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Biochar application to temperate grasslands:challenges and opportunities for delivering multiple ecosystem services

Biochar 2023年第1期5卷 574-584页

作者： robert W.Brown david r.chadwick Tom Bott Helen M.West Paul Wilson Genevieve r.Hodgins Colin E.Snape Davey L.Jones School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorLL572UWGwyneddUK School of Biosciences University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE125RDUK Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of NottinghamJubilee CampusNottinghamNG72TUUK Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures InstituteSoilsWestMurdoch UniversityMurdochWA6150Australia

Grasslands(natural,semi-natural and improved)occupy approximately one-third of the terrestrial biosphere and are key for global ecosystem service provision,storing up to 30%of soil organic carbon(SOC).To date,most research on soil carbon(C)sequestration has focused on croplands where the levels of native soil organic matter(SOM)are typically low and significant potential exists to replenish SOM ***,with the renewed push to achieve“net zero”C emissions by 2050,grasslands may offer an additional C store,utilising tools such as ***,we critically evaluate the potential for biochar as a technology for increasing grassland C stocks,identifying a number of practical,economic,social and legislative challenges that need to be addressed before the widescale adoption of biochar may be *** critically assess the current knowledge within the field of grassland biochar research in the context of ecosystem service provision and provide opinions on the applicability of biochar as an amendment to different types of grassland(improved,semi-improved and unimproved)and the potential effect on ecosystem provision using a range of application techniques in the topsoil and *** concluded that the key question remains,is it possible for managed grasslands to store more C,without causing a loss in additional ecosystem services?To address this question future research must take a more multidisciplinary and holistic approach when evaluating the potential role of biochar at sequestering C in grasslands to mitigate climate change.

关键词： Pastureland Carbon storage Greenhouse gas emissions Offsetting

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AGrONOMIC AND ENVIrONMENTAL BENEFITS OF rEINTrODUCING HErB-AND LEGUME-rICH MULTISPECIES LEYS INTO ArABLE rOTATIONS:A rEVIEW

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第2期9卷 245-271页

作者： Emily C.COOLEDGE david r.chadwick Lydia M.J.SMITH Jonathan r.LEAKE Davey L.JONES School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityGwyneddLL572UWUK National Institute of Agricultural Botany Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB 3 OLEUK Plants Photosynthesis and SoilUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS102TNUK Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures InstituteMurdochWA 6150Australia

Agricultural intensification and the subsequent decline of mixed farming systems has led to an increase in continuous cropping with only a few fallow or break years,undermining global soil ***-ley rotations incorporating temporary pastures(leys) lasting 1–4 years may alleviate soil degradation by building soil fertility and improving soil ***,the majority of previous research on arable-ley rotations has utilized either grass or grassclover leys within ungrazed *** leys,containing a mix of grasses,legumes,and herbs,are rapidly gaining popularity due to their promotion in agri-environment schemes and potential to deliver greater ecosystem services than conventional grass or grass-clover *** grazing in arable-ley rotations may increase the economic resilience of these systems,despite limited research of the effects of multispecies leys on ruminant health and greenhouse gas *** review aims to evaluate previous research on multispecies leys,highlighting areas for future research and the potential benefits and disbenefits on soil quality and livestock *** botanical composition of multispecies leys is crucial,as legumes,deep rooted perennial plants(e.g.,Onobrychis viciifolia and Cichorium intybus) and herbs(e.g.,Plantago lanceolata) can increase soil carbon,improve soil structure,reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirements,and promote the recovery of soil fauna(e.g.,earthworms) in degraded arable soils while delivering additional environmental benefits(e.g.,biological nitrification inhibition and enteric methane reduction).Multispecies leys have the potential to deliver biologically driven regenerative agriculture,but more long-term research is needed to underpin evidence-based policy and farmer guidance.

