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世界各国医学教育制度的共同要素

国外医学（医学教育分册） 1992年第4期13卷 165-168页

作者： cris.,A 罗丰年

Methods for discovery and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes from insects

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Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 184-198页

作者： Jonathan D. Willis cris.Oppert Juan L. Jurat-Fuentes Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA

Cellulosic ethanol has been identified as a crucial biofuel resource due to its sustainability and abundance of cellulose feedstocks. However, current methods to obtain glucose from lignocellulosic biomass are ineffective due to recalcitrance of plant biomass. Insects have evolved endogenous and symbiotic enzymes to efficiently use lignocellulosic material as a source of metabolic glucose. Even though traditional biochemical methods have been used to identify and characterize these enzymes, the advancement of genomic and proteomic research tools are expected to allow new insights into insect digestion of cellulose. This information is highly relevant to the design of improved industrial processes ofbiofuel production and to identify potential new targets for development of insecticides. This review describes the diverse methodologies used to detect, quantify, purify, clone and express cellulolytic enzymes from insects, as well as their advantages and limitations.

关键词： biofuels cellulases cellulase discovery methods cellulase substrate insect digestive fluids lignocellulosic biomass

Improved allometric equations for tree aboveground biomass estimation in tropical dipterocarp forests of Kalimantan,Indonesia

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Forest Ecosystems 2017年第2期4卷 83-92页

作者： Solichin Manuri cris.Brack Fatmi Noor'an Teddy Rusolono Shema Mukti Anggraini Helmut Dotzauer Indra Kumara Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian NationalUniversityLinnaeus Way Building 141Canberra ACT2601Australia Dipterocarps Research Center Forest Research Development and Innovation AgencyMinistry of Environment and ForestryJl.AW SyahraniSamarindaEast KalimantanIndonesia Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural UniversityJl Raya DarmagaKampus IPBBogor 16680Indonesia Forests and Climate Change Program Deutsche Gesellschafc fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit(FORCLIME-GIZ)Manggala Wanabakti BuildingBlock VII6th floorJakartaIndonesia Biodiversity and Climate Change Program Deutsche Gesellschafr fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit(BIOCLIME-GIZ)Manggala Wanabakti BuildingBlock VIL 6th floorJakartaIndonesia District Forestry and Plantation Service Jl.Antasarl No 4 Putussibaa Kapuas Hulu 78711West KalimantanIndonesia

Background： Currently, the common and feasible way to estimate the most accurate forest biomass requires ground measurements and allometric *** studies have been conducted on allometric equations development for estimating tree aboveground biomass（AGB） of tropical dipterocarp forests（TDFs） in Kalimantan（Indonesian Borneo）.However, before the use of existing equations, a validation for the selection of the best allometric equation is required to assess the model bias and *** study aims at evaluating the validity of local and pantropical equations; developing new allometric equations for estimating tree AGB in TDFs of Kalimantan; and validating the new equations using independent ***： We used 108 tree samples from destructive sampling to develop the allometric equations, with maximum tree diameter of 175 cm and another 109 samples from previous studies for validating our *** performed ordinary least squares linear regression to explore the relationship between the AGB and the predictor variables in the natural logarithmic ***： This study found that most of the existing local equations tended to be biased and imprecise, with mean relative error and mean absolute relative error more than 0.1 and 0.3, *** developed new allometric equations for tree AGB estimation in the TDFs of *** a validation using an independent dataset,we found that our equations were reliable in estimating tree AGB in *** pantropical equation, which includes tree diameter, wood density and total height as predictor variables performed only slightly worse than our new ***： Our equations improve the precision and reduce the bias of AGB estimates of *** models developed from small samples tend to systematically bias.A validation of existing AGB models is essential before the use of the models.

关键词： Allometric equation Local and pantropical models AGB Model validation Destructive sampling Tropical dipterocarp forest

Expression of an endoglucanase from Tribolium castaneum （TcEG 1 ） in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 609-618页

作者： Derek Shirley cris.Oppert Todd B. Reynolds Bethany Miracle Brenda Oppert William E. Klingeman Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Tennessee Department of Microbiology University of TennesseeKnoxville TN 37996 USDA-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Manhattan KS 66502 Department of Plant Sciences University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA

Insects are a largely unexploited resource in prospecting for novel cellulolytic enzymes to improve the production of ethanol fuel from lignocellulosic biomass. The cost of lignocellulosic ethanol production is expected to decrease by the combination of cellulose degradation （saccharification） and fermentation of the resulting glucose to ethanol in a single process, catalyzed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed to express efficient cellulases. While S. cerevisiae is an established heterologous expression system, there are no available data on the functional expression of insect cellulolytic enzymes for this species. To address this knowledge gap, S. cerevisiae was transformed to express the full-length cDNA encoding an endoglucanase from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum （TcEG 1）, and evaluated the activity of the transgenic product （rTcEG 1）. Expression of the TcEG1 cDNA in S. cerevisiae was under control of the strong glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Cultured transformed yeast secreted rTcEG1 protein as a functional β-1,4-endoglucanase, which allowed transformants to survive on selective media containing cellulose as the only available carbon source. Evaluation of substrate specificity for secreted rTcEG1 demonstrated endoglucanase activity, although some activity was also detected against complex cellulose substrates. Potentially relevant to uses in biofuel production rTcEG1 activity increased with pH conditions, with the highest activity detected at pH 12. Our results demonstrate the potential for functional production of an insect cellulase in S. cerevisiae and confirm the stability of rTcEG1 activity in strong alkaline environments.

