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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第9期12卷 1433-1434页

作者： bjorn spittau Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology Department of Molecular Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Institute of Anatomy University of Rostock

Parkinson＇s disease （PD） has been described as one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting up to 2% of the worldwide population over 60 years of age. The hallmarks of PD are progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic （mDA） neurons and a decrease in striatal dopamine levels, which result in typ- ical clinical motor symptoms such as akinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and gait impairments. Although the causes for PD are only partially understood and seem to be very heterogeneous, one of the common phenomenons observed in toxin-based an- imal models of PD as well as PD patients is a microglia-driven neuroinflammatory response,

关键词： T-CELLS NEURONS BRAIN CYTOKINE

Immune responses to tumor-unrelated antigens might predict adverse effects in patients treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2023年第4期20卷 313-315页

作者： bjorn Nuise Tim Holland Jochen Mattner Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie Immunologie und HygieneUniversitatsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat(FAU)Erlangen-NurnbergErlangenGermany.2Medical Immunology Campus ErlangenFAU Erlangen-NurnbergErlangenGermany

The advent of checkpoint inhibition targeting programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)or its ligand(PD-L1)revolutionized cancer immunotherapy and significantly improved the treatment of different malignancies.However,not all immune cell subsets that express PD-1 also target tumor cells.Utilizing the immune response of the germinal center reaction to seasonal influenza vaccination as a readout,Herati et al.introduced vaccination as an analytical tool to predict adverse effects beyond anticancer responses[1]

关键词： immunotherapy al. vaccination

Artificial intelligence for characterization of diminutive colorectal polyps:A feasibility study comparing two computer-aided diagnosis systems

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Artificial Intelligence in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2024年第1期5卷 11-22页

作者： Quirine Eunice Wennie van der Zander Ramon M Schreuder Ayla Thijssen Carolus H J Kusters Nikoo Dehghani Thom Scheeve bjorn Winkens Mirjam C M van der Ende-van Loon Peter H N de With Fons van der Sommen Ad A M Masclee Erik J Schoon Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Maastricht University Medical CenterMaastricht 6202 AZNetherlands GROW School for Oncology and ReproductionMaastricht UniversityMaastricht 6200 MDNetherlands Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Catharina Hospital EindhovenEindhoven 5602 ZANetherlands Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven 5600 MBNetherlands Department of Methodology and Statistics Maastricht UniversityPostbus 6166200 MD MaastrichtNetherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care Maastricht UniversityMaastricht 6200 MDNetherlands

BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence(AI)has potential in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps.AIM To evaluate the feasibility of the real-time use of the computer-aided diagnosis system(CADx)AI for ColoRectal Polyps(AI4CRP)for the optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps and to compare the performance with CAD EYE^(TM)(Fujifilm,Tokyo,Japan).CADx influence on the optical diagnosis of an expert endoscopist was also investigated.METHODS AI4CRP was developed in-house and CAD EYE was proprietary software provided by Fujifilm.Both CADxsystems exploit convolutional neural networks.Colorectal polyps were characterized as benign or premalignant and histopathology was used as gold standard.AI4CRP provided an objective assessment of its characterization by presenting a calibrated confidence characterization value(range 0.0-1.0).A predefined cut-off value of 0.6 was set with values0.76).Self-critical AI4CRP’s diagnostic performances excluded low confidence characterizations.RESULTS AI4CRP use was feasible and performed on 30 patients with 51 colorectal polyps.Self-critical AI4CRP,excluding 14 low confidence characterizations[27.5%(14/51)],had a diagnostic accuracy of 89.2%,sensitivity of 89.7%,and specificity of 87.5%,which was higher compared to AI4CRP.CAD EYE had a 83.7%diagnostic accuracy,74.2%sensitivity,and 100.0%specificity.Diagnostic performances of the endoscopist alone(before AI)increased nonsignificantly after reviewing the CADx characterizations of both AI4CRP and CAD EYE(AI-assisted endoscopist).Diagnostic performances of the AI-assisted endoscopist were higher compared to both CADx-systems,except for specificity for which CAD EYE performed best.CONCLUSION Real-time use of AI4CRP was feasible.Objective confidence values provided by a CADx is novel and self-critical AI4CRP showed higher diagnostic performances compared to A

关键词： Artificial intelligence Colorectal polyp characterization Computer aided diagnosis Diminutive colorectal polyps Optical diagnosis Self-critical artificial intelligence

Self-employment in Rural China:Its Development,Characteristics,and Relation to Income

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China & World Economy 2022年第1期30卷 136-165页

作者： bjorn Gustafsson Yudan Zhang Department of Social Work University of GothenburgSwedenand Research FellowInstitute for Labor Economics(IZA)Germany Business School Beijing Normal UniversityChina

Changes in the employment structure in rural China were studied with a focus on off-farm self-employment.Data from the Chinese Household Income Project surveys were used,covering the same 14 provinces from 1988 to 2018.We found that the proportion of adults in rural China with self-employment as their primary form of off-farm employment increased from only 2 percent in 1988 to 11 percent in 2013,with no further increases through 2018.In 1988 and 1995,the rate of self-employment was highest in the eastern region but this regional pattern subsequently disappeared.The probability of being self-employed in rural China was higher among married males than among unmarried persons.Having a migration experience increased the likelihood of being self-employed.Since 1995,self-employed households have had a higher average income than other categories of household.Based on estimates of income functions,we conclude that the income premium from being self-employed increased rapidly from 1988 to 1995 to become remarkably large when only a few adults were self-employed.However,as a larger fraction of the rural population entered self-employment,the payoff from being self-employed has rapidly diminished,although it was still substantial in 2018.

