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Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

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World Journal of Diabetes 2016年第17期7卷 354-395页

作者： Juan Jose Marin-Penalver Iciar martin-Timon cristina Sevillano-Collantes Francisco Javier del Canizo-Gomez Section of Endocrinology Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense 28031 MadridSpain

To achieve good metabolic control in diabetes and keep long term, a combination of changes in lifestyle and pharmacological treatment is necessary. Achieving near-normal glycated hemoglobin significantly, decreases risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. At present there are different treatments, both oral and injectable, available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Treatment algorithms designed to reduce the development or progression of the complications of diabetes emphasizes the need for good glycaemic control. The aim of this review is to perform an update on the benefits and limitations of different drugs, both current and future, for the treatment of T2 DM. Initial intervention should focus on lifestyle changes. Moreover, changes in lifestyle have proven to be beneficial, but for many patients is a complication keep long term. Physicians should be familiar with the different types of existing drugs for the treatment of diabetes and select the most effective, safe and better tolerated by patients. Metformin remains the first choice of treatment for most patients. Other alternative or second-line treatment options should be individualized depending on the characteristics of each patient. This article reviews the treatments available for patients with T2 DM, with an emphasis on agents introduced within the last decade.

关键词： Type 2 diabetes mellitus Treatment Oral antidiabetic agents Injectable antidiabetic agents Older people Renal impairment Future treatments

CORRELATION BETWEEN CONVENTION-AL AUTOMATED PERIMETRY (24-2 SITA)AND FREQUENCY-DOUBLING TECHNOLO-GY IN ADVANCED GLAUCOMA

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国际眼科杂志 2003年第1期3卷 14-14页

作者： F.J.Munoz-Negrete J.gonzalez martin-Moro J.Lara G.Rebolleda Hospital Ramon Y Cajal and Alcala University Alcala SpainHospital Ramon Y CajalHospital Ramon Y CajalHospital Ramon Y Cajal

Purpose: To analyse the topographic concordance of conventional automated perimetry (24-2, SITA) and frequency doubling technology (FDT) in patients with advanced glaucoma. Methods: This prospective study included 22 consecutive patients with an advanced visual field damage in SITA (24-2) (more than 75% and less than 100% of points explored had 0 dB of threshold sensitivity). These eyes were examined with the program C-20

关键词：晚期青光眼常规自动视野检查二倍增频技术相关性

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工程师的培养

中国认证认可 2008年第10期 34-37页

作者：伊丽莎白·韦尔斯（Elisabeth Viles）克里斯汀娜·马丁（cristina martin）李伟（译）西班牙纳瓦拉大学TECNUN工程学院 TECNUN工程学院的工业工程博士生

统计学是解决工程问题的一种必备工具，但很多工程师直到开始职业生涯后才真正面对那些需要运用统计学方法的问题。也许是中学和大学的传统授课方式让他们在学习统计学时感到气馁，也许是教学材料中复杂的数学定理和虚构的练习题令人发... 详细信息

统计学是解决工程问题的一种必备工具，但很多工程师直到开始职业生涯后才真正面对那些需要运用统计学方法的问题。也许是中学和大学的传统授课方式让他们在学习统计学时感到气馁，也许是教学材料中复杂的数学定理和虚构的练习题令人发怵。我们建议，统计学教师在学生的实践活动中采用来源于真实项目的案例。

关键词：工程师统计学方法培养工程问题职业生涯授课方式数学定理教学材料

Letter from Editor-in-Cheief

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Plastic and Aesthetic Research 2018年第5期5卷 F0002-F0002页

作者： Raul gonzalez-Garcia Department of Oral a nd Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Infanta CristinaAvenida de Elvas s/n06080 BadajozSpain.

