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Advances in ground heat exchangers for space heating and cooling:Review and perspectives

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Energy and Built Environment 2024年第2期5卷 255-269页

作者： Ping Cui Weibo Yang Wenke Zhang Ke zhu Jeffrey d.Spitler Mingzhi Yu School of Thermal Engineering Shandong Jianzhu UniversityJinanShandong 250101China College of Electrical Energy and Power EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu 225127China department of Mechanical Engineering Oklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA

As a renewable energy source,geothermal energy has been widely used to provide space heating and cooling for *** thermal performance of ground heat exchanger(GHE)is significant for the operating efficiency of the ground source heat pump(GSHP)*** paper presents a comprehensive review of developments and advances of three kinds of GHE,including vertical borehole GHE(VBGHE),Pile GHE(PGHE),and deep borehole GHE(dBGHE)which are currently popular in larger GSHP ***,analytical models proposed to ana-lyze heat transfer process of VBGHE with different geological conditions are summarized,such as homogenous or heterogeneous ground,with or without groundwater *** and short-time step models and measures to improve GHE thermal performance are also ***,a summary of research advances in PGHE is provided,which includes the heat transfer models of PGHE,the effects of geometric structure,oper-ation modes,pile spacing,use of phase change material(PCM),thermal properties of PCM,thermo-mechanical behavior and/or thermal performance of *** effects of groundwater flow direction and velocity on PGHE are also summarized in ***,models of three kinds of dBGHEs,i.e.,deep coaxial GHE(dCGHE),deep U-bend GHE(dUGHE)and super-long gravity heat pipe(SLGHP),are *** physical bases of the dif-ferent analytical models are elaborated and also their advantages and disadvantages are *** in numerical modelling and improving numerical model calculation speed of dCBHE,dCBHE array,and dUBHE are *** review provides a meaningful reference for the further study of GHEs.

关键词： Vertical borehole ground heat exchanger Pile ground heat exchanger deep borehole ground heat exchanger Modelling

Risk factors for long COVId in children and adolescents:a systematic review and meta-analysis

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第2期20卷 133-142页

作者： daniel G.Rayner Elaine Wang Cloris Su Om d.Patel Stephanie Aleluya Alessandra Giglia Evelyn zhu Maha Siddique department of Health Research Methods Evidenceand ImpactFaculty of Health SciencesMcMaster University1280 Main St WHamiltonONL8S 4K1Canada Faculty of Health Sciences McMaster University1280 Main St WHamiltonON L8S 4K1Canada Faculty of Science McMaster University1280 Main St WHamiltonONL8S 4K1Canada

Background The long-term sequelae of COVId-19 in children and adolescents remain poorly understood and *** systematic review and meta-analysis sought to summarize the risk factors for long COVId in the pediatric *** We searched six databases from January 2020 to May 2023 for observational studies reporting on risk factors for long COVId or persistent symptoms those were present 12 or more weeks post-infection using multivariable regression *** registries,reference lists of included studies,and preprint servers were hand-searched for relevant ***-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool odds ratios for each risk *** study risk of bias was rated using QUIPS,and the GRAdE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each unique *** Sixteen observational studies(N=46,262)were included,and 19 risk factors were amenable to *** moderate certainty in the evidence,age(per 2-year increase),allergic rhinitis,obesity,previous respiratory diseases,hospitalization,severe acute COVId-19,and symptomatic acute COVId-19 are probably associated with an increased risk of long *** sex,asthma,comorbidity,and heart diseases may be associated with an increased risk of long COVId,and Asian and Black races may be associated with a decreased risk of long *** did not observe any credible subgroup effects for any risk *** The current body of literature presents several compelling risk factors for the development of long COVId in the pediatric *** research is necessary to elucidate the pathophysiology of long COVId.

