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Unprecedented Heatwave in Western North America during Late June of 2021: Roles of Atmospheric Circulation and Global Warming

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第1期40卷 14-28页

作者： Chunzai WANG Jiayu ZHENG Wei LIN Yuqing wang Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

An extraordinary and unprecedented heatwave swept across western North America(i.e.,the Pacific Northwest)in late June of 2021,resulting in hundreds of deaths,a massive die-off of sea creatures off the coast,and horrific wildfires.Here,we use observational data to find the atmospheric circulation variabilities of the North Pacific and Arctic-Pacific-Canada patterns that co-occurred with the development and mature phases of the heatwave,as well as the North America pattern,which coincided with the decaying and eastward movement of the heatwave.Climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(Phase 6)are not designed to simulate a particular heatwave event like this one.Still,models show that greenhouse gases are the main reason for the long-term increase of average daily maximum temperature in western North America in the past and future.

关键词： heatwave climate change atmospheric circulation pattern Pacific Northwest

The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第6期38卷 896-904页

作者： Chunzai WANG Yulong YAO Haili wang Xiubao SUN Jiayu ZHENG State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21.Additionally,the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific(WNP).Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific,Indian,and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall in China,but the Atlantic and Indian Oceans seem to have played dominant roles.Enhancement and movement of the Siberian High caused a wavier pattern in the jet stream that allowed cold polar air to reach southward,inducing cold surges in China.Large vertical wind shear and low humidity in the WNP were responsible for fewer typhoons in the first half of the typhoon season.Although it is known that global warming can increase the frequency of extreme weather and climate events,its influences on individual events still need to be quantified.Additionally,the extreme cold surge during 16–18 February 2021 in the United States shares similar mechanisms with the winter 2020/21 extreme cold surges in China.

关键词： extreme weather and climate events climate variability climate change summer floods winter cold surge typhoon activity

Modulation of Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific by the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2016年第12期33卷 1361-1375页

作者： Haikun ZHAO Chunzai WANG Ryuji YOSHIDA Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster/Pacific Typhoon Research Center/Earth System Modeling CenterNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory MiamiFL33149USA RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science Kobe650-0047Japan

The quasi-biweekly oscillation （QBWO） is the second most dominant intraseasonal mode over the westem North Pacific （WNP） during boreal summer. In this study, the modulation of WNP tropical cyclogenesis （TCG） by the QBWO and its association with large-scale patterns are investigated. A strong modulation of WNP TCG events by the QBWO is found. More TCG events occur during the QBWO＇s convectively active phase. Based on the genesis potential index （GPI）, we further evaluate the role of environmental factors in affecting WNP TCG. The positive GPI anomalies associated with the QBWO correspond well with TCG counts and locations. A large positive GPI anomaly is spatially correlated with WNP TCG events during a life cycle of the QBWO. The low-level relative vorticity and mid-level relative humidity appear to be two dominant contributors to the QBWO-composited GPI anomalies during the QBWO＇s active phase, followed by the nonlinear and potential intensity terms. These positive contributions to the GPI anomalies are partly offset by the negative contribution from the vertical wind shear. During the QBWO＇s inactive phase, the mid-level relative humidity appears to be the largest contributor, while weak contributions are also made by the nonlinear and low-level relative vorticity terms. Meanwhile, these positive contributions are partly cancelled out by the negative contribution from the potential intensity. The contributions of these environmental factors to the GPI anomalies associated with the QBWO are similar in all five flow patterns--the monsoon shear line, monsoon confluence region, monsoon gyre, easterly wave, and Rossby wave energy dispersion associated with a preexisting TC. Further analyses show that the QBWO strongly modulates the synoptic-scale wave trains （SSWs） over the WNP, with larger amplitude SSWs during the QBWO＇s active phase. This implies a possible enhanced （weakened） relationship between TCG and SSWs during the active （inactive） phase. This study improves our understanding of the modulation of WNP TCG b

关键词： tropical cyclogenesis quasi-biweekly oscillation genesis potential index large-scale patterns western NorthPacific

On the ENSO Mechanisms

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2001年第5期18卷 674-691页

作者： Chunzai WANG Physical Oceanography Division NOAA Atiantic Oceanographic and Meteorological LaboratoryMiamiFloridaU.S.A.

