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Study on the tunnel sha.e a.d soil-lining intera.tion influencing the lining beha.ior under seismic loa.ing

Ea.thqua.e Engineering a.d Engineering Vibra.ion 2024年第4期23卷 845-862页

作者： Va. Vi Pha. Ngoc a.h Do Piotr Osinski Ngoc Tha. Do daniel Dia. Susta.na.le Development in Underground Engineering Resea.ch Tea. Hanoi University of Mining and GeologyHanoiVietnam Depa.tment of Underground a.d Mining Construction Faculty of Civil EngineeringHanoi University of Mining and GeologyHanoiVietnam Depa.tment of Geotechnica. Engineering Institute of Civil EngineeringWarsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGWWarszawaPoland La.ora.ory 3SR Grenoble Alpes UniversityGrenoble 38400France

The response of tunnels subjected to seismic loa.ing is a.complex mecha.ism a.d depends not only on the seismic na.ure but a.so on tunnel structure a.d surrounding soil *** individua. beha.ior of circula.,recta.gula.,a.d sub-recta.gula. tunnels subjected to seismic loa.ings ha. a.rea.y been studied in the *** the present resea.ch,two ca.e scena.ios of circula.,recta.gula. tunnels a.d four sub-recta.gula. sha.ed tunnels,with simila. cross-section a.ea.,were a.opted to perform a.comprehensive numerica. *** purpose of the study wa. to determine the mecha.ica. beha.ior of tunnels of different sha.es,depending upon seismic *** were performed by considering the influence of soil-lining intera.tion,soil pa.a.eters,a.d lining thickness,a. well a. lining *** were performed for no-slip a.d full-slip *** results indica.e tha. the tunnel sha.e design is of grea. importa.ce when rega.ding the mecha.ica. beha.ior of the surrounding *** concerns no-slip a. well a. full-slip soil-lining intera.tion,especia.ly when the lining is subjected to seismic ***,it is shown tha. cha.ges in incrementa. bending moments for circula.,recta.gula. a.d sub-recta.gula. tunnels tha. depend upon the soil-lining intera.tion conditions differ significa.tly.

关键词： tunnel sha.e soil-lining intera.tion seismic loa.ing interna. forces numerica. a.a.ysis

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Towa.ds defining soil qua.ity of Mediterra.ea. ca.ca.eous a.ricultura. soils:Reference va.ues a.d potentia. core indica.or set

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Interna.iona. Soil a.d Wa.er Conserva.ion Resea.ch 2024年第1期12卷 145-155页

作者： Germán a.Durán daniel Sa.ristán Edelweis Fa.rús Ja.me Va.ell Institut de Recerca.i Forma.ióa.rària.i Pesquera.de les Illes Ba.ea.s C/Eusebi Estada14507009PalmaSpain Pla.t Biology Depa.tment University of Valencia46100BurjassotValenciaSpain Soil a.d Environmenta. Qua.ity Depa.tment Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE(CSIC-Universitat de València-Generalitat Valenciana)Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.546113MoncadaValenciaSpain Universita. de les Illes Ba.ea.s Cra.De Valldemossakm 7507122PalmaSpain

To a.oid soil degra.a.ion,a.a.t to clima.e cha.ge a.d comply with the Susta.na.le Development goa.s 2030(UN Genera. a.sembly),esta.lishing the qua.ity/fertility of the a.ricultura. soils of the Mediterra.ea. region a.d eva.ua.e how these evolve with time is *** ena.les a.equa.e ma.a.ement pra.tices to be *** Mediterra.ea. ca.ca.eous region ha. received little a.tention in this sense,in spite its soil ***,24 different representa.ive ca.ca.eous a.ricultura. soils of the Mediterra.ea. region,including the ma.n ma.a.ement stra.egies of a.ricultura. soils(ra.nfed a.d irriga.ed),were sa.pled from the isla.d of Ma.lorca.a.d their physica.,chemica. a.d biologica. properties *** va.ues obta.ned for most of the soil cha.a.teristics a.lowed to esta.lish a. initia. a.proa.h to the reference va.ues for the type of ca.ca.eous a.ricultura. soils considered,a.d to clea.ly distinguish the effect of ra.nfed or irriga.ion ma.a.ement pra.tices on soils properties a.d *** enzyme a.tivities were not stimula.ed by the irriga.ion conditions a.sa.ed or they were only in dry conditions,suggesting optimum enzyme a.tivities could be obta.ned when a.terna.ing dry a.d humid soil *** orga.ic ca.bon,ca.cium ca.bona.e a.d a.tive lime revea.ed of significa.t importa.ce in the collection of ***,the results obta.ned clea.ly indica.e the heterogeneity of the region a.d its implica.ions on the different soil ***,this study could serve a. a.sta.ting point to a.equa.ely esta.lish the qua.ity(fertility)for Mediterra.ea. ca.ca.eous a.ricultura. soils a.d their reference va.ues by conducting further resea.ch in this region a.d including more type of soils.

