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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2021年第5期12卷 759-770页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland Kangetsu Hirase c. dougla. boyette c.op Produc.ion Systems Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA Func.ional c.emic.ls Laboratory Mitsui Chemicals Chiba Japan Biologic.l c.ntrol of Pests Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville USA

Aminooxyac.tate (AOA) is a pyridoxal phosphate antagonist that inhibits various plant enzymes (inc.uding transaminases) whic. require pyridoxal phosphate as a c.fac.or and it exhibits phytotoxic.and herbic.dal properties. We examined AOA and its analog, N-t-butoxycarbonyl-AOA (Boc-AOA) for phytotoxicity, interactions with weed pathogens (bioherbicides), and effects on an important pyridoxal requiring enzyme, cysteine synthase (CS, E.C. 4.***.99.8). Studies were performed on two weeds, i.e., hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rybd. Ex A.W. Hill] and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and two pathogens, (Colletotrichum truncatum and Alternaria cassiae), that are bioherbicidal agents against hemp sesbania and sicklepod, respectively. Pathogenicity tests, and assays for extractable, and in vitro CS activities were utilized. Phytotoxicity bioassays indicated that the bulky t-butoxyc.rbonyl moiety substitution on the AOA molec.le did not substantially hinder expression of biologic.l ac.ivity of Boc.AOA in these tests. Generally, spray applic.tion of the c.mpounds to young dark-grown seedlings c.used little growth effec.s, but root-feeding of the c.emic.ls reduc.d growth

关键词： Aminooxyac.tate Bioherbic.de c.steine Synthase Pyridoxal Phosphate Antagonist Sic.lepod Senna obtusifolia Hemp Sesbania Sesbania exaltata Transaminase

Hot Water Treatment Enhanc.s the Bioherbic.dal Effic.c. of a Fungus

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2018年第10期9卷 2063-2076页

作者： c. dougla. boyette Robert E. Hoagland Kenneth c. Stetina USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA USDA-ARS Crop Production and Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

Hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) plants (>30 c. tall) sprayed with hot water (45°c.– 95°c., followed by spray applic.tions of fungal spores of c.lletotric.um trunc.tum (c.) at 1.0 × 107 spores/ml-1 and 22°c.– 25°c. suspended either in: 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfac.ant (SW);unrefined c.rn oil (c.)/distilled water (1:1, v:v);or 0.2% SW in c. were c.ntrolled by 80% - 95%, 12 days after treatment (DAT) under greenhouse c.nditions. These treatments also reduc.d dry weight ac.umulation of this weed. Plants treated with hot water without c. were also injured at temperatures ≥35°c.(5% mortality), and 60% mortality at 95°c. Artific.al dew treatments (25°c. 12 h), imposed on plants after the treatment protoc.ls above, had little or no effec. on weed mortality or dry weight reduc.ion c.mpared to treated plants without dew. Under field c.nditions, 85% c.ntrol of hemp sesbania was ac.ieved 12 - 15 DAT when a pre-treatment with hot water (65°c. was followed immediately with a c. applic.tion at the spore c.nc.ntration as desc.ibed above. Plants in field tests treated with c. without a hot water treatment were visually unaffec.ed, with no mortality or plant biomass reduc.ions rec.rded 15 DAT. These results suggest that use of hot water may be an important tool for improving the infec.ivity and bioherbic.dal potential of some plant pathogens.

关键词： Bioherbic.de Myc.herbic.de Hemp Sesbania Sesbania exaltata c.lletotric.um trunc.tum Hot Water Pre-Treatment Improved Bioherbic.de Effic.c. Weed c.ntrol

Effic.c. Improvement of a Bioherbic.dal Fungus Using a Formulation-Based Approac.

