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Global concerns related to water biology and security:The need for language and policies that safeguard living resources versus those that dilute scientific knowledge

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Water Biology and Security 2023年第4期2卷 136-146页

作者： Robert M.Hughes James R.Karr Robert L.Vadas dominick a.dellasala Marcos Callisto Maria Joao Feio Teresa Ferreira Neels Kleynhans Renata Ruaro Chris O.Yoder J.Hal Michael Amnis Opes Institute 2895 SE GlennCorvallisOR97333USA Department of Fisheries Wildlife&Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWA98915USA Karr Consulting 102 Galaxy View CourtSequimWA98382USA 2909 Boulevard Rd.SE OlympiaWA98501-3971USA Wild Heritage a Project of Earth Island Institute2150 Allston WayBerkeleyCA94704-1346USA Departamento de Genetica Ecologia e EvolucaoInstituto de Ciencias BiologicasUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisAvenida Antonio Carlos 6627CEP 31270-901Belo HorizonteMGBrazil Associate Laboratory ARNET Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreDepartment of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal Forest Research Centre&Associate Laboratory TERRA University of LisbonTapada da Ajuda1349-017LisbonPortugal Department of Water Affairs and Forestry(retired) 8th Avenue 771Wonderboom South0084PretoriaSouth Africa Graduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology Federal Technological University of Parana81280-340CuritibaPRBrazil Midwest Biodiversity Institute 4673 Northwest ParkwayHilliardOH43026USA Ecologists Without Borders OlympiaWAUSA

Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental *** use recent publications to provide examples of vague language versus examples of strong language when authors write about regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural *** language is common in agency reports,policy documents,and even scientific papers published by *** language limits success in regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural *** challenge must be recognized and countered as a driver of the condition of water and associated *** also list sources of vague wording,provide global examples of how ambiguous language and political influences have contributed to water resource degradation,discuss the recent history of science censorship,and offer possible solutions for more direct scientific *** found that:(1)equivocal language was especially common in concluding statements and not only by government employees;(2)authors discussed confusing language concerns in an agency publication;and(3)agency employees sometimes used active,strong *** drivers of weak language include:(1)holding on to old paradigms and resisting new knowledge;(2)scientific uncertainty;(3)institutional manuscript review policies;(4)employment and funding insecurity;and(5)avoiding the appearance of *** associated with euphemistic language included climate change,flow and physical habitat alteration,dams,agriculture,mining,forestry,and fisheries,as well as resistance towards monitoring,assessing,and reporting ecological *** for mitigating equivocal language involve employment protections and greater focus on scientific *** conclude that natural resource scientists should resist calls to employ imprecise ***,they should be strong advocates for prescriptive and protective natura

关键词： Corruption Ethics Science censoring Science policy Water resource degradation

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Environmental impact assessments should include rigorous scientific peer review

Water Biology and Security

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Water Biology and Security 2024年第3期3卷 89-100页

作者： Robert M.Hughes David M.Chambers dominick a.dellasala James R.Karr Susan C.Lubetkin Sarah O'Neal Robert L.Vadas Jr. Carol Ann Woody Amnis Opes Institute 2895 SE GlennCorvallisOR97333USA Department of Fisheries Wildlife&Conservation SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331USA Center for Science in Public Participation 224 North Church AvenueBozemanMT 59715USA Wild Heritage a Project of Earth Island Institute2150 Allston WayBerkeleyCA94704-1346USA School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of WashingtonSeattleWA98105USA Karr Consulting 102 Galaxy View CourtSequimWA98382USA Elemental Statistics 309 West Kinnear PlaceSeattleWA98119USA 2909 Boulevard Rd.SE OlympiaWA98501-3971USA Fisheries Research&Consulting 400 Cormorant CourtFort CollinsCO80525USA

Twenty USA states or jurisdictions and 125 nations have modeled national environmental policies after the National Environmental Policy *** act mandates that federal agencies initiate environmental impact statements(EISs)when substantive environmental or human health consequences are likely because of an agency action related to proposed development *** science used to inform the EIS process,however,does not require independent scientific peer review(ISPR)in the USA or most other *** ISPR is needed for governments to accurately inform the EIS decision-making and public reporting ***,science is routinely manipulated during EIS reviews to generate expedient project outcomes with substantially negative ecological,political,and long-term economic *** provide four examples of EISs that lack ISPR,as well as four examples where reviews by independent scientists were helpful to improve agency *** also recommend that independent scientists(no affiliation with the project proponents or agencies overseeing projects)be used to help assess potential environmental and socio-economic impacts,as well as offer appropriate risk assessments,study designs,and monitoring *** conclude that nations should convene formal reviews using independent scientists as a form of peer review in the EIS process.

关键词： Ecological evaluation Environmental assessment Independent scientific peer review National environmental policy act(NEPA) Risk assessment

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