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Application of the modified vaccination technique for the prevention and cure of chronic ailments

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical medicine 2010年第2期3卷 160-166页

作者： Arpad Z Barabas Chad D Cole Arpad D Barabas Richard m Graeff Rene Lafreniere donald m weir Department of Surgery University of Calgary Department of Neurosurgery University of Utah Department of Pharmacology University of Minnesota University of Edinburgh medical School

Over the years vaccination has proven to be the most successful health protection program for large populations,to prevent them from acquiring serious infectious and contagious diseases caused by exogenous antigens(ags) such as bacteria and *** is generally achieved by an active immunization program,though passive immunization has also been employed, especially in the past,to combat diseases caused by certain bacterial infections(***, diphtheria,etc.). most recently,encouraging research data suggests that therapeutic approaches employing vaccination techniques can also be used to correct or deal with mishaps induced by or involving endogenous ***,most attempts at employing conventional vaccination techniques to do so have proven less than *** the case of cancer,one of the reasons for this is that the presentation of cancer related ags in presently available immunization frameworks is unable to evoke a powerful,specific cancer killing ***,drug treatments have been required in order to achieve additional beneficial effects. Recently,the Barabas group has developed a new vaccination technique(the third vaccination method,after active and passive immunization) called modified Vaccination Technique(mVT). In experiments the mVT has been able to prevent-and with equal effectiveness,terminatemishaps induced by or involving endogenous ags,*** an experimental autoimmune kidney disease called slowly progressive Heymann nephritis(SPHN). The mVT is safe,and is able to initiate a specific immune response in the injected host(provided the injected components are in pure form).The mVT promises to provide the next generation of vaccines for the prevention,treatment,and termination of chronic disorders in humans,such as autoimmune diseases,cancer,and chronic infections.

关键词： Autoimmunity modified vaccination technique Prophylactic Therapeutic

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Bioacoustic variation of swimbladder disturbance sounds in Neotropical doradoid catfishes （Siluriformes： Doradidae, Auchenipteridae）： Potential morphological correlates

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Current Zoology 2012年第1期58卷 171-188页

作者： Kaatz, Ingrid m. Stewart, donald J. Department of Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY 13210 USA

Swimbladder disturbance sounds of doradoid catfishes （Doradidae and Aucheniptefidae） demonstrated striking waveform and spectrographic variation. We surveyed sounds of 25 doradoid species in 20 genera comparing these to sounds of four vocal outgroup catfish families. Sounds were either continuous waveforms （lacking interpulses） or pulsed （groups of pulses repeated at fixed temporal intervals）. This is the first evidence for swimbladder calls with fixed interpulse patterns in catfishes. Vocal mechanism components that were similar between doradids and auchenipterids included： swimbladder shape, swimbladder dimensions and sonic muscle-somatic index. morphological traits that showed variation among taxa and were evaluated for po- tential correlates of call diversity are： 1） diverticula （marginal outpocketings of the swimbladder with no connection to inner ear） and 2） elastic spring apparatus mtillerian rami （ESA-mr）. Within the doradid subfamilies and within the Auchenipteridae most species differed significantly in dominant frequency with frequency ranges overlapping to some extent for most. Doradid swim- bladder diverticula did not explain dominant frequency variation within the doradoid superfamily. Some doradids with conical ESA-mr had the highest dominant frequency sounds. Auchenipterids included both relatively lower and higher dominant fre- quency sound producers but lacked diverticula and had discoidal ESA-mr. Comparing a phylogeny of doradoid genera with out- group taxa, we infer that complex diverticula and conical ESA-mr are derived characters within the Doradidae. Species repre- senting outgroup families produced either continuous lower dominant frequency sounds （aspredinids, mochokids and pseudopimelodids） or pulsed higher dominant frequency sounds （pimelodids） [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 171-188, 2012].

关键词： Catfishes Communication Signal evolution Vocal mechanisms

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No signature of selection on the C-terminal region of glucose transporter 2 with the evolution of avian nectarivory

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Avian Research 2020年第4期11卷 380-390页

作者： Alexander m.myrka Tooba Shah Jason T.weir Kenneth C.Welch Jr. Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto25 Harbord St.TorontoON M5S 3G5Canada Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough1265 Military TrailTorontoON M1C 1A4Canada Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Scarborough1265 Military TrailTorontoON M1C 1A4Canada