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Paci- fic Ocean-atmosphere interactions. The oscillatory nature of ENSO requires both positive and negative ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. The positive feedback is dated back to Bjerknes' hypothesis in the 1960s, and different negative feedbacks have been proposed since the 1980s associated with the delayed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflective oscillator. The de- layed oscillator assumes that wave reflection at the western boundary provides a negative feedback for the coupled system to oscillate. The western Pacific oscillator emphasizes equatorial wind in the western Pacific that provides a negative feedback for the coupled system. The recharge-discharge oscillator argues that discharge and recharge of equatorial heat content cause the coupled system to oscillate. The advective-re- flective oscillator emphasizes the importance of zonal advection associated with wave reflection at both the western and eastern boundaries. All of these physics are summarized in a unificd ENSO oscillator. The de- layed oscillator, the western Pacific oscillator, the recharge-discharge oscillator, and the advective-reflec- tive oscillator can be extracted as special cases of the unified oscillator. As suggested by this unified oscillator, all of the previnus ENSO oscillator mechanisms may be operating in nature.

关键词： El Niño-Southern Oscillation ENSO theory Climate variability Ocean-atmosphere interactions

Causes of the Extreme Hot Midsummer in Central and South China during 2017:Role of the Western Tropical Pacific Warming

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第5期36卷 465-478页

作者： Ruidan CHEN Zhiping WEN Riyu LU Chunzai WANG Center for Monsoon and Environment Research/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies/School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences/Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan University State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study investigates why an extreme hot midsummer occurred in Central and South China(CSC) during 2017. It is shown that the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) was abnormally intensified and westward-extending,resulting in anomalous high pressure and consequent extreme heat over CSC. The abnormal WNPSH was favored by the warming of the western tropical Pacific(WTP), which was unrelated to ENSO and manifested its own individual effect.The WTP warming enhanced the convection in-situ and led to anomalous high pressure over CSC via a local meridional circulation. The influence of the WTP was confirmed by CAM4 model experiments. A comparison between the 2017 midsummer and 2010 midsummer(with a stronger WNPSH but weaker extreme heat) indicated that the influence of the WNPSH on extreme heat can be modulated by the associated precipitation in the northwestern flank.The role of the WTP was verified by regression analyses on the interannual variation of the WTP sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA). On the other hand, the WTP has undergone prominent warming during the past few decades, resulting from decadal to long-term changes and favoring extreme warm conditions. Through a mechanism similar to the interannual variation, the decadal to long-term changes have reinforced the influence of WTP warming on the temperature over CSC,contributing to the more frequent hot midsummers recently. It is estimated that more than 50% of the temperature anomaly over CSC in the 2017 midsummer was due to the WTP warming, and 40% was related to the decadal to long-term changes of the WTP SSTA.

关键词： hot midsummer Central and South China western tropical Pacific decadal to long-term changes

Climatological and Seasonal Variations of the Tropical Cyclone Genesis Potential Index Based on Oceanic Parameters in the Global Ocean

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2021年第6期20卷 1307-1315页

作者： PAN Lixia wang Xin ZHOU Lei wang chunzai State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511458China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Oceanography Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Zhuhai 519080China

This study investigates the global performance of the tropical cyclone(TC)genesis potential index based on oceanic parameters(GPI_(ocean))proposed by Zhang et al.(2016).In six major TC formation basins,GPI_(ocean)can represent the seasonal variations of TC genesis over most basins,except for the North Indian Ocean(NIO).The monthly climatological GPI_(ocean)shows only a single peak in the NIO,which cannot describe the bimodal pattern of the annual cycle of TC genesis.To determine the cause of the poor performance of GPI_(ocean)in the NIO,the relative contributions of different parameters related to GPI_(ocean)are calculated and compared with those related to the genesis potential index developed by Emanuel and Nolan(2004)(GPI04).Results show that the net longwave radiation on the sea surface is responsible for the single peak of TC genesis in the NIO in boreal summer.Compared with GPI04,vertical wind shear is not involved in GPI_(ocean).Vertical wind shear is the dominant factor inhibiting TC genesis in the NIO in boreal summer.Therefore,the absence of vertical wind shear in GPI_(ocean)results in the failure of the annual cycle of TC genesis in the NIO.