关键词： income off-farm self-employment wage-employment

Alcohols for hydrate inhibition-Different alcohols and different mechanisms

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Petroleum 2022年第1期8卷 1-16页

作者： bjorn Kvamme Na Wei Jinzhou Zhao Shouwei Zhou Liehui Zhang Wantong Sun Navid Saeidi State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate Beijing10027China Hyzenenergy Laguna Hills92656USA Strategic Carbon LLC Portsmouth03801USA

Methanol has been used to prevent hydrate formation in industrial handling of hydrate forming mixtures containing water for many decades.Ethanol is also used for the same purpose in countries that have easy access to low price ethanol,like for instance Brasil.Common to these small alcohols is that they also have surfactant properties that will promote hydrate formation,but when added to water in sufficient amounts,the hydrate prevention characteristics will dominate.These alcohols will primarily prevent heterogeneous hydrate formation on the interface between water and a separate hydrate phase.The effect of“alcohol”on both of these routes to hydrate formation are investigated and compared to experimental data.In particular we also investigate the effects of these small alcohols on Gibbs free energy for the hydrate formed on the new,shifted,stability conditions.Gibbs free energy is generally higher than hydrate formed from pure water.Enthalpies of hydrate formation are also higher for hydrate formed from water containing alcohols.These are negative numbers,so in absolute values released formation enthalpy is lower.The presence of these alcohols in water will also prevent homogeneous hydrate formation from dissolved hydrate formers in water.Glycols have more important roles in other routes to hydrate nucleation.Heterogeneous hydrate nucleation towards mineral surfaces is feasible in different ways.Polar hydrate formers like H2S and CO_(2)can adsorb directly on rust,and as discussed here,are able to form hydrate from adsorbed state on rust surface.Non-polar hydrocarbons like,for instance methane might get trapped in structured water and then nucleate to hydrate.Some research on this is published and further research is in progress.Glycols have very strong attraction to rust and corresponding chemical potentials for adsorbed glycols on rust are favourable enough to facilitate phase transition from glycols dissolved in water over to adsorption.Injection of glycol in gas processing plants has been used by industry for

关键词： Hydrate Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics Alcohols Nucleation

Galaxy:A Decade of Realising CWFR Concepts

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Data Intelligence 2022年第2期4卷 358-371页

作者： Beatriz Serrano-Solano Anne Fouilloux Ignacio Eguinoa Matus Kalas bjorn Gruning Frederik Coppens Bioinformatics Group University of FreiburgBaden-Wurttemberg 79098Germany Department of Geosciences University of OsloOslo0316Norway Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent UniversityGhent 9052Belgium VIB GentOost-Vlaanderen 9052Belgium Department of Informatics University of Bergen Ringgold standard institutionUniversity of BergenBergenHordaland 5008Norway

Despite recent encouragement to follow the FAIR principles,the day-to-day research practices have not changed substantially.Due to new developments and the increasing pressure to apply best practices,initiatives to improve the efficiency and reproducibility of scientific workflows are becoming more prevalent.In this article,we discuss the importance of well-annotated tools and the specific requirements to ensure reproducible research with FAIR outputs.We detail how Galaxy,an open-source workflow management system with a web-based interface,has implemented the concepts that are put forward by the Canonical Workflow Framework for Research(CWFR),whilst minimising changes to the practices of scientific communities.Although we showcase concrete applications from two different domains,this approach is generalisable to any domain and particularly useful in interdisciplinary research and science-based applications.

关键词： CWFR FAIR Tools Workflows Galaxy Metadata FDOs

Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials

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Bioactive Materials 2023年第4期22卷 384-403页

作者： Yashodhan M.Bichu Abdulraheem Alwafi Xiaomo Liu James Andrews bjorn Ludwig Aditi Y.Bichu Bingshuang Zou Private Practice Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates Department of Oral Health Science Faculty of DentistryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Faculty of Dentistry Department of Dental Public HealthKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingChina Private Practice PerthAustralia Department of Orthodontics University of HomburgSaarGermany

Rapid technological improvements in biomaterials,computer-aided design(CAD)and manufacturing(CAM)have endorsed clear aligner therapy(CAT)as a mainstay of orthodontic treatment,and the materials employed for aligner fabrication play an all-important role in determining the clinical performance of clear aligners.This narrative review has attempted to comprehensively encompass the entire gamut of materials currently used for the fabrication of clear aligners and elucidate their characteristics that are crucial in determining their performance in an oral environment.Historical developments and current protocols in aligner fabrication,features of contemporary bioactive materials,and emerging trends related to CAT are discussed.Advances in aligner material chemistry and engineering possess the potential to bring about radical transformations in the therapeutic applications of CAT;in the absence of which,clear aligners would continue to underperform clinically,due to their inherent biomechanical constraints.Finally,while innovations in aligner materials such as shape memory polymers,direct three-dimensional(3D)printed clear aligners and bioactive materials combined with clear aligner materials are essential to further advance the applications of CAT;increased awareness of environmental responsibilities among aligner manufacturers,aligner prescribing clinicians and aligner users is essential for better alignment of our climate change goals towards a sustainable planet.