Background:Flying birds,especially those that hover,need to meet high energetic *** that meet this demand through nectarivory face the added challenges of maintaining homeostasis in the face of spikes in blood sugar associated with nectar meals,as well as transporting that sugar to energetically demanding *** has evolved many times in birds and we hypothesized that the challenges of this dietary strategy would exert selective pressure on key aspects of metabolic ***,we hypothesized we would find convergent or parallel amino acid substitutions among different nectarivorous lineages in a protein important to sensing,regulating,and transporting glucose,glucose transporter 2(GLUT2).methods:Genetic sequences for GLUT2 were obtained from ten pairs of nectarivorous and non-nectarivorous sister *** performed PCR amplification of the intracellular C-terminal domain of GLUT2 and adjacent protein domains due to the role of this region in determination of transport rate,substrate specificity and ***:Our findings have ruled out the C-terminal regulatory region of GLUT2 as a target for selection by sugar-rich diet among avian nectarivores,though selection among hummingbirds,the oldest avian nectarivores,cannot be ***:Our results indicate future studies should examine down-stream targets of GLUT2-mediated glucosensing and insulin secretion,such as insulin receptors and their targets,as potential sites of selection by nectarivory in birds.

关键词： GLUT2 Nectarivory Avian Glucosensing Glucose Diet Insulin signalling

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Direct numerical simulation of matrix diffusion across fracture/matrix interface

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Water Science and Engineering 2013年第4期6卷 365-379页

作者： Yong ZHANG Eric m.LABOLLE donald m.REEVES Charles RUSSELL Division of Hydrologic Sciences Desert Research Institute Department of Land Airand Water ResourcesUniversity of California

Accurate descriptions of matrix diffusion across the fracture/matrix interface are critical to assessing contaminant migration in fractured media. The classical transfer probability method is only applicable for relatively large diffusion coefficients and small fracture spacings, due to an intrinsic assumption of an equilibrium concentration profile in the matrix blocks. motivated and required by practical applications, we propose a direct numerical simulation （DNS） approach without any empirical assumptions. A three-step Lagrangian algorithm was developed and validated to directly track the particle dynamics across the fracture/matrix interface, where particle＇s diffusive displacement across the discontinuity is controlled by an analytical, one-side reflection probability. Numerical experiments show that the DNS approach is especially efficient for small diffusion coefficients and large fracture spacings, alleviating limitations of the classical modeling approach.

关键词： Key words: fracture matrix interface direct numerical simulation transfer probability Lagrangian algorithm

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Association between dairy intake,lipids and vascular structure and function in diabetes

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World Journal of Diabetes 2017年第5期8卷 202-212页

作者： Kristina S Petersen Jennifer B Keogh Natalie Lister Jacquelyn m weir Peter J meikle Peter m Clifton School of Pharmacy and medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute

AIm To determine lipid species that change in response to a change in dairy consumption. In addition, to investigate whether dairy associated lipid species are correlated with changes in measures of vascular structure and *** A 12-mo randomised controlled trial was conducted to determine the effect of increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy, compared to usual diet, on measures of vascular structure and function in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes(n = 108). Thispaper comprises post-hoc analyses investigating the relationship between dairy intake, serum lipid species and vascular health. Central and peripheral blood pressure, carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, serum lipid species and dietary intake were measured at baseline and 3-mo. Common carotid artery intima media thickness was measured at baseline and *** Serum lipid species [lysophosphatidylcholine(LPC) 14:0, LPC 15:0, LPC 16:1, phosphatidylcholine(PC) 29:0 PC 30:0, PC 31:0 and cholesterol ester(CE) 14:0] were associated with the change in full fat dairy consumption(rho 0.19-0.25; P mo change in some lipids was positively associated with the 3-mo change in central systolic [LPC 14:0(rho 0.30; P = 0.007), PC 30:0(rho 0.28; P = 0.010)] and diastolic blood pressure [LPC 14:0(rho 0.32; P = 0.004), LPC 15:0(rho 0.23; P = 0.04), LPC 16:1(rho 0.23; P = 0.035), PC 29:0(rho 0.28; P = 0.01), PC 30:0(rho 0.36; P = 0.001), PC 31:0(rho 0.30; P = 0.007)] and 12-mo change in common carotid artery intimal medial thickness [CE 14:0(rho 0.22; P = 0.02)]. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were unrelated to dairy and lipid *** An increase in dairy associated lipids appears to be associated with an increase in blood pressure and common carotid intimal medial thickness.