关键词： COVId-19 Long COVId Post-acute COVId-19 syndrome Pediatrics Risk factors

Geothermal extraction performance in fractured granite from Gonghe Basin,Qinghai province,China:Long-term injection and production experiment

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin

Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2024年第2期3卷 111-123页

作者： Haiyan zhu Shijie Chen Qiang Fu Peng Zhao John d.McLennan State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059SichuanChina College of Energy Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059SichuanChina CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing100028China State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059China department of Chemical Engineering University of UtahSalt Lake CityUT84105United States

The efficient exploitation of geothermal energy through enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)has been a relevant topic for hot dry rock(HdR)geothermal *** cryogenic fluid is injected into a thermal reservoir,improving heat exchange efficiency is key to achieving the optimal exploitation of *** this paper,granite outcrops from Gonghe Basin were used as the testing *** natural fractures in the granite samples were relatively well *** simulate long-term injection and production from multi-wells in situ,physical ex-periments were performed in a newly-developed,in-house large-scale true triaxial experimental *** extraction performance of an HdR was simulated for long-term injection and production ***,the mode of one-injection and multiple-production wells was *** the paper,the ef-fects of the production-injection well spacing,the number of production wells and the injection rate on the production temperature and flow rate are *** results show that,during long-term injection and pro-duction,there are two stages of production temperature variation,namely stabilization and *** the number of the production wells is increased,the heat extraction efficiency is ***,competitive diversion of fluid among fractures occurred due to different ***,under different pro-duction modes,the production flow rate contributed differently to the heat ***,the effect of the production-injection wells spacing on the heat exchange performance was analyzed;this is mainly reflected in the change of the effective heat exchange area between the rock and the injected *** results emphasize the importance of designing an appropriate production mode and optimizing the injection-production parameters to ensure efficient HdR exploitation.

关键词： Enhanced geothermal system(EGS) Long-term injection and production experiment One-injection and multiple-productions mode Large-scale physical simulation experiment Heat extraction performance

Highly Active Interfacial Sites in SFT-SnO_(2) Heterojunction Electrolyte for Enhanced Fuel Cell Performance via Engineered Energy Bands:Envisioned Theoretically and Experimentally

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第3期7卷 384-397页

作者： Sajid Rauf Muhammad Bilal Hanif Faiz Wali Zuhra Tayyab Bin zhu Naveed Mushtaq Yatao Yang Kashif Khan Peter d.Lund Martin Motola Wei Xu College of Electronic and Information Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Radio frequency Heterogeneous Integration Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in BratislavaIlkovicova 684215BratislavaSlovakia College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Energy and Environment Southeast UniversityNo.2 Si Pai LouNanjing 210096China School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China New Energy Technologies Group Department of Applied PhysicsAalto University School of ScienceP.O.Box 15100Fl-00076AaltoEspoo Finland

Extending the ionic conductivity is the pre-requisite of electrolytes in fuel cell technology for high-electrochemical *** this regard,the introduction of semiconductor-oxide materials and the approach of heterostructure formation by modulating energy bands to enhance ionic conduction acting as an electrolyte in fuel ***(n-type;SnO_(2))plays a key role by introducing into p-type SrFe_(0.2)Ti_(0.8)O_(3-δ)(SFT)semiconductor perovskite materials to construct p-n heterojunction for high ionic ***,two different composites of SFT and SnO_(2)are constructed by gluing p-and n-type SFT-SnO_(2),where the optimal composition of SFT-SnO_(2)(6∶4)heterostructure electrolyte-based fuel cell achieved excellent ionic conductivity 0.24 S cm^(-1)with power-output of 1004 mW cm^(-2)and high OCV 1.12 V at a low operational temperature of 500℃.The high power-output and significant ionic conductivity with durable operation of 54 h are accredited to SFT-SnO_(2)heterojunction formation including interfacial conduction assisted by a built-in electric field in fuel cell ***,the fuel conversion efficiency and considerable Faradaic efficiency reveal the compatibility of SFT-SnO_(2)heterostructure electrolyte and ruled-out short-circuiting ***,the first principle calculation provides sufficient information on structure optimization and energy-band structure modulation of SFT-SnO_(2).This strategy will provide new insight into semiconductor-based fuel cell technology to design novel electrolytes.