It is a great honor for me to be part of this scientific proj ect and now reality after several years of very hard and encouraging work, which is the Plastic and Aesthetic Research, an innovative journal focusing on plastic and aesthetic surgery, such as plastic and aesthetic materials, plastic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, head and neck surgery, microsurgery, laser treatment. orthopedic surgery, ophthalmoplasty, dentistry, psychology, social ethics, other medical disciplines associated with the postoperative complications of plastic surgery. After over 228 published articles from 2014, the journal is gaining more and more dissemination among scientific forums and medical databases, so that the ultimate advances in plastic and aesthetic surgery are more prone to be at the disposal of clinicians and researchers, in a fast publication process from the development of knowledge, and in a high scientific reputable peer review system which ensures the reliability of the published material.

关键词： surgery Research medical databases

Klotho in cardiovascular disease:Current and future perspectives

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World Journal of Biological Chemistry 2015年第4期6卷 351-357页

作者： Javier Donate-Correa Ernesto martin-Nunez Carmen Mora-Fernandez Mercedes Muros-de-Fuentes Nayra Perez-Delgado Juan F Navarro-gonzalez Research Unit University Hospital Nuestra Senora de Candelaria Clinical Biochemistry Service University Hospital Nuestra Senora de Candelaria Nephrology Service University Hospital Nuestr Senora de Candelaria

Protein Klotho,beyond its role as a regulator of the phosphatemia,is also involved in the maintaining of the cardiovascular health,being associated its alterations with the development of cardiovascular damage and increased morbi-mortality. For all this,nowadays Klotho is the subject of a thorough research which is focused on uncover its intimate mechanisms of action,and in analyzing the utility of its modulation as a potential strategy with clinical applicability. Molecular mechanisms of Klotho are not well understood but an emerging research area links Klotho deficiency with vascular pathology. Changes in this protein have been associated with cardiovascular-related complications like inflammation,vascular calcification,and endothelial dysfunction. All this is particularly relevant if considering the recent discovery of Klotho expression in vascular tissue.

关键词： Klotho Cardiovascular disease Chronic kidney disea

Altered Expression of Aromatase, Estrogen Receptors and Progesterone Receptors in Human Leydig Cell Hyperplasia

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2015年第1期6卷 1-10页

作者： Candela Rocío González Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra Claudio Terradas Roberto Ponzio Elisa Puigdomenech Oscar Levalle Alfredo Daniel Vitullo Ricardo Saúl Calandra Silvia Ines gonzalez-Calvar Research Center of Biomedical Biotechnology Environmental and Diagnostic Studies Maimónides University Buenos Aires Argentina División Endocrinología Hospital Durand Buenos Aires Argentina Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Instituto Medico PREFER Calle 995 No 2348 San Martin Argentina Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular de la Reproducción Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular de la Reproducción Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (CONICET) Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Testicular function is regulated by pituitary hormones and also by paracrine and autocrine factors. A number of reports have pointed out the importance of estrogens and progesterone in male reproductive tract. Recently, we have reported in testicular biopsies from men with Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCO) or Hypospermatogenesis (H) with Leydig cell hyperplasia (LCH) an increase in the expression of the TGFB1 and its receptors ALK1 and endoglin, which are involved in the proliferation of Leydig cells. The aim of the present work was to analyze the expression of aromatase, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ERs, PR) in pathological testicular biopsies with SCO or H with and without LCH. The ERs and CYP19 proteins were detected in the Leydig cells from all pathological biopsies analyzed. Biopsies with SCO or H with LCH showed an increment in the immunostaining of CYP19 and ERs in the Leydig cells respect to biopsies without LCH. The gene expression of CYP19 was increased in SCO or H biopsies with LCH respect to SCO and H biopsies without LCH. PR was localized in Leydig cells and showed a significant increment in biopsies with LCH respect from biopsies without LCH. The gene expression of both PRA and PRB was increased in biopsies with LCH respect to biopsies without LCH. In concussion, alterations in the gene expression of aromatase, ERs, and PR and the likely interactions of these systems with locally produced factors such as growth factors and cytokines, might lead to Leydig cell proliferation in testicular pathology.