关键词： Lipids Phospholipids Atherosclerosis Dairy Lysophosphatidylcholine Lipidomics Carotid intima media thickness Pulse wave velocity Diabetes

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Grazing Impacts on the Diversity and Composition of Alpine Rangelands in Northwest Yunnan

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第2期6卷 122-130页

作者： michelle A.Haynes Zhendong Fang donald m.Waller Department of Botany University of Wisconsin-Madison430 Lincoln AvenueMadisonWI 53706USA and U.S.Fish&Wildlife ServiceNational Conservation Training Center698 Conservation WayShepherdstownWVUSA Shangri-La Alpine Botanical Garden P.O.Box 118Xianggelila CountyYunnanChina Department of Botany University of Wisconsin-Madison430 Lincoln AvenueMadisonWI 53706USA

Aims The eastern Himalayan region of southwest China represents the world’s most biodiverse temperate region as well as a cultural hot-spot undergoing rapid cultural and ecological *** area represents the center of origin for many plant groups including horticulturally valuable species of Pedicularis,Rhododendron and *** meadows here also provide summer pastures for Tibetan yak herders and the source for important medicinal *** levels for livestock here have quadrupled over the last five decades and shrubs are encroaching into many historical *** herders voice concerns over both shrub encroachment and shrinking *** this study,we sought to determine:(i)are alpine rangelands in Deqin County overgrazed and degraded?(ii)What are the local impacts of grazing on plant diversity and community composition?and(iii)which environmental variables covary with these differences in species composition across the grazing gradient?methods To examine the ecological impacts of grazing in Deqin County,northwest Yunnan and assess its long-term sustainability,we used county records to determine historical population and livestock numbers,confirmed the results of interviews by Haynes(2011)and surveyed plant species richness and cover along a grazing gradient extending away from herder *** these transects,we sampled 1 m2 quadrats at 5 m intervals,noting species present and per-cent cover for vascular plants,grasses,sedges,rushes,moss,lichen,exposed rock,bare ground and *** also measured the average and maximum plant height within each *** then computed species richness for each of the 38 transects,calculating alpha and beta *** used one-way aNoVas to compare mean species richness values and average and maximum plant height across grazing *** chart changes in composition along the 100m gradient,we also plotted the percent cover of graminoid,forb,shrub and bare ground versus distance from the ***

关键词： alpine rangelands biodiversity conservationgrazing Southwest China

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Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass in the tropical woodlands of Ghana, West Africa

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Forest Ecosystems 2020年第3期7卷 539-561页

作者： Raymond Aabeyir Stephen Adu-Bredu Wilson Agyei Agyare michael J.C.weir Department of Environment and Resource Studies UDS-Wa CampusWaGhana WASCAL Graduate Research Programme on Climate Change and Land Use KNUSTKumasiGhana Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Division CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of GhanaKumasiGhana Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering KNUSTKumasiGhana Department of Natural Resources Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation(ITC)University of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands

Background: modelling aboveground biomass(AGB) in forest and woodland ecosystems is critical for accurate estimation of carbon stocks. However, scarcity of allometric models for predicting AGB remains an issue that has not been adequately addressed in Africa. In particular, locally developed models for estimating AGB in the tropical woodlands of Ghana have received little attention. In the absence of locally developed allometric models, Ghana will continue to use Tier 1 biomass data through the application of pantropic models. Without local allometric models it is not certain how Ghana would achieve Tier 2 and 3 levels under the United Nations programme for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The objective of this study is to develop a mixedspecies allometric model for use in estimating AGB for the tropical woodlands in Ghana. Destructive sampling was carried out on 745 trees(as part of charcoal production) for the development of allometric equations. Diameter at breast height(dbh, i.e. 1.3 m above ground level), total tree height(H) and wood density(ρ) were used as predictors for the models. Seven models were compared and the best model selected based on model efficiency,bias(%) and corrected Akaike Information Criterion. The best model was validated by comparing its results with those of the pantropic model developed by Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014) using equivalence test and conventional paired ***: The results revealed that the best model for estimating AGB in the tropical woodlands is AGB =0.0580ρ((dbh)2 H)0.999. The equivalence test showed that this model and the pantropic model developed by Chave et al.(Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190, 2014) were equivalent within ±10% of their mean predictions(p-values mean(181.44 ± 18.25 kg) of the model predictions of the best model of this s

关键词： Charcoal Diameter at breast height Tree height Wood density Savannah woodland

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Adsorption of As on hydroxy-Fe-montmorillonite complexes

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2155-2165页

作者： donald G. Fraser Department of Earth Sciences Oxford University Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PR UK