关键词： Soil fertility Mediterra.ea. a.ricultura. soils Ca.ca.eous soils Soil enzymes Soil ma.a.ement

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How to explore a.new environment:explora.ory ta.tics of the bla.k ra.(Ra.tus ra.tus)

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Current Zoology 2024年第3期70卷 371-382页

作者： Iveta.Štolhoferová Veronika.Rudolfová Ha.a.Ska.íková Ba.bora.Vobrubová daniel Frynta Depa.tment of Zoology Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityViničná712843 Prague 2Czechia

The bla.k ra.(Ra.tus ra.tus)is a.unique model for studying explora.ory ta.tics due to its enormous colonizing *** beha.iora. va.ia.ility a.d consistent interindividua. differences might help popula.ions inha.it new environments a.d persist there even under intense ***,the a.fnity of the bla.k ra. for climbing might be a.other a.va.ta.e,widening their potentia. *** this study,we describe the explora.ory ta.tics of the bla.k ra.s when introduced to a.novel *** the frst experiment,we tested 12 ra.s a.d ca.cula.ed repea.a.ility of their beha.iors a.ross 12 sessions of a. enriched open-feld *** concluded tha. climbing is a.highly repea.a.le beha.ior tha. serves a. a. importa.t source of interindividua. *** the second experiment,we tested 24 bla.k ra.s in a.unique L-sha.ed *** ra. wa. tested *** found tha. the ma.ority of ra.s distributed their a.tivity evenly,exploring ea.h pa.t of the a.pa.a.us for a.simila. a.ount of time,thus ma.imizing their cha.ces of fnding ***,these“even”explorers still grea.ly differed in their level of a.tivity,orderliness a.d a.fnity for climbing,genera.ing la.ge *** contra.t,the minority of ra.s concentra.ed their a.tivity only on a.section of the new environment a.d were therefore cha.a.terized a. selective ***,we concluded tha. a.combina.ion of such explora.ory ta.tics a. well a. a.bia. for even explorers ena.les bla.k ra.s to quickly colonize new environments a.d persist there even under unfa.ora.le conditions.

关键词： 3D beha.ior climbing repea.a.ility stra.egy.

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Free-ra.ge poultry eggs a. a. emerging tool for pollution bio-indica.ion

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Eco-Environment & Hea.th 2024年第1期3卷 77-79页

作者： a.issa.Zergui daniel Brice Nkontcheu Kenko Na.iona. Center of Toxicology Algeria Zoology La.ora.ory Department of Animal Biology and ConservationFaculty of ScienceUniversity of BueaCameroon Biology a.d a.plied Ecology Resea.ch Unit Dschang School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of DschangCameroon

Environmenta. pollution disrupts a.ua.ic a.d terrestria. ecosystems,constituting a.risk to the huma. surviva. due to the ha.mful effects of different polluta.ts,including hea.y meta.s,persistent orga.ic polluta.ts(POPs),a.d ***,long-term exposure to ca.mium(Cd)ca.ses kidney da.a.e,bone fra.ility,a.d ***(Pb)a.d mercury(Hg)a.e known for their ha.ma.otoxic a.d neurotoxic ***(a.)ca. ca.se skin ca.cer,hyperkera.osis lesions,skin pigmenta.ion disorders,a. well a. lung ca.cer[1].a.ditiona.ly,POPs,such a. orga.ochlorine pesticides(OCPs)a.d dioxins,a.e a.cla.s of ca.bon-ba.ed orga.ic chemica.s cha.a.terized by their persistence,bioa.cumula.ion,a.d potentia. for long-ra.ge *** substa.ces a.e recognized a. ha.a.dous polluta.ts a.d endocrine disruptors[2].Beca.se of this evidence,efforts a.e ma.e to a.sess environmenta. pollution in order to gua.a.tee a.ba.a.ced ecosystem a.d huma. *** monitoring tra.itiona.ly involved directly mea.uring polluta.tlevels in the environmenta.ma.rices,including a.r,soil,a.d wa.er.

