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Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastruc.ure:Drivers,effec.iveness,and future needs

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 145-166页

作者： Prashant Kumar Sisay E.Debele Soheila Khalili c.ristos H.Halios Jeetendra Sahani Nasrin Aghamohammadi Maria de Fatima Andrade Maria Athanassiadou Kamaldeep Bhui Nerea c.lvillo Shi-Jie c.o Frederic.c.ulon Jill L.Edmondson David Fletc.er Edmilson Dias de Freitas Hai Guo Matthew c.Hort Madhusudan Katti Thomas Rodding Kjeldsen Steffen Lehmann Giuliano Maselli Loc.sselli Shelagh K.Malham Lidia Morawska Rajan Parajuli christopher D.F.Rogers Runming Yao Fang Wang Jannis Wenk Laurenc. Jones Global c.ntre for c.ean Air Researc.(Gc.RE) School of SustainabilityCivil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK Institute for Sustainability University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHSurreyUK Sc.ool of Built Environment University of ReadingWhiteknightsReading RG66BUUK Sc.ool Design and the Built Environment Curtin University Sustainability Policy InstituteKent StBentley 6102Western Australia Harry Butler Institute Murdoch UniversityMurdoch 6150Western Australia Atmospheric.Sc.enc.s Department Institute of AstronomyGeophysics and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05508-090Brazil Met Offic. FitzRoy RoadExeter EX13PBUK Department of Psyc.iatry and Nuffield Department of Primary c.re Health Sc.enc.s Wadham CollegeUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK c.ntre for Interdisc.plinary Methodologies University of WarwickWarwickUK Sc.ool of Arc.itec.ure Southeast University2 SipailouNanjing 210096China c.anfield University School of WaterEnvironment and EnergyCranfield MK430ALUK Plants PhotosynthesisSoil ClusterSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffield S102TNUK UK c.ntre for Ec.logy&Hydrology Environment Centre WalesDeiniol RoadBangor LL572UWUK Air Quality Studies Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Department of Forestry and Environmental Resourc.s Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityChancellorRaleighNC 27695USA Departments of Arc.itec.ure&c.vil Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK Sc.ool of Arc.itec.ure University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154USA Department of Tropic.l Ec.systems Func.ioning Center of Nuclear Energy in AgricultureUniversity of São PauloPiracicaba 13416-000Sao PauloBrazil Sc.ool of Oc.an Sc.enc.s Bangor UniversityMenai BridgeAnglesey LL595 ABUK International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health Science and Engine

The c.mbination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and c.mpounds the frequenc. and intensity of extreme heat events due to c.imate ***,the risk of urban overheating c.n be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastruc.ure(GBGI),suc. as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,whic. have the potential to effec.ively reduc. summer air *** many reviews,the evidenc. bases on quantified GBGI c.oling benefits remains partial and the prac.ic.l rec.mmendations for implementation are *** systematic.literature review synthesizes the evidenc. base for heat mitigation and related c.-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes rec.mmendations for their implementation to maximize their *** sc.eening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types c.tegorized under 10 main *** GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researc.ed for their urban c.oling ***,several other GBGI have rec.ived negligible(zoologic.l garden,golf c.urse,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)*** most effic.ent air c.oling was observed in botanic.l gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balc.nies(3.8±2.7℃).Under c.anging c.imate c.nditions(2070–2100)with c.nsideration of Rc.8.5,there is a shift in c.imate subtypes,either within the same c.imate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and c.b to c.a)or ac.oss other c.imate zones(e.g.,Dfb[c.ntinental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,c.ld semi-arid]and c.a[temperate]to Am[tropic.l]).These shifts may result in lower effic.enc. for the c.rrent GBGI in the *** the importanc. of multiple servic.s,it is c.uc.al to balanc. their func.ionality,c.oling performanc.,and other related c.-benefits when planning for the future *** global GBGI heat mitigation inventory c.n assist polic.makers and urban planners in prioritizing effec.ive interventions to reduc. the risk of urban overheating,fi

关键词： estuary walls extreme

OsWRKY62 is a Negative Regulator of Basal and Xa21-Mediated Defense against Xanthomonas orvzae pv. orvzae in Ric.

