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Brain size and urbanization in birds

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Chinese Birds 2015年第2期6卷 92-98页

作者： Anders pape Moller Johannes Erritzoe Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique et EvolutionCNRS UMR 8079Universite Paris-Sud Taps Old Rectory

Background: Brain size may affect the probability of invasion of urban habitats if a relatively larger brain entails superior ability to adapt to novel environments. However, once urbanized urban environments may provide poor quality food that has negative consequences for normal brain development resulting in an excess of individuals with small ***: Here we analyze the independent effects of mean, standard deviation and skewness in brain mass for invasion of urban habitats by 108 species of birds using phylogenetic multiple regression analyses weighted by sample ***: There was no significant difference in mean brain mass between urbanized and non-urbanized species or between urban and rural populations of the same species, and mean brain mass was not significantly correlated with time since urbanization. Bird species that became urbanized had a greater standard deviation in brain mass than non-urbanized species, and the standard deviation in brain mass increased with time since urbanization. Brain mass was significantly left skewed in species that remained rural, while there was no significant skew in urbanized species. The degree of left skew was greater in urban than in rural populations of the same species, and successfully urbanized species decreased the degree of left skew with time since urbanization. This is consistent with the hypothesis that sub-optimal brain development was more common in rural habitats resulting in disproportionately many individuals with very smal ***: These findings do not support the hypothesis that large brains promote urbanization, but suggest that skewness has played a role in the initial invasion of urban habitats, and that variance and skew in brain mass have increased as species have become urbanized.

关键词： Birds Brain mass Skewness in Brain Mass Standard deviation in Brain Mass Urbanization

The allometry of number of feathers in birds changes seasonally

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Chinese Birds 2015年第1期6卷 1-5页

作者： Anders pape Mller Laboratoire d’Ecologie Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR 8079Université Paris-Sud

Background: Feathers are a defining feature of birds with multiple functions such as flight, insulation, protection against predation and signaling. Feathers are lost during the annual molt while the rate of such loss at other times of the year and its fitness consequences remain poorly ***: I used information on the number and the mass of feathers for 160 individuals belonging to 85 species of birds in general linear mixed models to analyze allometry of feathers and to investigate possible factors explaining variation in the number of feathers. A phylogenetic effect was assessed by quantifying the random effect of ***: The total mass of feathers increased isometrically with body mass, while the total number of feathers and the mean mass of feathers showed negative allometry. Negative allometry implied that small-sized species had relatively many small feathers. There was a negative association between the number of feathers and migration distance. The total number of feathers initially increased during fall and winter, consistent with individuals growing more feathers later during the year or with individuals with fewer feathers selectively disappearing from the population. In contrast, the number of feathers decreased from winter through spring and ***: These findings suggest that thermoregulation has affected the evolution of the number and the size of feathers, there is selection against feather loss, and that the number of feathers varies across seasons.

关键词： Feather loss Molt Number of feathers Predation Thermoregulation

Function of the uropygial gland in eiders (Somateria mollissima)

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Avian Research 2019年第3期10卷 330-335页

作者： Anders pape Moller Karsten Laursen Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875China Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversité Paris-Saclay91405 Orsay CedexFrance Department of Bioscience Aarhus UniversityGrenavej 14Kalo 8410 RandeDenmark

Background:The uropygial gland is an exocrine gland located above the tail of birds that produces a diverse range of *** has been hypothesized to be involved in chemical protection,water-proofing and maintenance of plumage *** these not necessarily mutually exclusive functions have received some empirical support,there has been little empirical research on the function of ***:Here we analyzed data for 229 individual eiders(Somateria mollissima)collected by Danish hunters during ***:The Eider is a sea-duck that spends almost its entire life in sea water emphasizing water-proofing of the *** size of the uropygial gland increased with body mass in males,but not in females,and it increased with *** size of the uropygial gland decreased during winter. Eiders with small uropygial glands grew their feathers at a fast *** with large wing areas had large uropygial glands. Conclusions:These findings are consistent with large uropygial glands playing a role in water-proofing during molt and foraging, but also that uropygial glands may play a role in chemical defense.