关键词： pollution poultry tra.itiona.ly

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Minera.-media.ed sta.ility of orga.ic ca.bon in soil a.d releva.t intera.tion mecha.isms

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Eco-Environment & Hea.th 2024年第1期3卷 59-76页

作者： Zibo Xu daniel C.W.Tsa.g Depa.tment of Civil a.d Environmenta. Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina Depa.tment of Civil a.d Environmenta. Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongChina

Soil,the la.gest terrestria. ca.bon reservoir,is centra. to clima.e cha.ge a.d releva.t feedba.k to environmenta. *** a.e the essentia. components tha. contribute to over 60%of soil ca.bon ***,how the intera.tions between minera.s a.d orga.ic ca.bon sha.e the ca.bon tra.sforma.ion a.d sta.ility rema.ns poorly ***,we critica.ly review the prima.y intera.tions between orga.ic ca.bon a.d soil minera.s a.d the releva.t mecha.isms,including sorption,redox rea.tion,co-precipita.ion,dissolution,polymeriza.ion,a.d ca.a.ytic *** intera.tions,highly complex with the combina.ion of multiple processes,grea.ly a.fect the sta.ility of orga.ic ca.bon through the following processes:(1)forma.ion or deconstruction of the minera.–orga.ic ca.bon a.socia.ion;(2)oxida.ive tra.sforma.ion of the orga.ic ca.bon with minera.s;(3)ca.a.ytic polymeriza.ion of orga.ic ca.bon with minera.s;a.d(4)va.ying a.socia.ion sta.ility of orga.ic ca.bon a.cording to the minera. *** pieces of evidence rela.ed to the ca.bon turnover a.d sta.ility during the intera.tion with soil minera.s in the rea. eco-environment a.e then *** a.so highlight the current resea.ch ga.s a.d outline resea.ch priorities,which ma. ma. future directions for a.deeper mecha.ismsba.ed understa.ding of the soil ca.bon stora.e ca.a.ity considering its intera.tions with minera.s.

关键词： Ca.bon sta.ility Minera. tra.sforma.ion Ca.bon sequestra.ion Bio-geochemistry Soil ca.bon ma.a.ement Susta.na.le wa.te ma.a.ement

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Eleva.ion tra.sition of a.ua.ic insects closely ma.ches a.therma. fea.ure in the Yunga. of Northwestern a.gentina

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Journa. of Mounta.n Science 2024年第2期21卷 433-448页

作者： a.exa.dra.BUITRa.O-GUa.a.a.E Ca.los MOLINERI a.drés LIRa.NORIEGa.daniel a.drés DOS Sa.TOS Neotropica. Biodiversity Institute(CONICET-UNT) UNT-DomesHorco Molle S/N4107 TucumánArgentina CONa.YT Resea.ch Fellow Network of Advanced Molecular StudiesInstitute of Ecology A.COld Road to Coatepec 351El HayaCP 91073XalapaVeracruzMexico Biosta.istics Cha.r Faculty of Natural Sciences and IMLNational University of TucumánSan Miguel de TucumánMiguel Lillo 2054000 TucumánArgentina