关键词： Aromatase Progesterone Estrogen Leydig

Diversity and host assemblage of avian haemosporidians in different terrestrial ecoregions of Peru

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Current Zoology 2022年第1期68卷 27-40页

作者： Luz GARCIA-LONGORIA Jaime MURIEL Sergio MAGALLANES Zaira Hellen VILLA-GALARCE Leonila RICOPA Wilson Giancarlo INGA-DIAZ Esteban FONG Daniel VECCO Cesar GUERRA-SALDANA Teresa SALAS-RENGIFO Wendy FLORES-SAAVEDRA Kathya ESPINOZA Carlos MENDOZA Blanca SALDANA Manuel gonzalez-BLAZQUEZ Henry GONZALES-PINEDO Charlene LUJAN-VEGA Carlos Alberto Del AGUILA Yessica VILCA-HERRERA Carlos Alberto PINEDA Carmen REATEGUI Jorge Manuel CARDENAS-CALLIRGOS JoseAlberto IANNACONE Jorge Luis MENDOZA Ravinder NMSEHGAL Alfonso MARZAL Departamento de Anatomia Biologia Celular y ZoologiaUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajoz E-506071Spain Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab Department of BiologyLund UniversitySolvegatan 37SE-22362 LundSweden Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologıa-IPE(CSIC) Avda.Nuestra Senora de la Victoria 16Jaca 22700Spain DIRESA Direccion Regional de SaludLoreto 16001Peru Departamento Academico de Microbiologia y Parasitologia.Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia PeruanaIquitos 16001Peru Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Universidad Alas PeruanasLima 15823Peru EverGreen Institute-San Rafael Distrito de IndianaLoreto 16200Peru Observatorio de Aves Loreto(LBO) Distrito de San JuanLoreto 16008Peru Centro Urku de Estudios Amazonicos Tarapoto 22200Peru Servicio Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado 15036Peru Sanidad Animal-Facultad de Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Agraria La MolinaLima 15012Peru Laboratorio de Microbiologia Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad CientUfica del SurLima 15067Peru Laboratorio de Analisis Clinico Moraleslab SAC MoralesSan Martin 22201Peru Asociacion Ecosistemas Andinos(ECOAN) Cuzco 08002Peru Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Group University of CaliforniaDavisDA 95616USA Global Health Initiative Wabash CollegeCrawfordsvilleIN 47933USA Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLima 15081Peru Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Nacional Hermilio ValdizanHuanuco10160Peru Asociacion Peruana de Helmintologia e Invertebrados Afines Lima 15054Peru Laboratorio de Ecologia y Biodiversidad Animal Universidad Nacional Federico VillarrealEl AgustinoLima 15007Peru Laboratorio de Invertebrados Universidad Ricardo Palma-Santiago de SurcoLima 15537Peru Department of Biology San Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCA 94132USA

Characterizing the diversity and structure of host–parasite communities is crucial to understandingtheir eco-evolutionary *** and related haemosporidian parasites are responsible forfitness loss and mortality in bird species ***,despite exhibiting the greatest ornithologicalbiodiversity,avian haemosporidians from Neotropical regions are quite ***,we analyze the genetic diversity of bird haemosporidian parasites(Plasmodium andHaemoproteus)in 1,336 individuals belonging to 206 bird species to explore for differences in diversityof parasite lineages and bird species across 5 well-differentiated Peruvian *** 70 different haemosporidian lineages infecting 74 bird *** showed that 25 out ofthe 70 haplotypes had not been previously ***,we also identified 81 new host–parasite interactions representing new host records for these haemosporidian *** outcomesrevealed that the effective diversity(as well as the richness,abundance,and Shannon–Weaver index)for both birds and parasite lineages was higher in Amazon basin ***,we also showed that ecoregions with greater diversity of bird species also had highparasite richness,hence suggesting that host community is crucial in explaining parasite *** parasites were found in ecoregions with lower bird diversity,implying that the abundanceand richness of hosts may shape the exploitation strategy followed by haemosporidian *** outcomes reveal that Neotropical region is a major reservoir of unidentified *** studies analyzing host distribution and specificity of these parasites inthe tropics will provide important knowledge about phylogenetic relationships,phylogeography,and patterns of evolution and distribution of haemosporidian parasites.