关键词： biofuels insect cellulase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tribolium castaneum yeast

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初冬暖日杨柳轻摇

数字生活 2002年第12期 38-43页

作者： cris

习惯用姓名去判断一个人,揣摩那简单排列的几个汉字背后,所隐含的立体而丰富的性情。杨柳便是如此,有着想象中细腻飘摇的灵气,却没有预料中娇揉造作的文弱。她带着时尚的气息,青春的活力,舞动在这难得一见的冬日暖阳中伴随钟爱的音乐坚... 详细信息

习惯用姓名去判断一个人,揣摩那简单排列的几个汉字背后,所隐含的立体而丰富的性情。杨柳便是如此,有着想象中细腻飘摇的灵气,却没有预料中娇揉造作的文弱。她带着时尚的气息,青春的活力,舞动在这难得一见的冬日暖阳中伴随钟爱的音乐坚守自己的像在《沙》中写到的:她并不绝望，因为她知道,另一粒沙在海底，痴痴地而永远地等待着她……

关键词：暖日杨柳初冬

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《戴珍珠耳环的少女》美如画境

数字生活 2005年第3期 101-103页

作者： cris

美如画境,是我看这个部影片的总体感受。不仅是视觉的美,更是情绪的美,是彻底由外到内的一次感染。故事的情节不用多讲,单看名字就很明白了,《戴珍珠耳环的少女》是油画大师扬.维美尔的著名代表作。本片是根据同名小说改编而成,原著的... 详细信息

美如画境,是我看这个部影片的总体感受。不仅是视觉的美,更是情绪的美,是彻底由外到内的一次感染。故事的情节不用多讲,单看名字就很明白了,《戴珍珠耳环的少女》是油画大师扬.维美尔的著名代表作。本片是根据同名小说改编而成,原著的作者正是被这幅画所打动,灵感犹如泉涌,写下（共3页)

关键词：肖像画美如画

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韩国妹变美人鱼

数字生活 2002年第12期 56-57页

作者： cris

这节课是换头术,听起来还蛮恐怖的,其实非常有意思,也很简单,只要你拿出认真与细致,胜利就不远了。先找找合适的照片吧。我找到一张美人鱼的照片,可惜是条欧洲美人鱼,要是能把它变成傻乎乎可爱的韩国妹是什么效果呢,一定令人意想不到。... 详细信息

这节课是换头术,听起来还蛮恐怖的,其实非常有意思,也很简单,只要你拿出认真与细致,胜利就不远了。先找找合适的照片吧。我找到一张美人鱼的照片,可惜是条欧洲美人鱼,要是能把它变成傻乎乎可爱的韩国妹是什么效果呢,一定令人意想不到。接下来让我们插上WACOM数位板。

关键词：美人鱼

Barriers in performing physical assessment among nursing students:An integrative review

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2021年第1期8卷 120-129,I0008页

作者： Jestoni D.Maniago Evelyn E.Feliciano Adelina M.Santos Cyrelle L.Agunod cris.S.Adolfo Brian A.Vasquez Abdulrhman Albougami Joseph U.Almazan Department of Nursing College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityAl-Majmaah11952Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Nazarbayev University School of Medicine Nazarbayev UniversityNur-Sultan010000Republic of Kazakhstan

Objectives:This study aimed to identify barriers in performing physical assessments among nursing students through integrative review ***:The literature were searched in Medline,CINAHL,ScienceDirect,Web of Science,ProQuest,and Taylor&Francis Online using the descriptors barrier,physical assessment,nursing student et *** English-language and peer-reviewed journal articles were included,and there were no year ***:Twelve articles were selected for *** aspects were extracted:the barriers included personal challenges,challenges related to nursing education,challenges related to clinical practice;establishing competency-based education learning as a method to reduce physical assessment *** competencies and experiences were influenced by various factors that collectively hindered their successful performance of physical ***:The review findings provide valuable insights into the complex issues involved in the performance of physical assessments and guidance for improvement in practice.A collaborative effort should be made to address the issues often faced by nursing students in performing routine physical ***,more constructive and competency-based teaching methods should be integrated into academic and clinical settings.

关键词： Clinical competence Nursing education Physical assessment Problem solving

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易中天:从来不为有用而读书

中国青年 2014年第5期 48-49页

作者： cris

在我这里,读书就是一种生活方式,就是一种生活状态。自去新疆十多年记者:我看过关于您的一个报道,感到特别好奇,说是当年您看了一本苏联小说,然后就跑到新疆去了,一去十年,那本书为什么打动您?易中天:对,那是一本苏联小说,书名叫《勇敢... 详细信息

在我这里,读书就是一种生活方式,就是一种生活状态。自去新疆十多年记者:我看过关于您的一个报道,感到特别好奇,说是当年您看了一本苏联小说,然后就跑到新疆去了,一去十年,那本书为什么打动您?易中天:对,那是一本苏联小说,书名叫《勇敢》,作者叫薇娜·凯特斯琳卡娅,大致内容是讲莫斯科和列宁格勒一批共青团员到远东,也就是西伯利亚,咱们东北再往北的地方。

关键词：侦探小说易中天