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Osteoporosis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment

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Open Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第4期12卷 153-182页

作者： Manoj Chadha Ram Chaddha Hema divakar Hemant Kalyan Shobhit Seth Poonam Shah department of Endocrinology P.D. Hinduja Hospital Mumbai India department of Orthopedics Lilavati Hospital Mumbai India department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Divakars Specialty Hospital Mumbai India department of Orthopedics Manipal Hospital Bangalore India department of Medical Affairs Integrace Pvt. Ltd Mumbai India

Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health disease. Increasing life span will add to the burden of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. The lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30% to 40%. Fractures pose an extensive burden on healthcare resources. Therefore, early diagnosis of osteoporosis is necessary. Methods: In this review, we provide a comprehensive approach to the current epidemiology, diagnosis aspects, treatments and fracture management in relation to the osteoporosis. Results: In assessing osteoporotic patients, good medical history with identification of clinical risk factors should be done. Along with basic blood investigations, bone mineral density, vertebral imaging, and bone turnover markers can aid the accurate diagnosis of bone loss. Modification of risk factors and dietary interventions are the first step in managing osteoporosis. Multiple options can be tailored to the individual needs in the treatment of osteoporosis. The frequency and duration for which the treatment is continued depend on the individual response to treatment. For fractures, surgical management is necessary whereas pharmacological interventions are needed to prevent further fractures. As osteoporosis often goes unrecognized until one or more fractures occur, it is important to understand the impact of osteoporosis. Conclusion: Osteoporosis remains a significant health problem globally that needs immediate attention to improve bone quality and prevent fractures associated with it optimally.

关键词： Osteoporosis Bone Loss Vertebral Fractures Vitamin d

Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize familyand genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi

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Fungal diversity 2017年第3期84卷 101-117页

作者： Pradeep K.divakar Ana Crespo Ekaphan Kraichak Steven d.Leavitt Garima Singh Imke Schmitt H.Thorsten Lumbsch departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain department of Botany Faculty of ScienceKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand department of Biology and M.L.Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young University4102 Life Science BuildingProvoUT 84602USA department of Biological Sciences Institute of EcologyEvolution and DiversityGoethe Universitat and Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre(BiK-F)Frankfurt am MainGermany Science&Education The Field MuseumChicagoILUSA

Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among *** circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been *** this study,we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses timecalibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent,stable classification.A data set of 330 species,representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal *** on the results of this study,we propose a revised,temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae,including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for *** of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current *** subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae:Protoparmelioideae divakar et ***.,including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina,and Parmelioideae,including the bulk of genera in the *** new genus Austromelanelixia divakar et *** proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in *** and tentatively dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from *** following genera are reduced to synonymy:Allocetraria,Cetrariella,Usnocetraria,and Vulpicida with Cetraria;Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,Flavocetraria,Kaernefeltia,Masonhalea,Tuckermanella,and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis;and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea,respectively.A total of 47 new combinations and

关键词： Ascomycota Gypsoplacaceae Lecanorales Lichenized fungi Parmeliaceae Phylogeny Protoparmelia Taxonomy Taxonomicranks

development of amorphous dispersions of artemether with hydrophilic polymers via spray drying: Physicochemical and in silico studies

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016年第3期11卷 385-395页

作者： Jaywant N.Pawar Rahul T.Shete Avinash B.Gangurde Kailas K.Moravkar Sharadchandra d.Javeer divakar R.Jaiswar Purnima d.Amin department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg

Artemether(ARM) is a poorly water soluble and poorly permeable drug effective against acute and severe falciparum malaria, hence there is a strong need to improve its solubility. The objective of the study was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of ARM by preparation of solid dispersions using spray-drying technique. Solid dispersions of ARM were prepared with Soluplus, Kollidon VA 64, HPMC and Eudragit EPO at weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2,1:3 using spray drying technology, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry(dSC), and X-ray powder diffraction(XRd) to identify the physicochemical interaction between drug and carrier, as well as effect on *** prepared solid dispersion of ARM with polymers showed reduced crystallinity as compared to neat ARM, which was confirmed by dSC and XRd. drug/polymer interactions were studied in-silico by docking and molecular dynamics which indicated formation of van der Waals type of interactions of ARM with the polymers. Based on solubility studies, the optimum drug/Soluplus ratio was found to be 1:3. The dissolution studies of formulation Sd3 showed highest drug release up to 82% compared to neat ARM giving only 20% at 60 minutes. The spray-dried products were free of crystalline ARM; possessed higher dissolution rates, and were stable over a period according to ICH guidelines. These findings suggest that an amorphous solid dispersion of ARM could be a viable option for enhancing the dissolution rate of ARM.