关键词： Amazonia avian malaria generalist parasite habitat specificity Haemoproteus Plasmodium specialist parasite

增加异氟醚麻醉时间，降低其最小肺泡有效浓度在7日龄小鼠而非60日龄小鼠的实验研究

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麻醉与镇痛 2012年第4期8卷 7-12页

作者： Greg Stratmann Jeffrey W. Sall Edmond I Eger Michael I. Laster Joseph S. Bell Laura D. V. May Helge Eilers martin Kraust Frank v. d. Heusen Heidi E. gonzalez 方懿(译) 蒋宗滨(校) DepartmentofAnesthesiaandPerioperativeCare UniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscoSanFrandscoCalifornia Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative CareUniversity of California San Francisco San Francisco California 不详

背景在研究小鼠神经毒性的试验中，我们发现，7日龄小鼠的异氟醚最小肺泡有效浓度（minimumalveolaranestheticconcentration，MAC）随着麻醉时间的延长而降低，这种现象并没有发生在60日龄小鼠中。7日龄小鼠麻醉后15分钟，MAC为3．5％... 详细信息

背景在研究小鼠神经毒性的试验中，我们发现，7日龄小鼠的异氟醚最小肺泡有效浓度（minimumalveolaranestheticconcentration，MAC）随着麻醉时间的延长而降低，这种现象并没有发生在60日龄小鼠中。7日龄小鼠麻醉后15分钟，MAC为3．5％，而4小时为1．3％。为此我们研究是否药代学或药动学因素对MAC的降低有影响。方法在7日龄小鼠中，我们以MAC作为持续麻醉时间的参数，测量肺泡和脑异氟醚分压。在60曰龄小鼠中，我们以MAC作为持续麻醉时间的参数，测量肺泡异氟醚分压。最后，我们给予1mg＆g的纳洛酮和延迟尾部钳夹刺激对7日龄小鼠以确定MAC的影响。结果在7日龄小鼠麻醉后的1—4小时中，肺泡和脑的MAC值降低。肺泡MAC降低56％，而脑MAC降低33％，在4小时时，肺泡MAC值接近脑MAC值（分压无明显不同）。给予1mg／kg的纳洛酮并在3小时后开始尾部钳夹刺激，两者均不能逆转MAC的降低。60日龄小鼠肺泡异氟醚的MAC，在1—4小时麻醉过程中保持稳定。结论7日龄小鼠麻醉1—4小时后异氟醚MAC降低，但是这种现象并没有出现在60日龄小鼠。药效学和药动学因素共同导致了7日龄小鼠MAC的降低。内源性阿片肽与脱敏作用均不能调节药动学过程。

关键词：肺泡有效浓度麻醉时间异氟醚小鼠日龄实验研究 MAC值内源性阿片肽

Practical Approach Design Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor in Circular Diaphragm

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材料科学与工程（中英文B版） 2019年第3期9卷 85-91页

作者： Renan Gabbi Luiz Antonio Rasia Daniel Curvello de Mendonca Müller Jorge Ramírez Beltrán Jose Antonio gonzalez da Silva Manuel martin Perez Reimbold Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology FarroupilhaCampus PanambiPanambi 98280-000Brazil Department of Exact Sciences and Engineering Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do SulPanambi 98280-000Brazil University Veterinary Hospital Federal University of Santa MariaSanta Maria 97105-900Brazil Technological University of Habana JoséAntonio Echeverría Havana 62644Cuba

This paper presents a methodology for analytical calculation and computational simulation using the finite element method for piezoresistive graphite sensor element on flexible polymer substrate,A4 *** computer simulation aims to find the region of greatest mechanical tension and deflection of the circular diaphragm set in the circumference *** steps for simulation are geometry definition,mesh generation,inclusion of material physical properties and simulation *** mathematical modeling of maximum mechanical stress and deflection is described analytically and *** analytical calculations were compared with the computer simulation and presented a relative percentage error of 3.38%for the maximum *** results show that the piezoresistor should be positioned at the edges of the circular diaphragm to take advantage of maximum mechanical stress by defining the best location for graphite film deposition for sensor device designs and fabrications.

关键词： Piezoresistivity sensor element finite elements and mathematical modeling