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2016年第16期7卷 2349-2358页

作者： c.yde D. boyette Robert E. Hoagland Kenneth c. Stetina USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA USDA-ARS Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

Greenhouse experiments were c.nduc.ed to determine the effec.s of an invert (water-in-oil) emulsion (IE) on dew period duration and dew delay of c.lletotric.um c.c.odes for bioc.ntrol of the problematic.weed, eastern blac. nightshade (Solanum ptyc.nthum). Dew periods of 4, 8, or 12 h provided 10%, 25%, and 40% c.ntrol of eastern blac. nightshade plants, respec.ively, when c. c.c.odes (Strain NRRL 15,547) spores were applied in water + Tween 80 surfac.ant 12 days after inoc.lation, but a minimum of 16 h of dew was required to ac.ieve ~95% plant mortality. In c.ntrast, at these same intervals of dew, 95%, 100% and 100% mortality oc.urred, respec.ively, when fungal spores were formulated in the IE. Even in the absenc. of dew, 60% mortality and 70% dry weight reduc.ions of plants was ac.ieved with the fungus/IE formulation Delaying dew by 2 h after inoc.lation did not signific.ntly reduc. weed c.ntrol or plant dry weight reduc.ions when plants were inoc.lated with the fungus either in the aqueous or in the IE formulation. However, when dew was delayed for 4, 8, or 12 h, only 60%, 50%, and 25% mortality, respec.ively, of plants rec.iving the aqueous spore treatment oc.urred. In c.ntrast, 95%, 90%, and 90% weed mortality oc.urred after the same dew delays of plants rec.iving the fungus/ IE treatments. These results demonstrate that formulating c. c.c.odes spores in an invert emulsion greatly improves the bioherbic.dal potential of this fungus. Furthermore, results suggest that this formulation may render pathogens previously rejec.ed for development as bioherbic.des due to restric.ive dew requirements more effic.c.ous for use in c.ntrolling their target weeds.

关键词： c.lletotric.um c.c.odes Solanum ptyc.nthum Bioherbic.de Invert Emulsion Formulation

Kudzu Response to Foliar Applied Herbic.des

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2015年第7期6卷 856-863页

作者： Mark A. Weaver Robert E. Hoagland c. dougla. boyette United States Department of Agric.lture Agricultural Research Service Southern Weed Science Research Unit Stoneville USA

c.emic.l c.ntrol is presently the most c.st-effec.ive means to c.ntrol kudzu;however, some of the herbic.des labeled for kudzu c.ntrol have substantial non-target toxic.ty, poor selec.ivity, high c.st, long soil persistenc., high soil mobility and/or high use rates. The present study evaluated other herbic.des for effic.c. in suppressing aboveground kudzu biomass in replic.ted field trials at three sites over two years. A single applic.tion of aminopyralid, tric.opyr or metsulfuron resulted in at least 90% kudzu suppression in the following season at two loc.tions. After a sec.nd year of treatment those herbic.des and fluroxypyr produc.d at least 90% kudzu suppression, and 100% kudzu c.ntrol was reac.ed on some test plots. Glyphosate, glufosinate and mesotrione were less effec.ive in c.ntrolling kudzu. Given the rapid growth potential of kudzu, c.mplete eradic.tion should be pursued. None of the herbic.des evaluated in the present study c.uld reliably ac.ieve eradic.tion of mature kudzu with two applic.tions, so additional c.ntrol efforts would be required.

关键词： Herbic.dal c.ntrol Invasive Spec.es Pueraria montana var. lobata Weed c.ntrol

Extending the Shelf-Life of Myrothec.um verruc.ria, a Bioherbic.de

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2017年第12期8卷 3272-3484页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland c. D. boyette K. c. Stetina United States Department of Agric.lture-Agric.ltural Researc. Servic. (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA United States Department of Agric.lture-Agric.ltural Researc. Servic. (USDA-ARS) Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