关键词： Clear aligners Bioactive materials Shape memory polymers Direct 3D printing Environment Review

Difficult procedures,better outcomes

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2023年第4期12卷 634-636页

作者： Davit L.Aghayan Airazat M.Kazaryan Asmund Avdem Fretland bjorn Edwin The Intervention Centre Oslo University Hospital-RikshospitaletOsloNorway Department of Surgery N1 Yerevan State Medical University after M.HeratsiYerevanArmenia Institute of Clinical Medicine Medical FacultyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery Oslo University Hospital-UllevålOsloNorway Department of Surgery Østfold Hospital TrustGrålumNorway Department of Faculty Surgery N 2 I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia Department of Surgery Fonna Hospital TrustOddaNorway Department of HPB Surgery Oslo University Hospital-RikshospitaletOsloNorway

Despite the initial skepticism and challenges,minimally invasive liver surgery especially laparoscopic liver resections(LLR),has become a first-choice surgical treatment for various liver tumors in many specialized centers worldwide(1-3).It is a safe alternative to open surgery thanks to advantages such as reduced blood loss and complication rates,shorter hospital stay,and better quality of life(4-7).However,laparoscopy requires relatively long learning,and complex procedures are limited to high-volume expert centers(8).

关键词： Liver resection laparoscopic liver surgery minimally invasive liver surgery complex procedures

The Rise of China's Global Middle Class in an International Context

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China & World Economy 2022年第1期30卷 5-27页

作者： Terry Sicular Xiuna Yang bjorn Gustafsson Department of Economics Social Science CentreUniversity of Western OntarioCanada Research Department One China Development Research FoundationChina Department of Social Work University of GothenburgSwedenand Research FellowInstitute for Labor Economics(IZA)Germany

We estimate the size of the global middle class in China and 33 other countries and analyze China’s expanding middle class in an international context.The“ghbal middle class”is defined in terms of being neither poor nor rich in the developed world.China’s global middle class has grown rapidly and has been catching up with the middle class in developed countries.By 2018 China’s global middle class constituted 25 percent of China s population;in absolute size it was nearly double the size of the global middle class in the US and was similar in size to that of Europe.Cross-country analysis of the relationship between the middle-class share of the total population and GDP per capita reveals an inverted-U pattern.China is not an outlier from the cross-country pattern but the speed with which its middle-class has expanded is unusual.The only other countries with similarly large,rapid expansions of the middle class are transition economies.

关键词： China income distribution middle class transition

The acceleration of a high-charge electron bunch to 10 GeV in a 10-cm nanoparticle-assisted wakefield accelerator

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Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2024年第1期9卷 15-24页

作者： Constantin Aniculaesei Thanh Ha Samuel Yoffe Lance Labun Stephen Milton Edward McCary Michael M.Spinks Hernan J.Quevedo Ou Z.Labun Ritwik Sain Andrea Hannasch Rafal Zgadzaj Isabella Pagano Jose A.Franco-Altamirano Martin L.Ringuette Erhart Gaul Scott V.Luedtke Ganesh Tiwari Bernhard Ersfeld Enrico Brunetti Hartmut Ruhl Todd Ditmire Sandra Bruce Michael E.Donovan Michael C.Downer Dino A.Jaroszynski bjorn Manuel Hegelich University of Texas at Austin AustinTexas 78712USA SUPA Department of Physics University of StrathclydeGlasgowScotland G4 ONGUnited Kingdom Tau Systems Inc.AustinTexas 78701USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCalifornia 94550USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNew Mexico 87545USA Brookhaven National Laboratory UptonNew York 11973USA Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MunichGermany

An intense laser pulse focused onto a plasma can excite nonlinear plasma waves.Under appropriate conditions,electrons from the background plasma are trapped in the plasma wave and accelerated to ultra-relativistic velocities.This scheme is called a laser wakefield accelerator.In this work,we present results from a laser wakefield acceleration experiment using a petawatt-class laser to excite the wakefields as well as nanoparticles to assist the injection of electrons into the accelerating phase of the wakefields.We find that a 10-cm-long,nanoparticle-assisted laser wakefield accelerator can generate 340 pC,10±1.86 GeV electron bunches with a 3.4 GeV rms convolved energy spread and a 0.9 mrad rms divergence.It can also produce bunches with lower energies in the 4–6 GeV range.

关键词： acceleration nanoparticle charge