Arsenate has high affinity for soluble hydroxy-Fe species and Fe-oxyhydroxide pre-cipitates. In addition, the hydrolysis of Fe(III) and the growth of the initially precipitated Fe(III) phases are strongly influenced by the presence of montmorillonite. In this paper, the adsorption of As onto various hydroxy-Fe-montmorillonite (H-F-m) complexes was studied. Three systems of samples were prepared by mixing montmorillonite, hydroxy-Fe and arsenate in different se-quences: (1) Prior mixing of montmorillonite and hydroxy-Fe before the addition of arsenate; (2) prior mixing of hydroxy-Fe and arsenate before the addition of montmorillonite; and (3) prior mixing of montmorillonite and arsenate before the addition of hydroxy-Fe. For each system, the effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, initial Fe and As concentrations and adsorption dura-tion on the overall uptake of As by H-F-m complexes were studied. Results showed that the up-take of As increased with increasing pH, temperature, initial Fe concentration and adsorption duration, and decreased with increasing ionic strength and initial As concentration to different extents for the three systems. The variation of the As uptake of H-F-m complexes with pH in the range of study is opposite to that reported previously for Fe-O-H systems in the absence of montmorillonite and similar to that reported for montmorillonite in the absence of hydroxy-Fe. The marked influence of ionic strength on the As uptake of H-F-m complexes indicates that outer-sphere complexation plays an important role. This is quite different from the adsorption of As on the surface of either Fe-oxyhydroxides or montmorillonite alone in which inner-sphere complexation dominates. Under all experimental conditions, the H-F-m complexes studied dis-played a very strong affinity for As, among which system 2 had the highest As adsorption capac-ity and system 1 the lowest. The authors attribute this to the differences in mixing sequence which resulted in more hy

关键词： hydroxy-Fe, montmorillonite, complex, arsenate adsorption.

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Culture techniques and growth characteristics of Dinophysis acuminata and its prey

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2010年第6期28卷 1230-1239页

作者：佟蒙蒙周启星 KULIS m.David 江天久齐雨藻 ANDERSON m.donald Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria(ministry of Education) College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Research Center for Red Tide and Aquatic Environments Jinan University

The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acurninata Claparede ＆ Lachrnann is a toxic alga that causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. No Dinophysis species were maintained in culture for a long period of time until 2006 when Park successfully established D. acuminata in culture using a three-step feeding protocol in which the cryptophyte, Geminigera cryophila, is fed to myrionecta rubra （=mesodinium rubrum）, a ciliate that is in turn fed to D. acuminata. In this paper, we present the details of culturing D. acuminata from the Northeastern United States. The protocols described herein can be adopted for laboratory studies of this species. The effects of temperature on the growth and ingestion rates of D. acuminata were also examined. The results show that D. acuminata growth rate was 0.23/d at 10℃ and 0.11/d at 4℃when fed m. rubra prey. The maximum prey ingestion rate was 2.80 Dinophysis cell/d at 10℃, although the rate decreased slightly at 4℃. In overall, temperature showed a greater influence on growth rate of D. acuminata than on the ingestion rate under the study conditions, and the quantity of available food was also an important regulator to D. acurninata growth.

关键词： Dinophysis acuminata myrionecta rubra Geminigera cryophila growth rate ingestion rate

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Summary of a Life in Observational Ultraviolet/Optical Astronomy

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第1期24卷 1-43页

作者： donald G.York Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics The University of Chicago5801 South Ellis Ave.Chicago 60637ILUSA

I reminisce on my early life in Section 1;on my education in Sections 2 and 3;on the years at Princeton as a research astronomer in Section 4;on the years on the faculty at Chicago in Section 5;on research on Diffuse Interstellar Bands(DIBs) in Section 6;on construction of the 3.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory(APO)in Section 7;on work on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS) in Section 8;on work in public education in Chicago in Section 9;and on my travels in Section 10. my main science research is of an observational nature,concerning Galactic and intergalactic interstellar gas. Highlights for me included my work on the orbiting telescope Copernicus, including the discovery of interstellar deuterium;early observations of absorption associated with fivetimes ionized oxygen;and discoveries concerning the phases of gas in the local interstellar medium, based on previously unobservable interstellar UV spectral lines. With other instruments and collaborations, I extended interstellar UV studies to the intergalactic cool gas using quasi-stellar object QSO absorption lines redshifted to the optical part of the spectrum;provided a better definition of the emission and morphological character of the source of absorption lines in QSO spectra;and pursued the identification of the unidentified DIBs. For several of these topics, extensive collaborations with many scientists were essential over many years. The conclusions developed slowly, as I moved from being a graduate student at Chicago, to a research scientist position at Princeton and then to a faculty position at Chicago. At each stage of life, I was exposed to new technologies adaptable to my science and to subsequent projects. From high school days, I encountered several management opportunities which were formative. I have been extremely fortunate both in scientific mentors I had and in experimental opportunities I encountered.

关键词： Interstellar medium(ISm) Nebulae (galaxies:)quasars:absorption lines ultraviolet:stars

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