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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a:A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2024年

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing Ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati Lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue Li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang Lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier Liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P. U. Fynbo Lluis Galbany Saurabh W. Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua Lei Wenxiong Li Bifang liu Mingjun liu Xing liu Yuan liu Zhu liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria Lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui Li Junfei Li Longhui Li Maoshun Li Wei Li Zhengda Li Tianying Lian congzhan liu Heyang liu Huaqiu liu Fangjun Lu Laidan Luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan Liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang Lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Physics University of Hong Kong School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University National Astronomical Observatories Department of Physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Physics Department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada Las Vegas Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nevada Las Vegas Chinese Academy of Sciences South African Astronomical Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Cape Town Department of Physics University of the Free State Universite' Paris Cite' CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Universite' Paris Cite' CEA Paris-Saclay School of Astronomy and Space Sciences IRFU/DAp-AIM Department of Astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC Noordwijk 2201 AZ The Netherlands Department of Astronomy School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for Astronomy School of Physics Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics The University of Sydney Department of Astronomy Xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology Hefei School of Astronomy and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of High Energy Physics Institute of Deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Department of Astronomy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Science

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 keV,300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 keV,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for4d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

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The High Energy X-ray telescope (HE) onboard the Insight-HXMT astronomy satellite

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2020年第4期63卷 20-34页

作者： congzhan liu YiFei Zhang XuFang Li XueFeng Lu Zhi Chang ZhengWei Li AiMei Zhang YongJie Jin HuiMing Yu Zhao Zhang MinXue Fu YiBao Chen JianFeng Ji YuPeng Xu JingKang Deng RenCheng Shang GuoQing liu FangJun Lu ShuangNan Zhang YongWei Dong TiPei Li Mei Wu YanGuo Li HuanYu Wang BoBing Wu YongJie Zhang Zhi Zhang ShaoLin Xiong Yuan liu Shu Zhang HongWei liu YiJung Yang Fan Zhang Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT) is a broadband X-ray and γ-ray(1-3000 ke V) astronomy satellite. One of its three main telescopes is the High Energy X-ray telescope(HE). The main detector plane of HE comprises 18 Na I(Tl)/Cs I(Na) phoswich detectors, where Na I(Tl) is used as the primary detector to measure ~ 20-250 ke V photons incident from the field of view(FOV) defined by collimators, and Cs I(Na) is used as the active shielding detector to Na I(Tl) by pulse shape discrimination. Additionally, Cs I(Na) is used as an omnidirectional γ-ray monitor. The HE collimators have a diverse FOV,i.e. 1.1°×5.7°(15 units), 5.7°×5.7°(2 units), and blocked(1 unit). Therefore, the combined FOV of HE is approximately5.7°×5.7°. Each HE detector has a diameter of 190 mm resulting in a total geometrical area of approximately 5100 cm2, and the energy resolution is ~15% at 60 ke V. For each recorded X-ray event by HE, the timing accuracy is less than 10 μs and the deadtime is less than 10 μs. HE is used for observing spectra and temporal variability of X-ray sources in the 20-250 ke V band either by pointing observations for known sources or scanning observations to unveil new sources. Additionally, HE is used for monitoring the γ-ray burst in 0.2-3 Me V band. This paper not only presents the design and performance of HE instruments but also reports results of the on-ground calibration experiments.

关键词： X-ray telescope HXMT calibration scintillation detector

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基于FPGA的8通道脉冲波形分析器的研制

核技术 2017年第9期40卷 35-40页

作者：李继承刘聪展张翼飞赵建领阎博云南大学昆明620215 中国科学院高能物理研究所粒子天体物理重点实验室北京100049 中国科学院大学北京100049

设计了一个8通道的脉冲波形分析器。此系统以双现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)为核心,板载大容量同步双端口随机存取存储器(Random-Access Memory,RAM),并行8通道96 MHz高速采样模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Co... 详细信息

设计了一个8通道的脉冲波形分析器。此系统以双现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)为核心,板载大容量同步双端口随机存取存储器(Random-Access Memory,RAM),并行8通道96 MHz高速采样模数转换器(Analog-to-Digital Converter,ADC),能够同时对8路脉冲波形进行采样分析,得到脉冲时间间隔谱、脉冲幅度谱和脉冲宽度谱。该设备ADC以10.4 ns的采样间隔采集脉冲数据,通过通用串行总线(Universal Serial Bus,USB)2.0与电脑实现数据上传,并借助上位机进行数据的实时显示。该设备已成功运用于硬X射线调制望远镜(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,HXMT)卫星高能主探测器的电性测试,并能够广泛适用于核辐射研究领域。