关键词： high ionic conductivity interfacial conduction modulated energy band structure p-n heterojunction semiconductors

Enhancing photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction with TiO_(2)-based materials:Strategies,mechanisms,challenges,and perspectives

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2024年第4期20卷 18-33页

作者： Zhimin Yuan Xianglin zhu Xianqiang Gao Changhua An Zheng Wang Cheng Zuo dionysios d.dionysiou Hong He Zaiyong Jiang School of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering Weifang UniversityWeifang261061PR China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085PR China Institute for Energy Research School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013PR China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin300384PR China Environmental Engineering and Science Program Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering(DChEE)University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOH45221-0012USA College of Forestry Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian271018PR China

The concentration of atmospheric CO_(2)has exceeded 400 ppm,surpassing its natural variability and raising concerns about uncontrollable shifts in the carbon cycle,leading to significant climate and environmental impacts.A promising method to balance carbon levels and mitigate atmospheric CO_(2)rise is through photocatalytic CO_(2)*** dioxide(TiO_(2)),renowned for its affordability,stability,availability,and eco-friendliness,stands out as an exemplary catalyst in photocatalytic CO_(2)*** strategies have been proposed to modify TiO_(2)for photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction and improve catalytic activity and product ***,few studies have systematically summarized these strategies and analyzed their advantages,disadvantages,and current ***,we comprehensively review recent advancements in TiO_(2)engineering,focusing on crystal engineering,interface design,and reactive site construction to enhance photocatalytic efficiency and product *** discuss how modifications in TiO_(2)'s optical characteristics,carrier migration,and active site design have led to varied and selective CO_(2)reduction *** enhancements are thoroughly analyzed through experimental data and theoretical ***,we identify current challenges and suggest future research directions,emphasizing the role of TiO_(2)-based materials in understanding photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction mechanisms and in designing effective *** review is expected to contribute to the global pursuit of carbon neutrality by providing foundational insights into the mechanisms of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction with TiO_(2)-based materials and guiding the development of efficient photocatalysts.

关键词： summarized dioxide neutral

Stress-strain relationship for reactive powder concrete with recycled powder under uniaxial compression

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2024年第7期18卷 1015-1027页

作者： Peng zhu Yunming zhu Wenjun QU Liyu XIE College of Civil Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures of Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

The recycled powder(RP)from construction wastes can be used to partially replace cement in the preparation of reactive powder *** this paper,reactive powder concrete mixtures with RP partially replacing cement,and natural sand instead of quartz,are *** curing is used,instead of steam curing that is normally requested by standard for reactive powder *** influences of RP replacement ratio(0%,10%,20%,30%),silica fume proportion(10%,15%,20%),and steel fiber proportion(0%,1%,2%)are *** effects of RP,silica fume,and steel fiber proportion on compressive strength,elastic modulus,and relative absorption energy are analyzed,and theoretical models for compressive strength,elastic modulus,and relative absorption energy are established.A constitutive model for the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relationship of reactive powder concrete with RP is *** the increase of RP replacement ratio from 0% to 30%,the compressive strength decreases by 42% and elastic modulus decreases by 24%.

关键词： recycled powder reactive powder concrete elastic modulus relative absorbed energy stress-strain relationship

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to C_(2)H_(4): From lab to fab

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第3期90卷 540-564,I0012页

作者： Zeyu Guo Fabao Yang Xiaotong Li Huiwen zhu Hainam do Kam Loon Fow Jonathan d.Hirst Tao Wu Qiulin Ye Yaqi Peng Hao Bin Wu Angjian Wu Mengxia Xu department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and New Materials InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100ZhejiangChina Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100ZhejiangChina Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo 315100ZhejiangChina State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Department of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027ZhejiangChina Institute for Composites Science Innovation(InCSI)and State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027ZhejiangChina School of Chemistry University of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottingham NG72RDUK Baima Lake Laboratory Hangzhou 310053ZhejiangChina

