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Two-dimensional materials for future information technology: status and prospects

Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第6期67卷 1-147页

作者： Hao QIU Zhihao YU Tiange ZHAO Qi ZHANG Mingsheng XU Peifeng LI Taotao LI Wenzhong BAO Yang CHAI Shula CHEN Yiqi CHEN Hui-Ming CHENG Daoxin DAI Zengfeng DI Zhuo DONG Xidong DUAN Yuhan FENG Yu FU Jingshu GUO Pengwen GUO Yue HAO Jun HE Xiao HE Jingyi HU Weida HU Zehua HU Xinyue HUANG Ziyang HUANG Ali IMRAN Ziqiang KONG Jia LI Qian LI Weisheng LI Lei LIAO bilu liu Can liu Chunsen liu Guanyu liu Kaihui liu Liwei liu Sheng liu Yuan liu Donglin LU Likuan MA Feng MIAO Zhenhua NI Jing NING Anlian PAN Tian-Ling REN Haowen SHU Litao SUN Yue SUN Quanyang TAO Zi-Ao TIAN Dong WANG Hao WANG Haomin WANG Jialong WANG Junyong WANG Wenhui WANG Xingjun WANG Yeliang WANG Yuwei WANG Zhenyu WANG Yao WE Department of Applied Physics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University College of Integrated Circuits Zhejiang University Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Layered Materials for Value-Added ApplicationsTsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Institute of Materials ResearchTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation College of Optical Science and EngineeringInternational Research Center for Advanced PhotonicsZijingang CampusZhejiang University National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications i-LabSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) Department of PhysicsRenmin University of China School of Integrated Circuits Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua University School of Electronic Science and Engineering Nanjing University The State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of GrapheneSchool of MicroelectronicsXidian University Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education School of Physics and TechnologyWuhan University School of Integrated Circuits Huazhong University of Science and Technology Center for Nanochemistry (CNC) Beijing Science and Engineering Center for NanocarbonsBeijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstruct

Over the past 70 years, the semiconductor industry has undergone transformative changes,largely driven by the miniaturization of devices and the integration of innovative structures and materials. Two-dimensional(2D) materials like transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) and graphene are pivotal in overcoming the limitations of silicon-based technologies, offering innovative approaches in transistor design and functionality, enabling atomic-thin channel transistors and monolithic 3D integration. We review the important progress in the application of 2D materials in future information technology, focusing in particular on microelectronics and optoelectronics. We comprehensively summarize the key advancements across material production, characterization metrology, electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and heterogeneous integration on silicon. A strategic roadmap and key challenges for the transition of 2D materials from basic research to industrial development are outlined. To facilitate such a transition, key technologies and tools dedicated to 2D materials must be developed to meet industrial standards, and the employment of AI in material growth, characterizations, and circuit design will be essential. It is time for academia to actively engage with industry to drive the next 10 years of 2D material research.

关键词： two-dimensional (2D) materials information technology production technology standardization of characterization microelectronicdevices optoelectronic devices multi-functional integration

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Advanced materials and energy technologies towards carbon neutrality

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Science China Materials 2022年第12期65卷 3187-3189页

作者： bilu liu Gang liu Yongbing Tang Hui-Ming Cheng Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua–Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials ResearchTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055China

The rapid development of human society has led to much increased consumption of energy,which results in global energy shortage as well as serious environmental concerns due to the use of non-sustainable fossil fuels.For example,the heavy relay on the use of coal and oil leads to carbon emission which is a major factor for global warming and climate change.Developing green and sustainable energy paths becomes more urgent than ever.In this regard,energy sources like sunshine,wind,and water are important to build a clean and sustainable future.For example,one could generate electricity from sun by solar cell devices.Later,such electricity can be stored either in the form of charges by batteries or supercapacitors,or stored in the form of chemicals by electrochemical catalysis conversion,which can be transported over a long distance or stored for a long time for end use.The efficiency of these new energy technologies and devices including photovoltaic,energy storage,and energy conversion,is key which determines whether they can be largescale implemented.High-performance materials play central rules in determining the efficiency of these technologies and therefore largely influence the use of these clean energy technologies and paths toward global mission of carbon neutrality.

关键词： neutral carbon sunshine

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Why do platinum catalysts show diverse electrocatalytic performance?

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Fundamental Research 2023年第5期3卷 804-808页

作者： Qiangmin Yu Zhiyuan Zhang Heming liu Xin Kang Shiyu Ge Shaohai Li Lin Gan bilu liu Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute&Institute of Materials ResearchShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

As one of the best electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction,platinum catalysts are a benchmark for the performance evaluation of new catalysts.However,platinum catalysts reported in the literature show diverse electrocatalytic performances,resulting in the lack of a common reference standard.In this study,we investigated several factors that affect the performance of platinum catalysts by performing experimental measurements and data processing.These factors included the solution resistance,electrolyte temperature,loading quantity,catalyst microstructure,and normalization method of the current density.Finally,we recommended criteria for the performance evaluation of electrocatalysts.

