthesis （Pn） was increased in high CO2, but in C4 species, Pn thermotlerance was decreased by high CO2 （except Zea mays at low GT）; CO2 effects in preHS plants were mostly small or absent, though high CO2 was detrimental in one C3 and one C4 species at warmer GT. Though high CO2 generally decreased stomatal conductance, decreases in P, during heat stress were mostly due to non-stomatal effects. Photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） efficiency was often decreased by high CO2 during heat stress, especially at high GT; CO2 effects on post-PSⅡ electron transport were variable. Thus, high CO2 often affected photosynthetic theromotolerance, and the effects varied with photosynthetic pathway, growth temperature, and acclimation state. Most importantly, in heat-stressed plants at normal or warmer growth temperatures, high CO2 may often decrease, or not benefit as expected, tolerance of photosynthesis to acute heat stress. Therefore, interactive effects of elevated CO2 and warmer growth temperatures on acute heat tolerance may contribute to future changes in plant productivity, distribution, and diversity.

关键词： carbon dioxide global climate change photosynthesis thermotolerance.

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Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids as therapeutics for nervous system disorders:preclinical models and clinical studies

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Neural regeneration research 2024年第4期19卷 788-799页

作者： r.scott Duncan Sean M.riordan Matthew C.Gernon Peter Koulen Department of Ophthalmology School of MedicineUniversity of Missouri Department of Biomedical Sciences School of MedicineUniversity of Missouri

Cannabinoids are lipophilic substances derived from Cannabis sativa that can exert a variety of effects in the human *** have been studied in cellular and animal models as well as in human clinical trials for their therapeutic benefits in several human *** of these include central nervous system(CNS)diseases and dysfunctions such as forms of epilepsy,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s disease,pain and neuropsychiatric *** addition,the endogenously produced cannabinoid lipids,endocannabinoids,are critical for normal CNS function,and if controlled or modified,may represent an additional therapeutic avenue for CNS *** review discusses in vitro cellular,ex vivo tissue and in vivo animal model studies on cannabinoids and their utility as therapeutics in multiple CNS *** addition,the review provides an overview on the use of cannabinoids in human clinical trials for a variety of CNS *** and endocannabinoids hold promise for use as disease modifiers and therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.

关键词： anandamide cannabidiol cannabinoid endocannabinoid epilepsy multiple sclerosis neurodegeneration neuroprotection tetrahydrocannabinol

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Tight junction disruption: Helicobacter pylori and dysregulation of the gastric mucosal barrier

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第40期21卷 11411-11427页

作者： Tyler J Caron Kathleen e scott James G Fox Susan J Hagen Department of Surgery Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Division of Comparative Medicine Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Long-term chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a risk factor for gastric cancer development. In the multi-step process that leads to gastric cancer,tight junction dysfunction is thought to occur and serve as a risk factor by permitting the permeation of luminal contents across an otherwise tight mucosa. Mechanisms that regulate tight junction function and structure in the normal stomach,or dysfunction in the infected stomach,however,are largely unknown. Although conventional tight junction components are expressed in gastric epithelial cells,claudins regulate paracellular permeability and are likely the target of inflammation or H. pylori itself. There are 27 different claudin molecules,each with unique properties that render the mucosa an intact barrier that is permselective in a way that is consistent with cell physiology. Understanding the architecture of tight junctions in the normal stomach and then changes that occur during infection is important but challenging,because most of the reports that catalog claudin expression in gastric cancer pathogenesis are contradictory. Furthermore,the role of H. pylori virulence factors,such as cytotoxin-associated gene A and vacoulating cytotoxin,in regulating tight junction dysfunction during infection is inconsistent in different gastric cell lines and in vivo,likely because non-gastric epithelial cell cultures were initially used to unravel the details of their effects on the stomach. Hampering further study,as well,is the relative lack of cultured cell models that have tight junction claudins that are consistent with native tissues. This summary will review the current state of knowledge about gastric tight junctions,normally and in H. pylori infection,and make predictions about the consequences of claudin reorganization during H. pylori infection.