Tempera.ure is a.key fa.tor tha. sha.es the distribution of *** knowledge a.out how species respond to tempera.ure is releva.t to devise stra.egies for a.dressing the impa.ts of clima.e *** insects a.e pa.ticula.ly vulnera.le to clima.e cha.ge,yet there is still much to lea.n a.out their ecology a.d *** the Yunga. ecoregion of Northwestern a.gentina.cold-a.d wa.m-a.a.ted species of the orders Ephemeroptera.Plecoptera.a.d Trichoptera.EPT)a.e segrega.ed by *** modeled the ecologica. niche of South a.erica. EPT species in this region using a.a.la.le da.a.a.d projected their potentia. distribution in geogra.hic *** were grouped ba.ed on their ecogeogra.hic simila.ity,a.d we a.a.yzed their repla.ement pa.tern a.ong eleva.ion gra.ients,focusing on the ecotone where opposing therma. preferences *** this interfa.e,we identified critica. points where the combined incidence of cold a.d wa.m a.sembla.es ma.imizes,indica.ing a.significa.t tra.sition *** found tha. the Monta.e Cloud Forest holds the interfa.e,with a.pa.ticula.ly grea.er suita.ility a. its lower *** ma.n a.is of the interfa.e runs in a.N-S direction a.d fa.ls between 14°C-16°C mea. a.nua. *** proba.ility of a.pa.ticula. loca.ion within a.ba.in being cla.sified a. pa.t of the interfa.e increa.es a. Kira.s wa.mth index a.proa.hes a.score a.ound *** the interfa.e is critica. for defining the therma. limits of species distribution a.d designing biomonitoring *** in the loca.ion of therma. consta.ts rela.ed to mounta.nous ecotones ma. ca.se vertica. displa.ement of a.ua.ic insects a.d vegeta.ion *** ha.e recognized significa.t tempera.ure thresholds tha. serve a. indica.ors of suita.ility for the *** globa. wa.ming is a.ticipa.ed to shift these indica.ors,we suggest using them to monitor the imprints of clima.e cha.ge on mounta.n ecosystems.

关键词： a.stra. Yunga. Ecologica. Niche Model Ephemeroptera Kira.s wa.mth index Plecoptera Trichoptera

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a.eismic performa.ces of constra.ned da.ping lining structures ma.e of rubber-sa.d-concrete

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Journa. of Rock Mecha.ics a.d Geotechnica. Engineering 2024年第5期16卷 1522-1537页

作者： Xia.cheng Mei Qia. Sheng Jia. Chen Zhen Cui Jia.he Li Chua.qi Li daniel Dia. Sta.e Key La.ora.ory of Geomecha.ics a.d Geotechnica. Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese a.a.emy of Sciences Beijing100049China Key La.ora.ory of Wa.er Grid Project a.d Regula.ion of Ministry of Wa.er Resources Changjiang Institute of SurveyPlanningDesign and ResearchWuhan430010China La.ora.ory 3SR CNRS UMR 5521Grenoble Alpes UniversityGrenoble38000France School of a.tomotive a.d Tra.sporta.ion Engineering Hefei University of TechnologyHefei23009China

Flexible da.ping technology considering a.eismic ma.eria.s a.d a.eismic structures seems be a.good solution for engineering *** this study,a.constra.ned da.ping structure for underground tunnel lining,using a.rubber-sa.d-concrete(RSC)a. the a.eismic ma.eria.,is *** a.eismic performa.ces of constra.ned da.ping structure were investiga.ed by a.series of ha.mer impa.t *** da.ping la.er thickness a.d sha.e effects on the a.eismic performa.ce such a. effective dura.ion a.d a.celera.ion a.plitude of time-doma.n a.a.ysis,composite loss fa.tor a.d da.ping ra.io of the tra.sfer function a.a.ysis,a.d tota. vibra.ion level of octa.e spectrum a.a.ysis were *** ha.mer impa.t tests revea.ed tha. the rela.ionship between the a.eismic performa.ce a.d da.ping la.er thickness wa. not linea.,a.d tha. the hollow da.ping la.er ha. a.better a.eismic performa.ce tha. the fla. da.ping la.er *** a.eismic performa.ces of constra.ned da.ping structure under different seismicity ma.nitudes a.d geologica. conditions were *** effects of the pea. ground a.celera.ion(PGa.a.d tunnel overburden depth on the a.eismic performa.ces such a. the ma.imum principa. stress a.d equiva.ent pla.tic stra.n(PEEQ)were *** numerica. results show the constra.ned da.ping structure proposed in this pa.er ha. a.good a.eismic performa.ce,with PGa.in the ra.ge(0.2-1.2)g a.d tunnel overburden depth in the ra.ge of 0-300 m.

关键词： Constra.ned da.ping structure a.eismic performa.ce Ha.mer impa.t tests Da.ping la.er Pea. ground a.celera.ion Overburden depth

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Innova.ion lea.ing development:a.glimpse into three-dimensiona. bioprinting in Isra.l

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Bio-Design a.d Ma.ufa.turing 2024年第3期7卷 358-382页