关键词： Platinum Electrocatalyst Overpotential Solution resistance Loading quantity Microstructure Catalyst area Evaluation criteria

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Recent advances in 2D organic−inorganic heterostructures for electronics and optoelectronics

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SmartMat 2023年第2期4卷 37-68页

作者： Jahangir Khan Rana Tariq Mehmood Ahmad Junyang Tan Rongjie Zhang Usman Khan bilu liu Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute&Institute of Materials ResearchTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina Department of Electrical Engineering Narowal CampusUniversity of Engineering and TechnologyLahorePakistan Institute of Functional Porous Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina

Two‐dimensional(2D)materials show outstanding properties such as dangling bond‐free surfaces,strong in‐plane while weak out‐of‐plane bonding,layer‐dependent electronic structures,and tunable electronic and optoelectronic properties,making them promising for numerous applications.Integrating 2D inorganics with organic materials to make van der Waals heterostructures at the 2D thickness limit has created new platforms for fabricating on‐demand multifunctional devices.To further broaden the limited choices of 2D inorganic‐based heterostructures,a wide range of available 2D organic materials with tunable properties have opened new opportunities for designing large numbers of heterostructures with 2D inorganic materials.This review aims to attract the attention of researchers toward this emerging 2D organic−inorganic field.We first highlight recent progress in organic−inorganic heterostructures and their synthesis and then discuss their potential applications,such as field‐effect transistors,photodetectors,solar cells,and neuromorphic computing devices.In the end,we present a summary of challenges and opportunities in this field.

关键词： 2D materials 2D organic−inorganic heterostructures electronics inorganic materials optoelectronics organic materials synthesis

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Homologous gradient heterostructure-based artificial synapses for neuromorphic computation

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InfoMat 2023年第1期5卷 95-105页

作者： Changjiu Teng Qiangmin Yu Yujie Sun Baofu Ding Wenjun Chen Zehao Zhang bilu liu Hui-Ming Cheng Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials ResearchShenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhenPeople's Republic of China Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of ScienceShenzhenPeople's Republic of China School of Electronic and Information Engineering Foshan UniversityFoshanPeople's Republic of China Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyangPeople's Republic of China

Gradient heterostructure is one of fundamental interfaces and provides an effective platform to achieve gradually changed properties in mechanics,optics,and electronics.Among different types of heterostructures,the gradient one may provide multiple resistive states and immobilized conductive fila-ments,offering great prospect for fabricating memristors with both high neuromorphic computation capability and repeatability.Here,we invent a memristor based on a homologous gradient heterostructure(HGHS),compris-ing a conductive transition metal dichalcogenide and an insulating homolo-gous metal oxide.Memristor made of Ta–TaS_(x)O_(y)–TaS 2 HGHS exhibits continuous potentiation/depression behavior and repeatable forward/backward scanning in the read-voltage range,which are dominated by multi-ple resistive states and immobilized conductive filaments in HGHS,respec-tively.Moreover,the continuous potentiation/depression behavior makes the memristor serve as a synapse,featuring broad-frequency response(10^(-1)–10^(5) Hz,covering 106 frequency range)and multiple-mode learning(enhanced,depressed,and random-level modes)based on its natural and moti-vated forgetting behaviors.Such HGHS-based memristor also shows good unifor-mity for 5?7 device arrays.Our work paves a way to achieve high-performance integrated memristors for future artificial neuromorphic computation.

关键词： artificial synapses broad-frequency range gradient heterostructures homologous memristors neuromorphic computation

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Biomolecule capturing and sensing on 2D transition metal dichalcogenide canvas

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Nano Research Energy 2023年第1期2卷 45-57页

作者： Yichao Bai Linxuan Sun Qiangmin Yu Yu Lei bilu liu Institute of Materials Research Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering and Materials Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen InstituteTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

Since the isolation of graphene in 2004,two-dimensional(2D)materials such as transition metal dichalcogenide(TMD)have attracted numerous interests due to their unique van der Waals structure,atomically thin body,and thickness-dependent properties.In recent years,the applications of TMD in public health have emerged due to their large surface area and high surface sensitivities,as well as their unique electrical,optical,and electrochemical properties.In this review,we focus on state-of-the-art methods to modulate the properties of 2D TMD and their applications in biosensing.Particularly,this review provides methods for designing and modulating 2D TMD via defect engineering and morphology control to achieve multi-functional surfaces for molecule capturing and sensing.Furthermore,we compare the 2D TMD-based biosensors with the traditional sensing systems,deepening our understanding of their action mechanism.Finally,we point out the challenges and opportunities of 2D TMD in this emerging area.