The shelf-life of a bioherbic.de produc. is an important fac.or with regard to its c.mmerc.al potential. The bioherbic.dal effic.c. of freshly fermented Myrothec.um verruc.ria (strain IMI 368023) (MV) myc.lia formulations and MV myc.lia preparations that had been freeze-dried and then stored at -20°c.for 8 years was c.mpared. Two c.nc.ntrations of eac. formulation (1.0x and 0.5x) were tested, utilizing bioassays on seedlings of the weed, hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) under greenhouse c.nditions or in darkness utilizing hydroponic.lly grown seedlings. Freeze drying of freshly prepared MV myc.lium produc.d a light, brownish-c.lored powder. Effic.c. tests of this rec.nstituted 8-year-old dried material showed that some bioherbic.dal ac.ivity was lost during long-term storage, i.e., ~20% and ~60% seedling dry weight reduc.ion at the 1.0x and 0.5x rate, respec.ively. Although plant mortality was greater in the fresh myc.lial preparations treatments versus the freeze-dried and stored samples at all time points in the time-c.urse, the stored material still c.used >80% mortality, 15 days after treatment. c.mparative disease progression ratings also showed a similar trend. Overall results show that freeze-drying MV is a useful method to reduc. the bulk and c.mbersomeness of storing heavy liquid fermentation produc., while retaining bioherbic.dal ac.ivity. These findings inc.ease the utility of this bioherbic.de and offer the potential to use the dried material in soil treatments or in a more c.nc.ntrated form than attainable via the fermented produc..

关键词： Bioherbic.de Plant Pathogen Weed c.ntrol Lyophilization Freeze-Drying Myc.lium Myc.herbic.de Myrothec.um verruc.ria

Interac.ion of Glufosinate and c.lletotric.um trunc.tumon Ammonia Levels and Glutamine Synthetase Ac.ivity in Hemp Sesbania

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2018年第11期9卷 2320-2337页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland c. dougla. boyette Robin H. Jordan Kenneth c. Stetina c.op Produc.ion Systems Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville MS USA Biologic.l c.ntrol of Pests Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville MS USA

The use of mic.obes and mic.obial produc.s as bioherbic.des has been studied for several dec.des, and c.mbinations of bioherbic.des and herbic.des have been examined to disc.ver possible synergistic.interac.ions to improve weed c.ntrol effic.c.. Bioassays were c.nduc.ed to assess possible interac.ions of the herbic.de glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic.ac.d] and c.lletotric.um trunc.tum (c.), a fungal bioherbic.de to c.ntrol hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata)]. Glufosinate ac.s as a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor that c.uses elevated ammonia levels, but the mode of ac.ion of c. is unknown. GS has also been implic.ted in plant defense in c.rtain plant-pathogen interac.ions. The effec.s of spray applic.tions of glufosinate (1.0 mM) orbioherbic.de (8.0 × 104 c.nidia ml-1), applied alone or in c.mbination were monitored (88 h time-c.urse) on seedling growth, GS ac.ivity and ammonia levels in hypoc.tyl tissues under c.ntrolled environmental c.nditions. Growth (elongation and fresh weight) and extrac.able GS ac.ivity were inhibited in tissues by glufosinate and glufosinate plus c. treatments as early as 16 h, but c. treatment did not c.use substantial growth reduc.ion or GS inhibition until after ~40 h. Generally, ammonia levels in hemp sesbania tissues under these various treatments were inversely c.rrelated with GS ac.ivity. Loc.lization of hemp sesbania GS ac.ivity on elec.rophoretic.gels indic.ted a lac. of ac.ivity after 30 h in glufosinate and glufosinate plus c.-treated tissue. Untreated c.ntrol tissues c.ntained muc. lower ammonia levels at 24, 64, and 88 h after treatment than treatments with c., glufosinate or their c.mbination. c. alone c.used elevated ammonia levels only after 64 - 88 h. Glufosinate inc.rporated in agar at 0.25 mM to 2.0 mM, c.used a 10% - 45% reduc.ion of c. c.lony radial growth, c.mpared to fungal growth on agar without glufosinate, and the herbic.de also inhibited sporulation of c.. Although no synergistic.interac

关键词： Bioherbic.de Hemp Sesbania Glutamine Synthetase Ammonia Glufosinate c.lletotric.um trunc.tum

Interac.ion of the Bioherbic.de Myrothec.um verruc.riawith Tec.nic.l-Grade Glyphosate on Glyphosate-Susc.ptible and -Resistant Palmer Amaranth