关键词： North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone genesis potential index

The correctness to the spuriously simulated semi-annual cycle of the sea surface temperature in the equatorial eastern Pacific

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第3期54卷 438-444页

作者： SONG ZhenYa QIAO FangLi wang chunzai The First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061 China NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Miami USA

One of the challenges faced by the climate model of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is the spuriously simulated semi-annual cycle of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. This model bias has limited the performance of the climate simulation and prediction. Based on the surface wave-circulation coupled theory, an atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled model was developed, which incorporates the MASNUM (key laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling) wave number spectral model into CCSM3. The new coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model successfully removes the spurious semi-annual cycle simulated by the original CCSM3 and reasonably produces an SST annual cycle with warm and cold phases in April and August, respectively. The correlation between the simulated and observed SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific is improved from 0.66 to 0.93. The ocean surface layer heat budget analysis indicates that the wave-induced vertical mixing is responsible for improving the simulation of the SST seasonal cycle in the equatorial eastern Pacific.

关键词：赤道东太平洋逻辑模拟温度循环海洋表面温度国家重点实验室气候模型海面耦合理论

Modulation of Low-Latitude West Wind on Abnormal Track and Intensity of Tropical Cyclone Nargis (2008) in the Bay of Bengal

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2012年第2期29卷 407-421页

作者：李维维王春在王东晓杨磊邓奕 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of ScienceGuangzhou 510301 NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory MiamiFloridaUSA

Tropical cyclone （TC） Nargis （2008） made landfall in Myanmar on 02 May 2008, bringing a storm surge, major flooding, and resulting in a significant death toll. TC Nargis （2008） displayed abnormal features, including rare eastward motion in its late stage, rapid intensification before landing. Using reanalysis data and a numerical model, we investigated how a low-latitude westerly wind modulated TC Nargis’ （2008） track and provided favorable atmospheric conditions for its rapid intensification. More importantly, we found a possible counterbalance effect of flows from the two hemispheres on the TC track in the Bay of Bengal. Our analysis indicates that a strong westerly wind burst across the Bay of Bengal, resulting in TC Nargis’ （2008） eastward movement after its recurvature. This sudden enhancement of westerly wind was mainly due to the rapidly intensified mid-level cross-equatorial flow. Our results show that a high-pressure system in the Southern Hemisphere induced this strong, mid-level, cross-equatorial flow. During the rapid intensification period of TC Nargis （2008）, this strong and broad westerly wind also transported a large amount of water vapor to TC Nargis （2008）. Sufficient water vapor gave rise to continuously high and increased mid-level relative humidity, which was favorable to TC Nargis’ （2008） intensification. Condensation of water vapor increased the energy supply, which eventuated the intensification of TC Nargis （2008） to a category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

关键词： TC Nargis （2008） tropical cyclone westerly wind cross-equatorial flow Bay of Bengal

Dynamics of air-sea planetary boundary layer under the geostrophic momentum approximation condition

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1988年第2期7卷 203-213页

作者： wang chunzai and Qin Zenghao Shandong College of Oceanography, Qingdao, China Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai, China Shandong College of Oceanography Qinqdao China China

In this paper, the air-sea planetary boundary is divided into three layers. With the aid of geostrophic momentum approximation, wind and current profiles, surface wind, surface wind stress and Ekman pumpinii in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean affected by the atmospheric baroclini-city, stratification and nonlinear effects are investigated systematically for an ocean of infinite depth. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the air-sea interaction is analyzed.

关键词： planetary ocean momentum Ekman stratification systematically viscosity currents infinite trough