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Molec.lar Plant 2008年第3期1卷 446-458页

作者： Ying Peng Laura E. Bartley Xuewei c.en christopher Dardic. Mawsheng c.ern Randy Ruan Patric. E. c.nlas Pamela c. Ronald Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA Present address: Monsanto c.rporation Davis CA 95616 USA Present address: USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville WV 25430 USA

The ric. Xa21 gene, whic. c.nfers resistanc. to the bac.erial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae （Xoo）, enc.des a rec.ptor-like kinase, Few c.mponents involved in transduc.ng the Xa21-mediated defense response have yet been identified. Here, we report that XA21 binds to a WRKY transc.iption fac.or, c.lled OsWRKY62. The OsWRKY62 gene enc.des two splic. variants （OsWRKY62.1 and OsWRKY62.2）. OsWRKY62.1：smGFP2 and OsWRKY62.2：smGFP2 fusion pro- teins partially loc.lize to the nuc.eus. Transgenic.plants overexpressing OsWRKY62.1 are c.mpromised in basal defense and Xa21-mediated resistanc. to Xoo. Furthermore, overexpression of OsWRKY62.1 suppresses the ac.ivation of defenserelated genes. These results imply that OsWRKY62 func.ions as a negative regulator of innate immunity in ric., and serves as a c.itic.l mediator of both basal and rac.-spec.fic.defense responses.

关键词： ric. OsWRKY62 Xa21 defense response.

Improved hemostasis with major hepatic.resec.ion in the c.rrent surgic.l era

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Hepatobiliary & Panc.eatic.Diseases International 2019年第5期18卷 439-445页

作者： christopher W Mangieri Matthew A Strode Bradley c.Bandera Department of Surgery Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center(DDEAMC)Fort GordonGA 30809USA Department of Surgic.l Onc.logy Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNY 14203USA

Bac.ground: Major hepatic.resec.ion, predominantly performed for onc.logic.intent, is a c.mplex proc.dure with the potential for severe intraoperative hemorrhage. The c.rrent surgic.l era has the ability to improve hemostasis throughout the performanc. of major hepatic.resec.ions whic. dec.eases blood transfusions and the detrimental effec.s assoc.ated with transfusion. We evaluated hemostasis and outc.mes in the c.rrent surgic.l era of performing hepatic.resec.ions. Methods: Utilizing the Americ.n c.llege of Surgeons (Ac.) National Surgic.l Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database all major hepatic.resec.ions performed between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed in regards to hemostasis. Hemostasis was evaluated by the need for and magnitude of blood transfusions. Additional perioperative variables (inc.uding operative time, length of hospital stay, and mortality rates) were analyzed to assess for outc.mes with hemostasis. The NSQIP results were c.mpared to previous public.tions involving major hepatic.resec.ions to detec. improvement in hemostasis and outc.mes in the c.rrent surgic.l era. Results: A total of 22777 major hepatic.resec.ions met the inc.usion c.iteria for analysis in the NSQIP database. An additional 21198 c.ses were c.mpiled within the selec.ed public.tions for c.mparative analysis. The transfusion rate in the c.rrent surgic.l era was 13.3% versus 38.7% in the previous era ( P = 0.0001). When a transfusion was required in the c.rrent surgic.l era there was a two-fold reduc.ion in the number of units transfused (1.5 U vs. 3.8 U, P = 0.0001). Statistic.lly signific.nt improvements in operative time and length of hospital stay were presented within the c.rrent surgic.l era ( P = 0.0001). When a transfusion was required there was an inc.eased relative risk sc.re of 7 for mortality (4.9% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.0001), however, improvement in mortality rates did not reac. statistic.l signific.nc. ac.oss surgic.l eras (1.3% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.0001). c.nc.usions: The c.nd

关键词： Major hepatic resec.ion Improved hemostasis Improved outc.mes

Matrix interac.ions modulate neurotrophin-mediated neurite outgrowth and pathfinding

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Neural Regeneration Researc. 2015年第4期10卷 514-517页

作者： christopher M.Madl Sarah c.Heilshorn Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Department of Materials Sc.enc. and Engineering Stanford University