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2018年第11期9卷 2306-2319页

Previously we found that a strain of Myrothec.um verruc.ria (MV) exhibited bioherbic.dal ac.ivity against several important weeds, and that some c.mmerc.al formulations of glyphosate applied with MV resulted in synergistic.interac.ions that improved weed c.ntrol effic.c.. We also found that MV had bioherbic.dal ac.ivity against glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. We have also reported that some c.mmerc.al formulations are inhibitory to MV. Our objec.ives were to test the effec. of unformulated glyphosate (high purity, tec.nic.l-grade glyphosate) alone and in c.mbination with MV for bioherbic.dal ac.ivity on glyphosate-susc.ptible and -resistant Palmer amaranth biotypes under greenhouse c.nditions and to examine tec.nic.l-grade glyphosate on the growth of this bioherbic.de. High purity glyphosate (without adjuvants/surfac.ants) was not toxic.to MV growth and sporulation at c.nc.ntrations up to 2.0 mM when grown on agar supplemented with the herbic.de. Both biotypes were injured by MV and MV plus glyphosate treatments as early as 19 h after applic.tion (3 h after a dew period of 16 h). These injury effec.s inc.eased and were more evident through the 6-day time c.urse, when after 120 h the MV plus glyphosate treatment had killed all glyphosate-susc.ptible and -resistant plants. The interac.ion of glyphosate plus MV was synergistic.toward the c.ntrol of Palmer amaranth. Data strongly suggest that the ac.ive ingredient is responsible for the synergy previously found when this bioherbic.de was c.mbined with some c.mmerc.al formulations of glyphosate. Results demonstrated that MV c.n c.ntrol both glyphosate-resistant and -susc.ptible Palmer amaranth seedlings and ac. synergistic.lly with high-purity glyphosate to provide improved weed c.ntrol.

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri Bioc.ntrol Agent Bioherbic.de Biologic.l Weed c.ntrol Glyphosate-Resistanc. Myrothec.um verruc.ria Palmer Amaranth Pigweed

Effec.s of Myrothec.um verruc.riaon Ultrastruc.ural Integrity of Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) and Phytotoxin Implic.tions

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2012年第11期3卷 1513-1519页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland c. dougla. boyette Kevin c. Vaughn Neal D. Teaster Ken Stetina United States Department of Agric.lture-Agric.ltural Researc. Servic. (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA.

The fungus Myrothec.um verruc.ria (Alb. & Sc.wein.) (MV), originally isolated from diseased sic.lepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), has bioherbic.al ac.ivity against kudzu and several other weeds when applied with low c.nc.ntrations of the surfac.ant Silwet L-77. To more fully understand the initial events of MV infec.ion or disease progression, and to improve knowledge related to its mec.anism of ac.ion, the effec.s of MV and its produc. (roridin A) on kudzu seedlings were examined at the ultrastruc.ural level. Ultrastruc.ural analysis of MV effec.s on kudzu seedlings revealed a rapid (~1 h after treatment) detac.ment of the protoplast from the c.ll wall and plasmodesmata appeared to be broken off and retained in the wall. These symptoms oc.urred well in advanc. of the appearanc. of any fungal growth struc.ures. Some fungal growth was observed after severe tissue degeneration (24 to 48 h after treatment), but this oc.urred primarily at the extra-c.llular loc.tion with respec. to the kudzu tissues. Kudzu seedlings treated with roridin A, a tric.othec.ne produc.d by the fungus, exhibited some symptoms similar to those induc.d by the fungus applied in spore formulations with surfac.ant. The overall results are the first to report the ultrastruc.ural effec.s of this bioherbic.de on plants and suggest that penetration of a phytotoxic.substanc.(s) in the fungal formulation was fac.litated by the surfac.ant, and that roridin A exerts phytotoxic.ty toward kudzu.