关键词： bioactive forages integrated crop-livestock systems nitrogen cycling plant secondary metabolites soil carbon soil quality

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Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020年第1期7卷 45-55页

作者： david r.chadwick John r.WILLIAMS Yuelai LU Lin MA Zhaohai BAI Yong HOU Xinping CHEN Thomas H.MISSELBrOOK School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorLL572UWUK Interdisciplinary research Centre for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze river Basin Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China ADAS rSK BoxworthCambridgeCB234NNUK University of East Anglia NorwichNR47TJUK Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water resources Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil EcologyCenter for Agricultural Resources ResearchInstitute of Genetic and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang 050021China College of resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China rothamsted research NorthWykeDevonEX202LBUK

As the demand for livestock products continues to increase in China,so too does the challenge of managing increasing quantities of *** action is needed to control point source(housing,storage and processing)and diffuse(field application)pollution and improve the utilization of manure nutrients and organic ***,we review strategies to improve management at each stage of the manure management chain and at different *** strategies require infrastructure investment,e.g.,for containment of all manure *** solutions are needed to develop advanced composting systems with lower environmental footprints and design more efficient nutrient stripping *** the field-scale,there is an urgent need to develop a manure nutrient recommendation system that accounts for the range of manure types,cropping systems,soils and climates throughout *** the regional scale,coordinated planning is necessary to promote recoupling of livestock and cropping systems,and reduce nutrient accumulation in regions with little available landbank,while minimizing the risk of pollution swapping from one region to another.A range of stakeholders are needed to support the step change and innovation required to improve manure management,reduce reliance on inorganic fertilizers,and generate new business opportunities.

关键词： cropping farms livestock production manure management chain recoupling nutrient loss

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rEINTEGrATION OF CrOP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN EUrOPE:AN OVErVIEW

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2021年第1期8卷 111-129页

作者： Antonius G.T.SCHUT Emily C.COOLEDGE Marc MOrAINE Gerrie W.J.VAN DE VEN Davey L.JONES david r.chadwick Plant Production Systems Wageningen University6700 AK Wageningenthe Netherlands School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityGwyneddLL572UWUK UMr 0951 INNOVATION French National Institute for AgricultureFood and Environment(INRAE)MontpellierFrance SoilsWest UWA School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWA 6009Australia Interdisciplinary research Centre for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze river Basin Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China

Ongoing specialization of crop and livestock systems provides socioeconomic benefits to the farmer but has led to greater externalization of environmental costs when compared to mixed farming *** integration of crop and livestock systems offers great potential to rebalance the economic and environmental trade-offs in both *** aims of this study were to analyze changes in farm structure and review and evaluate the potential for reintegrating specialized intensive crop and livestock systems,with specific emphasis on identifying the co-benefits and barriers to ***,animals were essential to recycle nutrients in the farming system but this became less important with the availability of synthetic *** mixed farm systems can be economically attractive,benefits of scale combined with socio-economic factors have resulted in on-farm and regional specialization with negative environmental *** is therefore needed to reduce nutrient surpluses at farm,regional and national levels,and to improve soil quality in intensive cropping *** offers practical and cost-effective options to widen crop rotations and promotes the use of organic inputs and associated benefits,reducing dependency on synthetic fertilisers,biocides and manure processing *** agriculture goes beyond manure management and requires adaptation of both food production and consumption patterns,matching local capacity to produce with food ***,feed transport,greenhouse gas emissions,nutrient surpluses and nutrient losses to the environment can be *** is concluded that reintegration of specialized farms within a region can provide benefits to farmers but may also lead to further intensification of land *** approaches within a food system context offer alternatives for reintegration,but require strong policy incentives which show clear,tangible and lasting benefits for farmers,the environment an

关键词： circular agriculture coupled farming systems mixed farming specialised farming systems GHG

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POLICIES AND rEGULATIONS FOr PrOMOTING MANUrE MANAGEMENT FOr SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PrODUCTION IN CHINA:A rEVIEW