The global concerns of energy crisis and climate change,primarily caused by carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),are of utmost ***,the electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) to high value-added multi-carbon(C_(2+)) products driven by renewable electricity has emerged as a highly promising solution to alleviate energy shortages and achieve carbon *** these C_(2+) products,ethylene(C_(2)H_(4))holds particular importance in the petrochemical ***,this review aims to establish a connection between the fundamentals of electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction to ethylene(CO_(2)RRto-C_(2)H_(4)) in laboratory-scale research(lab) and its potential applications in industrial-level fabrication(fab).The review begins by summarizing the fundamental aspects,including the design strategies of high-performance Cu-based electrocatalysts and advanced electrolyzer ***,innovative and value-added techniques are presented to address the inherent challenges encountered during the implementations of CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) in industrial ***,case studies of the technoeconomic analysis of the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) process are discussed,taking into factors such as costeffectiveness,scalability,and market *** review concludes by outlining the perspectives and challenges associated with scaling up the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) *** insights presented in this review are expected to make a valuable contribution in advancing the CO_(2)RR-to-C_(2)H_(4) process from lab to fab.

关键词： CO_(2) electroreduction reaction Ethylene Gas diffusion electrode Machine learning density functional theory Techno-economic analysis

Phase separation and domain crystallinity control enable open-air-printable highly efficient and sustainable organic photovoltaics

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InfoMat 2024年第3期6卷 131-143页

作者： Jie Lv Xiaokang Sun Hua Tang Fei Wang Guangye Zhang Liangxiang zhu Jiaming Huang Qianguang Yang Shirong Lu Gang Li Frédéric Laquai Hanlin Hu Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials Shenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenthe People's Republic of China Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenthe People's Republic of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Xiangtan UniversityXiangtanthe People's Republic of China KAUST Solar Center Physical Sciences and Engineering Division(PSE)Materials Science and Engineering Program(MSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia College of New Materials and New Energies Shenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhenthe People's Republic of China department of Electronic and Information Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong SARthe People's Republic of China department of Material Science and Technology Taizhou UniversityTaizhouthe People's Republic of China

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy production,offering advantages such as a low carbon footprint,short energy payback period,and compatibility with ***,the use of hazardous solvents continues to dominate the best-performing OSCs,mainly because of the challenges of controlling phase separation and domain crystallinity in *** this study,we combined the solvent vapor treatment of CS2 and thermal annealing to precisely control the phase separation and domain crystallinity in PM6:M-Cl and PM6:O-Cl systems processed with the eco-solvent *** method resulted in a maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.4%,which is among the highest values reported for sustainable binary ***,the fabrication techniques were transferred from spin coating in a nitrogen environment to blade printing in ambient air,retaining a PCE of 16.0%,showing its potential for high-throughput and scalable *** addition,a comparative analysis of OSCs processed with hazardous and green solvents was conducted to reveal the differences in phase *** work not only underscores the significance of sustainability in OSCs but also lays the groundwork for unlocking the full potential of open-air-printable sustainable OSCs for commercialization.

关键词： open-air printable organic solar cells sustainability

Electron beam lithography on nonplanar and irregular surfaces

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2024年第2期10卷 1-23页

作者： Chenxu zhu Huseyin Ekinci Aixi Pan Bo Cui Xiaoli zhu department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology(WIN) University of WaterlooWaterlooONCanada

E-beam lithography is a powerful tool for generating nanostructures and fabricating nanodevices with fine features approaching a few nanometers in ***,alternative approaches to conventional spin coating and development processes are required to optimize the lithography procedure on irregular *** this review,we summarize the state of the art in nanofabrication on irregular substrates using e-beam *** overcome these challenges,unconventional methods have been *** instance,polymeric and nonpolymeric materials can be sprayed or evaporated to form uniform layers of electron-sensitive materials on irregular ***,chemical bonds can be applied to help form polymer brushes or self-assembled monolayers on these *** addition,thermal oxides can serve as resists,as the etching rate in solution changes after e-beam ***,e-beam lithography tools can be combined with cryostages,evaporation systems,and metal deposition chambers for sample development and lift-off while maintaining low *** nanopyramids can be fabricated on an AFM tip by utilizing ice as a positive ***,Ti/Au caps can be patterned around a carbon ***,3d nanostructures can be formed on irregular surfaces by exposing layers of anisole on organic ice surfaces with a focused *** advances in e-beam lithography on irregular substrates,including uniform film coating,instrumentation improvement,and new pattern transferring method development,substantially extend its capabilities in the fabrication and application of nanoscale structures.

关键词： lithography beam coating