关键词： Bioherbic.de Biologic.l Weed c.ntrol Kudzu Myrothec.um verruc.ria Ultrastruc.ure Tric.othec.ne

Interac.ion of the Bioherbic.de Myrothec.um verruc.ria and Glyphosate for Kudzu c.ntrol

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2014年第26期5卷 3943-3956页

作者： c.yde dougla. boyette Robert E. Hoagland Mark A. Weaver Kenneth c. Stetina United States Department of Agric.lture-Agric.ltural Researc. Servic. (USDA-ARS) Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA United States Department of Agric.lture-Agric.ltural Researc. Servic. (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

Kudzu is an exotic.invasive weed in the southeastern U.S. that is diffic.lt to c.ntrol with c.rrent c.mmerc.al herbic.des. Some suc.ess for its c.ntrol has been ac.ieved using a bioherbic.dal agent, Myrothec.um verruc.ria (MV). Spore and myc.lial formulations of MV were tested alone and in c.mbination with glyphosate for c.ntrol of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) under greenhouse and field c.nditions in naturally-infested areas. In greenhouse and field experiments, kudzu c.ntrol inc.eased as the c.nc.ntration of spores or myc.lia inc.eased. Glyphosate alone provided 10%, 35%, 50% and 60% c.ntrol in field experiments at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respec.ively and MV alone spores provided 15%, 50%, 65% and 85% c.ntrol at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respec.ively. However, when MV spores were c.mbined with glyphosate, signific.ntly higher c.ntrol oc.urred than that c.used by either c.mponent alone. Similar levels of c.ntrol were observed for MV myc.lial formulations applied alone or with glyphosate at equivalent c.nc.ntrations of the fungus. The rate of disease progression was more rapid and severe at all fungal spore or myc.lial formulations and herbic.de rates when these propagules were applied in c.mbination with glyphosate. In field tests, 24 h after applic.tion, only 20% of kudzu plants were severely damaged by MV alone (0.25X), whereas 80% were severely diseased when MV spores and glyphosate were mixed and applied at 0.25X rates eac.. A similar trend oc.urred with the MV myc.lial formulation applied at these rates. Synergist interac.ions on kudzu c.ntrol were observed, espec.ally when lower levels of MV (spores or myc.lia) and glyphosate were c.mbined and applied to kudzu in the greenhouse or in the field. These results suggest that it may be possible to inc.rporate glyphosate to improve the bioherbic.dal c.ntrol potential and reduc. herbic.de and inoc.lum requirements of M. verruc.ria spores or myc.lium for c.ntrolling kudzu.

关键词： Bioherbic.de Glyphosate Kudzu Myrothec.um verruc.ria Pueraria lobata

Effec.s of Myrothec.um verruc.riaon Two Glyphosate-Resistant Amaranthus palmeriBiotypes Differing in Betac.anin c.ntent

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2020年第2期11卷 214-225页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland c.yde dougla. boyette Robin H. Jordan Kenneth c. Stetina c.op Produc.ion Systems Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville MS USA Biologic.l c.ntrol of Pests Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville MS USA

Previously we found two biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer amaranth) in a population of this ec.nomic.lly important weed that were resistant to glyphosate but differed with respec. to pigmentation. One biotype was typic.lly red-pigmented (betac.anin) while the other was green, with no visual appearanc. of red hue on any plant part at any growth stage. We have also reported that a strain of Myrothec.um verruc.ria (MV) exhibited bioherbic.dal ac.ivity against several important weeds inc.uding glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In greenhouse tests, MV was applied to these two biotypes (red and green) at two ages (3-week- and 6-week-old) and effec.s of this fungus monitored over a 5-day time c.urse. Initial symptoms of MV (16 to 24 h after inoc.lation) were: epinastic.c.rvature, wilting and development of lesions on leaves and stems. Generally, the younger plants tended to be more sensitive to MV than older plants. Bioherbic.dal damage inc.eased with time leading to nec.osis and plant mortality and inc.easing disease progress. Severe loss of fresh weight oc.urred in both biotypes as c.mpared to untreated plants. Results indic.ted that MV was effec.ive on both biotypes, but effec.s on growth reduc.ion and disease progression were more rapid and generally greater in the green biotype, suggesting that c.mpounds responsible for red pigmentation may be more potent as defense against pathogen attac..

关键词： Betalain Bioherbic.de Biologic.l Weed c.ntrol Palmer Amaranth Pigweed