关键词： Anti-microbial substance Eider Somateria mollissima Uropygial gland Water-proofing

Avian preference for close proximity to human habitation and its ecological consequences

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Current Zoology 2018年第5期64卷 623-630页

作者： Anders pape MOLLER Mario DiAZ Ecologie Systematique Evolution CNRS Universite Paris-Sud AgroParisTech Universite Pari-Saclay 0rsay Cedex F-91400 France Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC-MNCN-CSIC) National Museum of Natural Sciences CSIC c/Serrano 155bis Madrid E-28006 Spain

Human proximity often have negative consequences for wildlife. However, animals may also benefit from human proximity in terms of availability of resources and protection against predators and parasites. We recorded the distance between all birds detected during the breeding season along 18 5-kin transects and the nearest inhabited house in three areas of 50 km2 in Spain, France, and Denmark. More than three quarters of birds were located closer than 100 m to the nearest house, while the null expectation was less than a third. Mean distance for species was correlated with degree of bird urbanization and with flight initiation distance. Habitat specialist species with small breeding territories tended to live closer to houses. Birds from species having more broods per year, larger annual fecundity and lower nest predation rate lived closer to human habitation. Breeding range size, population density, and continental breeding population sizes were larger for species living closer to human habitation. Most relationships between distance to houses and bird traits had a strong phylogenetic signal, but most additive trait effects remained after phylogenetic correction. Proximity to human habitation was a main driver of the distribution of birds, with most individuals and species tightly linked to inhabited houses. Living close to human habitation was associated with success in the colonization of urban habitats and with consistent changes in distribution, abundance, behavior, and life history. Replicated measurements of the spatial and tempo- ral variation in these distributions may be useful for monitoring and analyzing the ongoing process of organisms＇ urbanization.

关键词： birds distance to nearest house flight initiation distance humans refuge urbanization.

Long-lived birds suffer less from oxidative stress

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Avian Research 2018年第4期9卷 363-369页

作者： Canwei Xia Anders pape Moller Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina Ecologie Systématique Evolution UniversitéParis-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversitéParis-Saclay91405 Orsay CedexFrance

Background: Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, is thought to be an important intrinsic mechanism for aging. Ecologists have tested this hypothesis in birds, although the evidence supporting the link between oxidative stress and lifespan has so far been ambiguous. Two previous studies based on a wide range of different free-living bird species provided contradictory findings: antioxidants were negatively associated with survival rate in one study, but positively associated with longevity in ***: In this study, we identified possible shortcomings in previous research, and then used the comparative methods to test whether long-lived birds experience less oxidative stress reflected by four blood redox state markers(total antioxidant status, uric acid, total glutathione, malondialdehyde) based on data for 78 free-living ***: Relatively long-lived bird species had high levels of antioxidants(total antioxidant status, total glutathione) and low levels of reactive oxygen species(malondialdehyde). These associations were independent of statistical control for any effects of body mass, sampling effort and similarity among taxa due to common phylogenetic ***: The direction of these associations is consistent with the oxidative stress theory of aging.

关键词： Ageing Antioxidant Birds Longevity Oxidative stress Sampling effort

Plumage brightness and uropygial gland secretions in barn swallows

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Current Zoology 2019年第2期65卷 177-182页

作者： Anders pape MOLLER Fernando MATEOS-GONZALEZ Ecologie Systematique Evolution Universite Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Universite Paris-Saclay Batiment 362 F-91405 Orsay Cedex France Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre University of Uppsala Norbyvagen 18d SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden

The uropygial gland has been hypothesized to play a role in sexual signaling through a "make-up" function derived from the effects of secretions from the gland on the appearanee of the plumage and bare parts of the body. Here we show that plumage brightness of dorsal feathers of individual barn swallows Hirundo rustica was greater in mated than in unmated individuals. In addition, plumage brightness in creased with colony size. Furthermore, plumage bright ness was positively correlated with the amount of wax in the uropygial gland, negatively correlated with time of sampling of uropygial wax (perhaps because more wax is present early in the morning after an entire night of wax production without any preening), and negatively correlated with the number of chewing lice that degrade the plumage. Experimentally preventing barn swallows from access to the uropygial gland reduced plumage brightness, showing a causal link between secretions from the uropygial gland and plumage brightness. These findings provide evidence consistent with a role of uropygial secretions in signaling plumage brightness.