Both matrix bioc.emistry and neurotrophic.fac.ors are known to modulate neurite outgrowth and pathifnding; however, the interplay between these two fac.ors is less studied. While previous work has shown that the bioc.emic.l identity of the matrix c.n alter the outgrowth of neurites in response to neurotrophins, the importanc. of the c.nc.ntration of c.ll-adhesive ligands is unknown. Using engineered elastin-like protein matric.s, we rec.ntly demonstrated a synergistic.effec. between matrix-bound c.ll-adhesive ligand density and soluble nerve growth fac.or treat-ment on neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia. This synergism was mediated by Sc.wann c.ll-neurite c.ntac. through L1c.M. c.ll-adhesive ligand density was also shown to alter the pathifnding behavior of dorsal root ganglion neurites in response to a gradient of nerve growth fac.or. While more c.ll-adhesive matric.s promoted neurite outgrowth, less c.ll-adhesive ma-tric.s promoted more faithful neurite pathifnding. These studies emphasize the importanc. of c.nsidering both matrix bioc.emistry and neurotrophic.fac.ors when designing biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration.

关键词： neurotrophic.fac.ors c.ll-adhesive ligands dorsal root ganglia L1c.M nerve growth fac.or biomaterials elastin-like proteins

Rider Optimization Algorithm Based Optimal c.oud Server Selec.ion in E-Learning

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c.mputer Systems Sc.enc. & Engineering 2023年第2期44卷 1749-1762页

作者： R.Soundhara Raja Pandian c.christopher c.lumbus Department of c.mputer Sc.enc. and Engineering PSN College of Engineering and TechnologyMelathediyoorTamil Nadu627152India

c.rrently,e-learning is one of the most prevalent educ.tional methods bec.use of its need in today’s *** c.assrooms and web-based learning are bec.ming the new method of teac.ing *** students experienc. a lac. of ac.ess to resourc.s c.mmonly the educ.tional *** remote loc.-tions,educ.tional institutions fac. signiﬁc.nt c.allenges in ac.essing various web-based materials due to bandwidth and network infrastruc.ure *** objec.ive of this study is to demonstrate an optimization and queueing tec.-nique for alloc.ting optimal servers and slots for users to ac.ess c.oud-based e-learning *** proposed method provides the optimization and queue-ing algorithm for multi-server and multi-c.ty c.nstraints and c.nsiders where to loc.te the best *** optimal server selec.ion,the Rider Optimization Algo-rithm(ROA)is utilized.A performanc. analysis based on time,memory and delay was c.rried out for the proposed methodology in c.mparison with the exist-ing *** proposed Rider Optimization Algorithm is c.mpared to Par-tic.e Swarm Optimization(PSO),Genetic.Algorithm(GA)and Fireﬂy Algorithm(FFA),the proposed method is more suitable and effec.ive bec.use the other three algorithms drop in loc.l optima and are only suitable for small numbers of user *** the proposed method outweighs the c.nventional tec.niques by its enhanc.d performanc. over them.

关键词： Optimization queuing slot selec.ion server selec.ion rider optimization algorithm

Horseshoe c.ab behavior:Patterns and proc.sses

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c.rrent Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 I0001-I0003页

作者： christopher c.c.abot Winsor H.Watson Ⅲ Plymouth State University University of New Hampshire

1 Introduc.ion The Ameriean horseshoe erab Limulus PolyPhemus has long served as a souree of delight and insPiration to a broad eross-seetion of seientists-from naturalists to ***, for the last hundred years or so,new... 详细信息

关键词：行为马蹄科学家自然主义蟹

Seasonal movements of Americ.n horseshoe c.abs Limulus polyphemus in the Great Bay Estuary,New Hampshire (USA)

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c.rrent Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 587-598页

作者： Susanne Y Sc.ALLER christopher c.c.ABOT Winsor H.WATSON Ⅲ Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s University of New Hampshire Department of Biology Plymouth State University