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Tight junction Claudins Parace

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Investigating the use of an ionic liquid for rare earth mineral flotation

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Journal of rare earths 2021年第7期39卷 866-874,I0004页

作者： r.Li C.Marion e.r.L.espirtu r.Multani Xiaoqi Sun K.e.Waters Department of Mining and Materials engineering McGill University3610 Rue University.MontrealQuebecH3A 0C5Canada Vale Ontario Operations(Base Metals)18 Rink St.Copper CliffOntario POM 1N0Canada Fujian Institute of research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences155 Yangqiao Road WestFuzhou 350002China

Common collectors for rare earth mineral(reM) flotation,which include carboxylates and hydroxamates,face problems such as being non-selective and sensitive to impurity ions.A type of ionic liquid(IL),tetraethylammonium mono-(2-ethylhexyl)2-ethylhexyl phosphonate([N_(2222)][eHeHP]),has been investigated previously for rare earth elements(ree) solvent extraction,and was proven to be selective and *** this work,[N_(2222)][eHeHP] was evaluated as a collector in bastnasite(a primary reM source for ree production) flotation for the first *** results were compared with quartz and hematite,two common gangue minerals in reM *** potential measurements and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy(FT-Ir) were completed to investigate the surface chemical properties involved in the flotation of these minerals using this *** findings were compared with microflotation ***-Ir and zeta potential measurements suggest adsorption of the collector’s phosphonate group onto bastnäsite and hematite,likely through chemisorption;whereas for quartz,the minimum micro flotation recovery is likely due to no adsorption of IL on its *** flotation re sults show higher collectability of [N_(2222)] [eHeHP] for hematite than bastnasite,the latter only shows appreciable recovery at pH 5 with elevated dosage of IL(500 g/t).To achieve better separation,a two-stage flotation scheme was designed and evaluated by bench scale flotation on a synthetic mineral *** concentrates and tails were analyzed by magnetic separation,and it is found that bastnasite recovery over 90% with maximum upgrade ratio 1.7 can be achieved with elevated collector dosage.

关键词： Ionic liquid rare earth Bastnasite Flotation FT-Ir Zeta potential

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Numerical modelling of flow and transport in rough fractures

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Journal of rock Mechanics and Geotechnical engineering 2014年第6期6卷 535-545页

作者： scott Briggs Bryan W.Karney Brent e.Sleep University of Toronto Toronto M5S 1A4 Canada

Simulation of flow and transport through rough walled rock fractures is investigated using the latticeBoltzmann method （LBM） and random walk （rW）, respectively. The numerical implementation isdeveloped and validated on general purpose graphic processing units （GPGPUs）. Both the LBM and rWmethod are well suited to parallel implementation on GPGPUs because they require only next-neighbourcommunication and thus can reduce expenses. The LBM model is an order of magnitude faster onGPGPUs than published results for LBM simulations run on modern CPUs. The fluid model is verified forparallel plate flow, backward facing step and single fracture flow; and the rWmodel is verified for pointsourcediffusion, Taylor-Aris dispersion and breakthrough behaviour in a single fracture. Both algorithmsplace limitations on the discrete displacement of fluid or particle transport per time step to minimise thenumerical error that must be considered during implementation. 2014 Institute of rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byelsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogeology Fracture flow Solute transport Computational fluid dynamics Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) random walk(rW)

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Computer simulation of the cluster destruction of stratospheric ozone by bromine

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Chinese Physics B 2012年第11期21卷 198-207页

作者： A.e.Galashev O.r.rakhmanova Institute of Industrial ecology Ural BranchRussian Academy of Sciences 620990

The interaction of （Br-）i（H2O）50-i, 0 ≤ i ≤ 6 clusters with oxygen and ozone molecules is investigated by the method of molecular dynamics simulation. The ozone molecules as well as the bromine ions do not leave the cluster during the calculation of 25 ps. The ability of the cluster containing molecular oxygen to absorb the infrared （Ir） radiation is reduced in the frequency range of 0≤ w ≤ 3500 cm-1 when the number of the bromine ions in the cluster grows. The intensity of the raman spectrum is not changed significantly when the Brions are added to the ozone- containing system. The power of the emitted Ir radiation is increased when the number of bromine ions grows in the oxygen-containing system. The data obtained in this study on the Ir and the raman spectra of the water clusters that contain ozone, oxygen, and Br- can be used to develop an investigation of the mechanisms of ozone depletion.

关键词： bromine ion water cluster ozone infrared and raman spectra

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