关键词： brightness coloration preening wax sexual selection uropygial gland

Niche segregation, competition, and urbanization

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Current Zoology 2018年第2期64卷 145-152页

作者： Anders pape MФLLER Mario DiAz Ecologie Systematique Evolution CNRS Universite Paris-Sud AgroParisTech Universite Pari-Saclay OrsayCedex F-91400 France Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC-MNCN-CSIC) NationalMuseum of Natural Sciences CSIC c/Serrano 155bis Madrid E-28006 Spain

Urbanization of species is an ongoing process where successful urban colonizers usually obtain large fitness benefits. Mechanisms proposed to explain associations between urbanization and lifehistory traits are based on behavioral flexibility in food and habitat use and reduced fear responses. We test the novel hypothesis that interspecific competition for proximity to humans is driving ur- banization. We recorded the distance during the breeding season to human habitation for 50 pairs of closely related bird species, where one was closely associated with humans while the other species was not. The degree of urbanization was larger as was range size and abundance in the species more closely associated to humans. Flight initiation distance was shorter, and species closely associated with humans were more abundant in ancestral rural habitats. Likewise, species more closely associated with humans reproduced earlier and during longer periods. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that urbanization is promoted by interspecific competition. Resulting isolation by urban habitat may further facilitate contemporary adaptation to urban environments.

关键词： birds distance to human habitation isolation by habitat isolation by time mechanisms.

Annual spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes wintering in Izumi based on satellite tracking and their implications for conservation

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Avian Research 2018年第3期9卷 264-272页

作者： Chunrong Mi Anders pape Moller Yumin Guo College of Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Ecologie Systématique Evolution UniversitéParis-SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversitéParis-Saclay91405 Orsay CedexFrance

Background: The Hooded Crane(Grus monacha) is listed as a vulnerable species by IUCN. Knowledge about the migration of the Hooded Crane is still limited. Here we reported the spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes wintering in Izumi, Japan, as well as important stopover areas for their ***: Four adult and five subadult cranes, all wintering in Izumi, Japan, were fitted with satellite transmitters(GPS–GSM system) at their stopover sites in northeastern China in 2014 and 2015. We analyzed the time and duration of adults and subadults in spring and autumn migration, as well as the time and duration they stayed in breeding and wintering ground. In addition, we analyzed the land use of the cranes in stopover ***: Adult cranes took much longer time to migrate both north in spring(mean days) compared with subadult cranes(15.3 and 5.2 days, respectively). H= 44.3 days) and south in fall(mean = 54.0 owever, the subadults had longer wintering(mean = 149.8 days) and nomadic(breeding season for adults) seasons(mean d with adults(133.8 and 122.3 days, respectively). Three important stopover areas have been= 196.8 days) compare identified: the region around Muraviovka Park in Russia, the Songnen Plain in China, and the west coast of South Korea, where cranes spent most of their migration time(62.2 and 85.7% in spring and autumn, respectively). During migration, nomadic period and winter, Hooded Cranes usually stay in croplands for resting and feeding. In non-wintering season, less than 6% of stopover sites were located within protected ***: Overall, our results contribute to understanding the annual spatio-temporal migration patterns of Hooded Cranes in the eastern flyway, and planning conservation measures for this species.

关键词： Conservation Eastern migration route Hooded Cranes(Grus monacha) Izumi Satellite tracking Spatiotemporal migration patterns

Assessing the sensitivity of Melanoplus frigidus （Orthoptera： Acrididae） to different weather conditions＂ A modeling approach focussing on development times

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Insect Science 2008年第2期15卷 167-178页

作者： Oliver-D. Finch Jorg Loffler Roland pape Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Fk V Institute of Biology and Environmental-Sciences Terrestrial Ecology D-26111 Oldenburg University of Bonn Department of Geography Meckenheimer AIlee 166 D-53115 Bonn Germany

The temperature and soil moisture conditions as well as vegetation patterns were studied to describe the habitat and to model the life cycle of Melanoplusfrigidus, a true alpine grasshopper of the Scandes. In the low alpine belt of the Norwegian Scandes the species colonizes only the warmest microhabitats with maximum soil surface temperatures of 31℃. Vegetation of these habitats consists of shrub-rich heath dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus and Calluna vulgaris. Using continuously measured temperature data, the development times for four different seasons were modeled and related to field observations. The maximum delay of adult molt was estimated to amount to 3 weeks, the delay being determined by the variation in spring temperature conditions between different years. The possibilities of using M. frigidus as an indicator organism of climate change effects on alpine zoo-coenoses of the Scandes are discussed.

关键词： alpine insects climate change indicator life history thermal effective environment