关键词：现场可编程门阵列多通道高分辨率脉冲波形分析器

Overview to the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) Satellite

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2020年第4期63卷 2-19页

作者： Shuang-Nan Zhang TiPei Li FangJun Lu LiMing Song YuPeng X u congzhan liu Yong Chen XueLei Cao QingCui Bu Zhi Chang Gang Chen Li Chen TianXiang Chen YiBao Chen YuPeng Chen Wei Cui WeiWei Cui JingKang Deng YongWei Dong Yuan Yuan Du MinXue Fu GuanHua Gao He Gao Min Gao MingYu Ge YuDong Gu Ju Guan Can Gungor ChengCheng Guo DaWei Han Wei Hu Yue Huang Jia Huo ShuMei Jia LuHua Jiang WeiChun Jiang Jing Jin YongJie Jin Bing Li ChengKui Li Gang Li MaoShun Li Wei Li Xian Li XiaoBo Li XuFang Li YanGuo Li ZiJian Li ZhengWei Li XiaoHua Liang JinYuan Liao GuoQing liu HongWei liu ShaoZhen liu XiaoJing liu Yuan liu YiNong liu Bo Lu XueFeng Lu Tao Luo Xiang Ma Bin Meng Yi Nang JianYin Nie Ge Ou JinLu Qu Na Sai RenCheng Shang GuoHong Shen Liang Sun Ying Tan Lian Tao YouLi Tuo Chen Wang ChunQin Wang GuoFeng Wang HuanYu Wang Juan Wang WenShuai Wang YuSa Wang XiangYang Wen BaiYang Wu BoBing Wu Mei Wu GuangCheng Xiao ShaoLin Xiong LinLi Yan JiaWei Yang Sheng Yang YanJi Yang QiBin Yi Bin Yuan AiMei Zhang ChunLei Zhang ChengMo Zhang Fan Zhang HongMei Zhang Juan Zhang Qiang Zhang ShenYi Zhangs Shu Zhang Tong Zhang WanChang Zhang Wei Zhang WenZhao Zhang Yi Zhang YiFei Zhang YongJie Zhang Yue Zhang Zhao Zhang Zhi Zhang ZiLiang Zhang HaiSheng Zhao XiaoFan Zhao ShiJie Zheng JianFeng Zhou YuXuan Zhu Yue Zhu RenLin Zhuang Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Astronomy Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100088China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

As China’s first X-ray astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), which was dubbed as Insight-HXMT after the launch on June 15, 2017, is a wide-band(1-250 ke V) slat-collimator-based X-ray astronomy satellite with the capability of all-sky monitoring in 0.2-3 Me V. It was designed to perform pointing, scanning and gamma-ray burst(GRB)observations and, based on the Direct Demodulation Method (DDM), the image of the scanned sky region can be *** we give an overview of the mission and its progresses, including payload, core sciences, ground calibration/facility, ground segment, data archive, software, in-orbit performance, calibration, background model, observations and some preliminary results.

关键词： X-and γ-ray telescopes and instrumentation neutron stars black holes X-ray binaries γ-ray bursts

Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2018年第3期61卷 26-33页

作者： TiPei Li ShaoLin Xiong ShuangNan Zhang FangJun Lu LiMing Song XueLei Cao Zhi Chang Gang Chen Li Chen TianXiang Chen Yong Chen YiBao Chen YuPeng Chen Wei Cui WeiWei Cui JingKang Deng YongWei Dong YuanYuan Du MinXue Fu GuanHua Gao He Gao Min Gao MingYu Ge YuDong Gu Ju Guan ChengCheng Guo DaWei Han Wei Hu Yue Huang Jia Huo ShuMei Jia LuHua Jiang WeiChun Jiang Jing Jin YongJie Jin Bing Li ChengKui Li Gang Li MaoShun Li Wei Li Xian Li XiaoBo Li XuFang Li YanGuo Li ZiJian Li ZhengWei Li XiaoHua Liang JinYuan Liao congzhan liu GuoQing liu HongWei liu ShaoZhen liu XiaoJing liu Yuan liu YiNong liu Bo Lu XueFeng Lu Tao Luo Xiang Ma Bin Meng Yi Nang JianYin Nie Ge OU JinLu Qu Na Sai Liang Sun Yin Tan Lian Tao WenHui Tao YouLi Tuo GuoFeng Wang HuanYu Wang Juan Wang WenShuai Wang YuSa Wang XiangYang Wen BoBing WU Mei Wu GuangCheng Xiao He Xu YuPeng Xu LinLi Yan JiaWei Yang Sheng Yang YanJi Yang AiMei Zhang ChunLei Zhang ChengMo Zhang Fan Zhang HongMei Zhang Juan Zhang Qiang Zhang Shu Zhang Tong Zhang Wei Zhang WanChang Zhang WenZhao Zhang Yi Zhang Yue Zhang YiFei Zhang YongJie Zhang Zhao Zhang ZiLiang Zhang HaiSheng Zhao JianLing Zhao XiaoFan Zhao ShiJie Zheng Yue Zhu YuXuan Zhu ChangLin Zou Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing 100088 China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Finding the electromagnetic （EM） counterpart of binary compact star merger, especially the binary neutron star （BNS） merger, is critically important for gravitational wave （GW） astronomy, cosmology and fundamental physics. On Aug. 17, 2017, Advanced LIGO and Fermi/GBM independently triggered the first BNS merger, GW170817, and its high energy EM counterpart, GRB 170817A, respectively, resulting in a global observation campaign covering gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, IR, radio as well as neutrinos. The High Energy X-ray telescope （HE） onboard Insight-HXMT （Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope） is the unique high-energy gamma-ray telescope that monitored the entire GW localization area and especially the optical counterpart （SSS17a/AT2017gfo） with very large collection area （M000 cm2） and microsecond time resolution in 0.2-5 MeV. In addition, Insight-HXMT quickly implemented a Target of Opportunity （TOO） observation to scan the GW localization area for potential X-ray emission from the GW source. Although Insight-HXMT did not detect any significant high energy （0.2-5 MeV） radiation from GW170817, its observation helped to confirm the unexpected weak and soft nature of GRB 170817A. Meanwhile, Insight-HXMT/HE provides one of the most stringent constraints （-10-7 to 104 erg/cm2/s） for both GRB170817A and any other possible precursor or extended emissions in 0.2-5 MeV, which help us to better understand the properties of EM radiation from this BNS merger. Therefore the observation of Insight-HXMT constitutes an important chapter in the full context of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observation of this historical GW event.

关键词： GW170817 BNS merger gravitational wave electromagnetic counterpart

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HXMT高能望远镜毛刺的识别方法

天文研究与技术 2021年第1期18卷 138-144页

作者：赵海升刘聪展李小波宋黎明中国科学院粒子天体物理重点实验室北京100049 中国科学院高能物理研究所北京100049

硬X射线调制望远镜(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,HXMT)卫星搭载的高能望远镜(High Energy Telescope)数据存在非真实光子事例的聚集,突出表现在光变曲线上存在许多毛刺,这对光变和能谱的研究产生一定的影响。分析了大量毛刺事例的... 详细信息

硬X射线调制望远镜(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,HXMT)卫星搭载的高能望远镜(High Energy Telescope)数据存在非真实光子事例的聚集,突出表现在光变曲线上存在许多毛刺,这对光变和能谱的研究产生一定的影响。分析了大量毛刺事例的性质,并基于这些性质通过事例时间间隔相邻法识别毛刺,这种方法可以在事例级别识别毛刺,比利用一些特征函数如信噪比方法有较大优势。毛刺事例的识别对正常光子事例的影响非常小,且毛刺事例在光变上不会产生周期和准周期信号。

关键词：毛刺时间间隔信噪比数据分析

硬X射线调制望远镜卫星高能望远镜设计与验证

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航天器工程 2018年第5期27卷 120-126页

作者：李旭芳刘聪展张翼飞李正伟路雪峰张爱梅张钊金永杰中国科学院高能物理研究所北京100049 清华大学物理系北京100084 清华大学工程物理系北京100084

高能望远镜是硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星的3台望远镜之一。其主要科学目标是在20～250keV能区进行巡天扫描,发现新的高能变源和已知源的新活动,同时监测伽马射线暴以及引力波暴电磁对应体。它的主探测器由18个直径为190mm的NaI(Tl)/Cs... 详细信息

高能望远镜是硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星的3台望远镜之一。其主要科学目标是在20～250keV能区进行巡天扫描,发现新的高能变源和已知源的新活动,同时监测伽马射线暴以及引力波暴电磁对应体。它的主探测器由18个直径为190mm的NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na)复合晶体探测器单体组成,具有5100cm2的几何面积,整体视场为5.7°×5.7°。高能望远镜在轨运行结果表明:探测器整体能量分辨率优于19%(在59.5keV时),时间分辨率和系统死时间优于6μs。

关键词：硬X射线调制望远镜卫星高能望远镜复合晶体探测器探测能区伽马射线暴