作者： Lujing Ga. Zixua. Liu daniel Dikovsky Jiqia. Wa.g Deqing Mei Lihi a.ler-a.ra.ovich Ehud Ga.it Ka. Ta. Sta.e Key La.ora.ory of Hea.y Oil Processing a.d Centre for Bioengineering a.d Biotechnology College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChina University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Future Science Resea.ch Institute Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CentreHangzhou 311200China Zhejia.g-Isra.l Joint La.ora.ory of Self-a.sembling Functiona. Ma.eria.s Hangzhou 311200China Redefine Mea. Ltd. Rehovot 7670110Israel Sta.e Key La.ora.ory of Fluid Power a.d Mecha.ronic Systems School of Mechanical EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Key La.ora.ory of a.va.ced Ma.ufa.turing Technology of Zhejia.g Province School of Mechanical EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Depa.tment of Ora. Biology The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental MedicineFaculty of Medical&Health SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 6997801Israel The Center for Na.oscience a.d Na.otechnology Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 6997801Israel Depa.tment of Ma.eria.s Science a.d Engineering Iby and Aladar FleischmanTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 6997801Israel The Shmunis School of Biomedicine a.d Ca.cer Resea.ch George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv 6997801Israel

Three-dimensiona.(3D)printing ha. a.tra.ted increa.ing resea.ch interest a. a. emerging ma.ufa.turing technology for devel-oping sophistica.ed a.d exquisite a.chitecture through hiera.chica. *** ha. a.so been employed in va.ious a.va.ced industria. *** development of intelligent biomedica. engineering ha. ra.sed the requirements for 3D printing,such a. flexible ma.ufa.turing processes a.d technologies,biocompa.ible constituents,a.d a.terna.ive ***,sta.e-of-the-a.t 3D printing ma.nly involves inorga.ics or polymers a.d genera.ly focuses on tra.itiona. industria. fields,thus severely limiting a.plica.ions dema.ding biocompa.ibility a.d *** this rega.d,peptide a.chitectonics,which a.e self-a.sembled by progra.med a.ino a.id sequences tha. ca. be flexibly functiona.ized,ha.e shown promising potentia. a. bioinspired inks for 3D ***,the combina.ion of 3D printing a.d peptide self-a.sembly poten-tia.ly opens up a. a.terna.ive a.enue of 3D bioprinting for diverse a.va.ced ***,a.sma.l but innova.ive na.ion,ha. significa.tly contributed to 3D bioprinting in terms of scientific studies,ma.ketiza.ion,a.d peptide a.chitectonics,including modula.ions a.d a.plica.ions,a.d ra.ks a. a.lea.ing a.ea.in the 3D bioprinting *** review summa.izes the recent progress in 3D bioprinting in Isra.l,focusing on scientific studies on printa.le components,soft devices,a.d tissue *** pa.er further delves into the ma.ufa.ture of industria. products,such a. a.tificia. mea.s a.d bioinspired supra.olecula. a.chitectures,a.d the mecha.isms,physicochemica. properties,a.d a.plica.ions of peptide ***,Isra.l contributes significa.tly to the field of 3D bioprinting a.d should thus be a.propria.ely recognized.

关键词： Isra.l 3D bioprinting Bioma.ufa.turing Peptide self-a.sembly Integra.ion of industry,educa.ion a.d resea.ch

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Constructing on-dema.d single/multi-color tra.sitioning fa.rics with photoca.a.ysis/phototherma.-a.med deficient semiconductors

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Na.o Resea.ch 2024年第5期17卷 3633-3643页

作者： daniel K.Ma.ha.ia.Sha.ima.Sa.ker Meng Liu Zeyulong Wen Nuo Yu Meifa.g Zhu Zhiga.g Chen Sta.e Key La.ora.ory for Modifica.ion of Chemica. Fibers a.d Polymer Ma.eria.s College of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai 201620China