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2021年第1期8卷 45-57页

作者： Sha WEI Zhiping ZHU Jing ZHAO david rchadwick Hongmin DONG Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesBeijing 100081China Institute of Environmental Governance Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of ChinaBeijing 100029China School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangor LL572UWUK Interdisciplinary research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze river Basin Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715China

Livestock numbers in China have more than tripled between 1980 and *** increase in the number of intensive livestock production systems has created the challenges of decoupled crop and livestock systems,low utilization of manures in croplands,and subsequent environmental ***,the government has enacted a series of policies and regulations to increase the sustainability of livestock *** paper reviews the objectives of these policies and regulations and their impacts on manure *** 2017 there have been two policy guides to speed up the appropriate use of manures,three action plans for increasing manure recycling,and one technical guide to calculate nutrient *** of manure pollution control and recycling for improved environmental performance of livestock production systems were included in three revised environmental *** recent survey data indicate that the utilization of livestock manures was 70%in 2017,including that used as fertilizer and/or for production of *** targets for manure utilization are 75%in 2020 and 90%in *** achieve these targets and promote‘green livestock production’,additional changes are needed including the use of third-party enterprises that facilitate manure exchange between farms and a more integrated manure nutrient management approach.

关键词： integrated crop and livestock production manure utilization policy recommendations sustainability third-party service contractors

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GrEENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PrIOrITIES FOr UK POLICY TArGETS

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023年第2期10卷 268-280页

作者： Sarah BUCKINGHAM Cairistiona F.E.TOPP Pete SMITH Vera EOrY david r.chadwick Christina K.BAXTEr Joanna M.CLOY Shaun CONNOLLY Emily C.COOLEDGE Nicholas J.COWAN Julia DrEWEr Colm DUFFY Naomi JFOX Asma JEBArI Becky JENKINS Dominika J.KrOL Karina A.MArSDEN Graham A.MCAULIFFE Steven J.MOrrISON Vincent O'FLAHErTY rachael rAMSEY Karl G.rICHArDS rainer rOEHE Jo SMITH Kate SMITH Taro TAKAHASHI rachel E.THOrMAN John WILLIAMS Jeremy WILTSHIrE robert M.rEES Scotland’s rural College EdinburghEH93JGUK Institute of Biological&Environmental Sciences AberdeenAB243UUUK School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangorGwyneddLL572DGUK Agricultural Development and Advisory Service(ADAS) BoxworthCambridgeCB234NNUK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences University of GalwayH91 TK33Ireland Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush EstateMidlothianEH260QBUK The James Hutton Institute DundeeDD25DAUK rothamsted research North WykeOkehamptonDevonEX202SBUK ricardo Energy&Environment HarwellOxonOX110QRUK Environment Soils and Land Use DepartmentTeagascCounty WexfordY35 TC97Ireland Agri-food and Biosciences Institute HillsboroughCounty DownBT266DRUK Bristol Veterinary School University of BristolSomersetBS405DUUK

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However,agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in March 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK's agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and cobenefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

关键词： agriculture ammonia greenhouse gas mitigation net zero

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PrOGrESS ON IMPrOVING AGrICULTUrAL NITrOGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK−CHINA VIrTUAL JOINT CENTErS ON NITrOGEN AGrONOMY

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第3期9卷 475-489页

作者： Tom MISSELBrOOK Zhaohai BAI Zejiang CAI Weidong CAO Alison CArSWELL Nicholas COWAN Zhenling CUI david rchadwick Bridget EMMETT Keith GOULDING rui JIANG Davey LJONES Xiaotang JU Hongbin LIU Yuelai LU Lin MA david POWLSON robert MrEES Ute SKIBA Pete SMITH roger SYLVESTEr-BrADLEY John WILLIAMS Lianhai WU Minggang XU Wen XU Fusuo ZHANG Junling ZHANG Jianbin ZHOU Xuejun LIU rothamsted research North WykeOkehamptonDevon EX202SBUK Center for Agricultural resources research Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang 050021China Qiyang Agro-ecosystem of National Field Experimental Station Yongzhou 426182China College of resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush EstatePenicuikMidlothian EH260QBUK College of resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China School of Natural Sciences Bangor UniversityBangor LL572UWUK UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor LL572UWUK rothamsted research HarpendenHertfordshire AL52JQUK College of resources and Environment Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute of Agricultural resources and regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China School of International Development University of East AngliaNorwichNorfolk NR47TJUK Scotland’s rural College(SrUC) West Mains RoadEdinburghEH93JGUK Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of AberdeenAberdeen AB243FXUK ADAS Boxworth Battlegate RoadBoxworthCambridge CB234NNUK.

Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the *** focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE,use of livestock manures,soil health,and policy development and knowledge *** to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers,plastic film mulching and cropping *** utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content,appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management *** carbon,acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil *** centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management,and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systemslevel approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual *** this context,the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.

关键词： CINAg N-CIrCLE nitrogen use efficiency reactive nitrogen sustainable production

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Phase field modeling with large driving forces

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npj Computational Materials 2023年第1期9卷 623-631页

作者： Jin Zhang Alexander F.chadwick david L.Chopp Peter W.Voorhees Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA

There is growing interest in applying phase field methods as quantitative tools in materials discovery and ***,large driving forces,common in many materials systems,lead to unstable phase field profiles,thus requiring fine spatial and temporal *** demands more computational resources,limits the ability to simulate systems with a suitable size,and deteriorates the capability of quantitative ***,we develop a strategy to map the driving force to a constant perpendicular to the *** with the third-order interpolation function,we find a stable phase field profile that is independent of the magnitude of the driving *** power of this approach is illustrated using three *** demonstrate that by using the driving force extension method,it is possible to employ a grid size orders of magnitude larger than traditional *** approach is general and should apply to many other phase field models.

关键词： forces interpolation apply

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从开拓到第一个金锭历时四年

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矿业工程 1980年第8期 47-53页

作者： John r.chadwick 朱烨美国《World Mining》副总编辑

南非英美有限公司最新建成的伊兰斯兰德(Elandsrand)金矿提前31个月投入生产,在南非坚井掘进和开拓过程中创造了许多新纪录。选厂最大处理能力为每月22.5万吨。

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APPLYING PrOJECT BASED LEArNING IN AN UNDErGrADUATE DESIGN AND CONSTrUCTION PrOGrAM AT APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVErSITY

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Journal of Green Building 2018年第4期13卷 147-165页

作者： James A russell Chelsea r Helms r.chadwick Everhart D Jason Miller Associate Professor of Building Science Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment(STBE)Appalachian State University397 Rivers StreetBooneNC28608 Practitioner in residence Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment(STBE)Appalachian State University397 Rivers StreetBooneNC28608 Principal Chad Everhart ArchitectPAWilliamsburgKY40769 Associate Professor Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment(STBE)Appalachian State University397 Rivers StreetBooneNC28608.

INTrODUCTION Project based learning(PBL)fully engages students in the subject area,promotes teamwork,transdisciplinary collaboration,allows student teams to engage and solve community design problems and can ultimately lead to broader student ***,however,presents significant curricular challenges,including project definition and meaningful student *** authors began the process of exploring PBL through a National Science Foundation Transformation Undergraduate Education in Science,Technology,Engineering and Mathematics(TUES)*** program was piloted for two semesters under the TUES award and has now completed its eighth semester overall operating as a special curricular track in parallel with an existing,traditional curricular program in Building *** four years of dedicated PBL program experience to inform their efforts,the authors are currently reworking the existing Building Science program curriculum to fully integrate a PBL capstone during the senior year while establishing a clear curricular path,creating a sound base of projects,and maintaining resource limits that include,but are not limited to,facilities,materials and *** this paper,the authors discuss their successes and difficulties with imple-menting PBL in an undergraduate design and construction program by reviewing twelve years of both spontaneous and planned project based PBL experiences in an undergraduate design and construction program.

关键词： project based learning curriculum reform integrated design design-build

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