关键词： Artemether Spray drying Solid dispersion In silico study docking ARM artemether Sds solid dispersions

Phylogenomic analysis of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes resolves most evolutionary relationships for the major clades in the most diverse group of lichen-forming fungi

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Fungal diversity 2018年第5期92卷 31-41页

作者： david Pizarro Pradeep K.divakar Felix Grewe Steven d.Leavitt Jen-Pan Huang Francesco dal Grande Imke Schmitt Mats Wedin Ana Crespo H.Thorsten Lumbsch departamento de Farmacologı́a Farmacognosia y BotánicaFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain Science&Education The Field Museum1400 S.Lake Shore DriveChicagoILUSA department of Biology and M.L.Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young UniversityLife Science Building 4102ProvoUT 84602USA Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre(SBiK-F) Senckenberganlage 2560325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Institute of Ecology Evolution and DiversityGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainMax-von-Laue-Str.960438 Frankfurt am MainGermany department of Botany Swedish Museum of Natural HistoryPO Box 5000710405 StockholmSweden

Phylogenomic datasets continue to enhance our understanding of evolutionary relationships in many lineages of ***,genome-scale data have not been widely implemented in reconstructing relationships in lichenized *** we generate a data set comprised of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes to reconstruct previously unresolved rela-tionships in the most diverse family of lichen-forming fungi,*** sampling included 51 taxa,mainly from the subfamily Parmelioideae,and represented six of the seven previously identified major clades within the *** results provided strong support for the monophyly of each of these major clades and most backbone relationships in the topology were recovered with high nodal support based on concatenated dataset and species tree *** alectorioid clade was strongly supported as sister-group to all remaining clades,which were divided into two major *** the first major clade the anzioid and usneoid clades formed a strongly supported sister-group relationship with the cetrarioid?hypogymnioid *** sister-group relationship of Evernia with the cetrarioid clade was also strongly supported,whereas that between the anzioid and usneoid clades needs further *** the second major clade Oropogon and Platismatia were sister to the parmelioid group,while the position of Omphalora was not fully *** study demonstrates the power of genome-scale data sets to resolve long-standing,ambiguous phylogenetic rela-tionships of lichen-forming ***,the topology inferred in this study will provide a valuable framework for better understanding diversification in the most diverse lineage of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.

关键词： Fungi Lecanorales Lichenized fungi Parmeliaceae Parmelioideae Phylogeny Systematics

Towards a revised generic classification of lecanoroid lichens(Lecanoraceae,Ascomycota)based on molecular,morphological and chemical evidence

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Fungal diversity 2016年第3期78卷 293-304页

作者： Xin Zhao Steven d.Leavitt Zun Tian Zhao Lu Lu Zhang Ulf Arup Martin Grube Sergio Pérez-Ortega Christian Printzen LucynaŚliwa Ekaphan Kraichak Pradeep K.divakar Ana Crespo H.Thorsten Lumbsch College of Life Sciences Shandong Normal UniversityJinan 250014People’s Republic of China Science&Education The Field MuseumChicagoILUSA Biological Museum Lund UniversityBox 117SE-22100 LundSweden Institute of Plant Sciences Karl-Franzens-University GrazHolteigasse 68010 GrazAustria departamento Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesMadridSpain Present address:Real Jardín Botánico Plaza de Murillo 228014 MadridSpain department of Botany and Molecular Evolution Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtSenckenberganlage 25D-60325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Laboratory of Lichenology W.Szafer Institute of BotanyPolish Academy of SciencesLubicz 4631–512 KrakówPoland department of Botany Faculty of ScienceKasetsart University10900 BangkokThailand departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040 MadridSpain

Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 *** genus Lecanora as currently circumscribed is shown to be highly polyphyletic and several genera,including Adelolecia,Arctopeltis,Bryonora,Carbonea,Frutidella,Lecidella,Miriquidica,Palicella,Protoparmeliopsis,Pyrrhospora,and Rhizoplaca are nested within Lecanora sensu lato.A core group of Lecanora is supported as monophyletic and includes species of the ***,***,and *** groups,and a core group of the *** *** monophyletic clades that are well supported in our analyses and well characterized by phenotypical characters are accepted here:1)Myriolecis to accommodate the Lecanora dispersa group and Arctopeltis;2)Protoparmeliopsis for the *** group;and 3)Rhizoplaca is emended to include three placodioid taxa previously classified in Lecanora(***,***),whereas *** and *** are excluded from *** latter is transferred into *** is strongly supported as a monophyletic *** studies indicate the presence of additional clades of species currently placed in Lecanora sensu lato that warrant taxonomic recognition but additional data will be necessary before the circumscription of these entities is fully understood.37 new combinations are proposed into the genera Myriolecis(30),Protoparmeliopsis(2),and Rhizoplaca(5).