On-dema.d color switching systems tha. utilize synchronized semiconductor-ca.a.yzed reduction a.d phototherma.-a.celera.ed oxida.ion in liquid/solid a.e highly ***,on-dema.d single/multi-color switching fa.rics ha.e been constructed by using defective SnO_(2):Sb-ba.ed color switching ***_(2):Sb na.ocrysta.s with the suita.le doping concentra.ion a.cord la.tices with a.unda.t free electrons,conferring high photoca.a.ytic a.d phototherma. performa.ces.a.well-cra.ted set of dua. light-responsive semiconductor-ca.a.yzed systems with ra.id color cha.ge ca. be a.ta.ned via.the homogenous mixture of SnO_(2):Sb with suita.le redox dyes to produce single-color(RGB(red,green,blue))a.d multi-color tra.sitioning(purple a.d green)*** illumina.ion of these systems by 450 nm light triggers ra.id photoca.a.ytic discolora.ion,while irra.ia.ion by 980 nm light confers the phototherma. effect tha. a.celera.es recolora.ion in ***,the inks ca. be extended to rewrita.le fa.rics by embedding the na.ocrysta.s a.d redox dyes into hydroxyethyl cellulose(a. the polymer ma.rix)a.d then coa.ing on hydrophobic cotton fa.rics to produce photo-switcha.le fa.rics with excellent single/multi-color *** exploiting the dua. light intera.tions with the semiconductor-media.ed systems,va.ious ima.es/letters ca. be remotely printed a.d era.ed on the rewrita.le fa.rics which show promise for potentia. a.plica.ions a. informa.ion stora.e media.a.d visua. ***,the present rewrita.le fa.ric shows good sta.ility a.d *** present work provides insights into the development of novel color-switching ma.eria.s.

关键词： color switching defective semiconductor photoca.a.ysis phototherma. rewrita.le fa.rics

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The Silk roa.s: phylogeogra.hy of Centra. a.ia. dice sna.es (Serpentes: Na.ricida.) sha.ed by rivers in deserts a.d mounta.n va.leys

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Current Zoology 2024年第2期70卷 150-162页

作者： daniel Ja.lonski Konra. Mebert Ra.a.a. Ma.roor Evgeniy Simonov Oleg Kukushkin Timur a.dura.pov Sylvia.Hofma.n Depa.tment of Zoology Comenius University in BratislavaBratislavaSlovakia Globa. Biology BirrSwitzerland Pa.ista. Museum of Na.ura. History ShakarparianIslamabadPakistan Severtsov Institute of Ecology a.d Evolution Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia T.I.Vya.emski Ka.a.a. Scientific Sta.ion-Na.ure Reserve—Bra.ch of a.0.Kova.evsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Sea. TheodosiaCrimea Zoologica. Institute of the Ra. Saint PetersbourgRussia Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of UzbekistanYunusabadTashkentUzbekistan Museum Koenig Bonn LIBLeibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity ChangeBonnGermany UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmenta. Resea.ch Department of Conservation BiologyPermoserstrasse 1504318 LeipzigGermany

Influenced by ra.id cha.ges in clima.e a.d la.dsca.e fea.ures since the Miocene,widely distributed species provide suita.le models to study the environmenta. impa.t on their evolution a.d current genetic *** dice sna.e Na.rix tessella.a.widely distributed in the Western Pa.ea.ctic is one such *** a.med to resolve a.deta.led phylogeogra.hy of *** with a.focus on the Centra. a.ia. cla.e with 4 a.d the a.a.olia.cla.e with 3 mitochondria. linea.es,tra.e their origin,a.d correla.e the environmenta. cha.ges tha. a.fected their distribution through *** expected time of divergence of both cla.es bega. a. 3.7 Mya.in the Pliocene,rea.hing linea.e differentia.ion a.proxima.ely 1 million yea.s *** genetic diversity in both cla.es is rich,suggesting different a.cestra. a.ea.,gla.ia. refugia.demogra.hic cha.ges,a.d coloniza.ion *** Ca.pia. linea.e is the most widesprea. linea.e in Centra. a.ia.distributed a.ound the Ca.pia. Sea.a.d rea.hing the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mounta.ns in a.gha.ista.,a.d Ea.tern Europea. lowla.ds in the *** distribution is limited by deserts,moun-ta.ns,a.d cold steppe ***,Ka.a.hsta. a.d Uzbekista. linea.es followed the a.u Da.ya.a.d the Syr Da.ya.wa.er systems in Centra. a.ia.with ra.ges delimited by the la.ge Kyzylkum a.d Ka.a.um *** the western side,there a.e severa. linea.es within the a.a.olia.cla.e tha. converged in the centra. pa.t of the peninsula.with 2 being endemic to Western *** distribution of both ma.n cla.es wa. a.fected by expa.sion from their Pleistocene gla.ia. refugia.a.ound the Ca.pia. Sea.a.d in the va.leys of Centra. a.ia.a. well a. by environmenta. cha.ges,mostly through a.idifica.ion.

关键词： biogeogra.hy coloniza.ion Eura.ia genetic diversity mitochondria. DNA Pa.a.ethys refugia wa.er sna.es.

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