The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of Americ.n horseshoe c.abs, Limulus polyphemus, in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire （USA） by using ac.ustic.telemetry to trac. the movements of 37 adult Limulus, for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months. During the winter （Dec.mber-Marc.） horseshoe c.abs moved very little. In the spring, when water temperatures exc.eded II^c. horseshoe c.abs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallower subtidal areas about a month prior to spawning. The mean distanc. traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ＋ 0.5 （n=20） km up the estuary. Mating oc.urred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areas adjac.nt to mating beac.es. In the summer （July-Augnst）, animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 （n=26） km down the estuary, towards the oc.an, and ranged widely, using extensive portions of the estuary. In the fall （September-November） movement was more limited （0.5 ± 0.5 km; n = 24） while animals settled into wintering loc.tions, where they remained until spring. The mean annual linear range for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km （n =35） and the maximum distanc. traveled by an individual horseshoe c.ab within one year was 9.2 km. There was no evidenc. that any of the horseshoe c.abs trac.ed during this study left the estuary

关键词： Limuluspolyphemus Ac.ustic.telemetry Horseshoe c.ab Trac.ing Estuary Home range

Sensitivity of prec.pitation statistic. to urban growth in a subtropic.l c.astal megac.ty c.uster

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Journal of Environmental Sc.enc.s 2017年第9期29卷 6-12页

作者： christopher c.aus Holst Johnny c.L.c.an c.i-Yung Tam Sc.ool of Energy and Enuironment City Uniuersity of liong KongHong KongChina Guy c.rpenter Asia-Pac.fic.c.imate Impac. c.ntre City Uniuersity of Hong KongHong KongChina Earth System Sc.enc. Programme The Chinese Uniuersity of Hong KongHong KongChina

This short paper presents an investigation on how human ac.ivities may or may not affec. prec.pitation based on numeric.l simulations of prec.pitation in a benc.mark c.se with modified lower boundary c.nditions, representing different stages of urban development in the model. The results indic.te that c.rtain degrees of urbanization affec. the likelihood of heavy prec.pitation signific.ntly, while less urbanized or smaller c.ties are muc. less prone to these effec.s. Suc. a result c.n be explained based on our previous work where the sensitivity of prec.pitation statistic. to surfac. anthropogenic.heat sourc.s lies in the generation of buoyanc. and turbulenc. in the planetary boundary layer and dissipation through triggering of c.nvec.ion. Thus only mega c.ties of suffic.ent size, and henc. human-ac.ivity-related anthropogenic.heat emission, c.n expec. to experienc. suc. effec.s. In other words, as c.ties grow, their effec.s upon prec.pitation appear to grow as well.

关键词： Urban prec.pitation Mic.o c.imate sensitivity Urbanization

Protec.ing miners from c.al bursts during development above historic.mine workings in Harlan c.unty,KY

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International Journal of Mining Sc.enc. and Tec.nology 2021年第1期31卷 111-116页

作者： christopher Mark Mine Safety and Health Administration PittsburghPA 15236USA

In order to reac. a large,untapped reserve of high-quality c.al,D8 c.overlic. Mine proposed to mine a c.rridor nearly 600 m deep beneath the Benham Spur of Blac. Mountain,Kentuc.y’s highest peak.D8 c.overlic. Mine was extrac.ing the Owl seam,but the c.rridor’s route lay approximately 20 m above c.ntury-old mine workings in the c.(Darby)*** to the c.nc.rn,three serious c.al bursts had rec.ntly oc.urred in nearby Owl seam *** of the old workings seemed to indic.te that the underlying c.seam had been fully ***,two of the c.al bursts had oc.urred above areas where the c.Seam was also shown as mined *** Safety and Health Administration(MSHA)Tec.nic.l Support therefore investigated the rec.rds of past mining to better understand the old mine *** c.nditions observed in c.rrent Owl seam workings were also c.mpared with the maps of the old c.seam *** study c.nc.uded that the presenc. of hazardous underlying remnants c.uld not be ruled *** mitigate the burst risk,D8 c.overlic. Mine adopted a strategy of stress probe drilling.A self-propelled c.al drill was used to auger 11.5-m-long,small diameter holes in advanc. of *** eac. hole was drilled,the c.ttings were measured to detec. the presenc. of highly stressed *** the c.ossing was suc.essfully c.mpleted without inc.dent.

关键词： c.al bursts Underground mining Room-and-pillar Destressing