关键词： Arctopeltis Classification Generic concept Lecanora Lichenized fungi Myriolecis Rhizoplaca Protoparmeliopsis Rhizoplaca Taxonomy

Zebrafish Wnt9b Patterns the First Pharyngeal Arch into d-I-V domains and Promotes Anterior-Medial Outgrowth

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American Journal of Molecular Biology 2015年第3期5卷 57-83页

作者： Henry Wells Jackson divakar Prakash Mark Litaker Tracie Ferreira Peter A. Jezewski department of Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA University of Alabama at Birmingham School of dentistry Institute of Oral Health Research Birmingham USA department of Clinical and Community Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Birmingham USA department of Bioengineering University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Dartmouth MA USA department of Pediatric dentistry University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry Birmingham AL USA

disrupted morphogenesis and growth of the embryonic maxillary jaw lead to oral facial clefting in humans (OFC) and result in an incompletely formed secondary mouth and face. A requirement for Wnt signaling and Wnt9b in particular are postulated in the etiology of OFC from association studies in humans and from animal models. Loss of murine Wnt9b leads to reduced upper jaw (maxillary) outgrowth and OFC, though the signaling architecture leading to this phenotype is poorly understood. Previous murine Wnt9b studies largely overlooked cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) patterning events and instead focused on later events during fusion of facial prominences. Using zebrafish and a morpholino-mediated knockdown approach, we demonstrate functional requirements for Wnt9b signaling during two crucial stages of facial development: 1) CNCC patterning into dorsal-Intermediate-Ventral (d-I-V) domains;and 2) facial outgrowth during the primary to secondary mouth transition (PM to SM). Zebrafish embryos deficient for Wnt9b (Wnt9b morphants) exhibit an open bite with fused jaw joints as well as a flat face. Open bite and jaw joint fusion in Wnt9b morphants phenocopies characteristics of edn1 pathway is mutant zebrafish with disrupted d-I-V patterning of CNCC. Expression studies show Wnt9b morphants exhibit perturbed expression of edn1 signaling targets including dlx2a, jag1b, and msxe, consistent with disrupted CNCC patterning. Wnt9b morphant upper jaws have stunted outgrowth reminiscent of murine Wnt9b mutants and Wnt9b morphant skulls phenocopy the broad class of foreshortened skull zebrafish mutants known as hammerheads. Wnt9b morphants show upregulated expression of pitx2a after the opening of the primary mouth and disrupted expression of Wnt5b which is consistent with disrupted chondrocyte stacking. Strong upregulation of dorsal mesodermal frzb expression in the prechordal plate of Wnt9b morphants suggests a role for Wnt9b in primary mouth induction or maintenance. Collectively

关键词： Cleft Morphogenesis Patterning Cranial Neural Crest Cell Pharyngeal Arch Primary/Secondary Mouth

In Vitro Anticancer Assessment of Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten &Maas Stem (Annonaceae) Bark from democratic Republic of Congo

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2016年第4期4卷 23-29页

作者： damien S. Tshibangu Selvaraj divakar Muthiah Ramanathan Govindarajan Syamala Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Jean Chrysostome V. Mudogo dinangayi d. Tshilanda Nicole M. Misengabu Pius T. Mpiana department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo department of Pharmacology PSG College of Pharmacy Coimbatore India Molecular Biology Unit Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo department of Biology Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo

In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer property of five bark extracts and the isolates from chloroform and ethyl acetate of Annickia chlorantha by the tetrazolium salt method (MTT method). The anti-cancer activity was performed on human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Results indicated that the two isolates displayed interesting cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cell lines with CC50 of 3.84 CC50/mL and 4.87 CC50/mL for chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively;while the total bark extracts showed CC50 of 24.33 CC50/mL, 36.49 CC50/ mL and 73.52 CC50/mL for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively. By the other hand on PC-3, the CC50 of the isolates were higher than the one on MCF-7, more than 10 CC50/mL for both chloroform and ethyl acetate isolates and 49.14 CC50/mL, 77.33 CC50/mL, 89.38 CC50/mL and 92.37 CC50/mL, respectively for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble extracts. From this study, we identified that the two isolates had anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 cell lines.

关键词： Annickia chlorantha Cancer MCF-7 Cell Lines PC-3 Cell Lines Anti-Proliferative Compounds