关键词： 2D materials transition metal dichalcogenide property modulation biomolecule capturing sensing

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Achieving highly selective electrochemical CO_(2) reduction to C_(2)H_(4) on Cu nanosheets

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2023年第4期79卷 312-320页

作者： Huan Xie Ruikuan Xie Zhiyuan Zhang Yongyu Pang Yuting Luo Jiong Li bilu liu Maria-Magdalena Titirici Guoliang Chai State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou 350002FujianChina Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037JiangsuChina Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center(SGC) Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute(TBSI)and Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School(TSIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina School of Chemical Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201210China Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College LondonSW72AZUK

The conversion of CO_(2)into value-added chemicals coupled with the storage of intermittent renewable electricity is attractive.CuO nanosheets with an average size and thickness of~30 and~20 nm have been developed,which are in situ reduced into Cu nanosheets during electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(ECO_(2)RR).The derived Cu nanosheets demonstrate much higher selectivity for C2H4production than commercial CuO derived Cu powder,with an optimum Faradaic efficiency of 56.2%and a partial current density of C_(2)H_(4)as large as 171.0 mA cm^(-2)in a gas diffusion flow cell.The operando attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectra measurements and density functional theory simulations illustrate that the high activity and selectivity of Cu nanosheets originate from the edge sites on Cu nanosheets with a coordinate number around 5(4–6),which facilitates the formation of^(*)CHO rather than^(*)COH intermediate,meanwhile boosting the C-C coupling reaction of^(*)CO and^(*)CHO intermediates,which are the critical steps for C_(2)H_(4)formation.

关键词： Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction Cu nanosheets C_(2)H_(4) High selectivity Coordination number

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Six-membered-ring inorganic materials: definition and prospects

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National Science Review 2021年第1期8卷 175-197页

作者： Gang liu Xing-Qiu Chen bilu liu Wencai Ren Hui-Ming Cheng Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University

The six-membered ring (SMR) is a common structure unit for numerous material systems. These materials include, but are not limited to, the typical two-dimensional materials such as graphene, h-BN, and transition metal dichalcogenides, as well as three-dimensional materials such as beryllium, magnesium, Mg B2 and Bi2Se3. Although many of these materials have already become ‘stars’ in materials science and condensed-matter physics, little attention has been paid to the roles of the SMR unit across a wide range of compositions and structures. In this article, we systematically analyze these materials with respect to their very basic SMR structural unit, which has been found to play a deterministic role in the occurrence of many intriguing properties and phenomena, such as Dirac electronic and phononic spectra, superconductivity and topology. As a result, we have defined this group of materials as SMR inorganic materials, opening up a new perspective on materials research and development. With their unique properties, SMR materials deserve wide attention and in-depth investigation from materials design, new physical discoveries to target-wizard applications. It is expected that SMR materials will find niche applications in next-generation information technology, renewable energy, space, etc.

关键词： six-membered-ring (SMR) materials SMR concept SMR physics SMR chemistry SMR mechanics SMR classifications

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Mass production of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene and their applications

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Nano Research 2021年第6期14卷 1583-1597页

作者： liusi Yang Wenjun Chen Qiangmin Yu bilu liu Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute&Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China

Two-dimensional(2D)materials are promising candidates in wide applications including energy storage and conversion,sensors,flexible devices,etc.The low-cost production of 2D materials with large quantities and demanded quality is the precondition for their commercial uses.For graphene and its derivatives,relatively mature techniques have been established for their scalable preparation and industrial applications.Whereas the mass production of 2D materials beyond graphene is still in its early age and it lacks a summary on this topic.This review systematically describes the state-of-the-art approaches for high-yield preparation of 2D materials beyond graphene,including“top-down”exfoliation and“bottom-up”synthetic approaches.In particular,each method is discussed from the perspectives of its principle,optimization attempts,characteristics of the obtained 2D materials,and its scalability potential.The applications that require massively-produced 2D materials are highlighted,including electrocatalysis,batteries,supercapacitors,mechanical and chemical sensors,as well as electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave absorption devices.Finally,we propose the challenges and opportunities for scalable preparation and commercial applications of 2D materials.

关键词： two-dimensional(2D)materials mass production “top-down”exfoliation “bottom-up”synthesis applications

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电催化还原二氧化碳合成C_(3+)产物

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Science China Materials 2024年第6期67卷 1780-1790页

作者：罗雨婷胡书萁刘碧录 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of TorontoTorontoOntario M5S 3G4Canada Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Layered Materials for Value-Added ApplicationsTsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute&Institute of Materials ResearchTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

通过电催化还原反应将二氧化碳(CO_(2))转换为重要燃料和化工原料意义重大,有利于推进工业低碳化发展.如今,该技术路线可以实现C_(1)和C_(2)产物的高选择性、快速合成,但合成高值碳三加(C_(3+))产物的转化率仍较低.本文中,我们聚焦电催... 详细信息

通过电催化还原反应将二氧化碳(CO_(2))转换为重要燃料和化工原料意义重大,有利于推进工业低碳化发展.如今,该技术路线可以实现C_(1)和C_(2)产物的高选择性、快速合成,但合成高值碳三加(C_(3+))产物的转化率仍较低.本文中,我们聚焦电催化还原二氧化碳合成C_(3+)产物的进展,重点关注CO_(2)转化为C_(3+)产物的催化剂材料、电化学系统和串联反应器这三个方面.最后,本文指出了该领域面临的主要挑战和未来的研究方向.

关键词：电催化还原二氧化碳催化剂材料化工原料高选择性快速合成转化率

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