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Prevelance of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and <i>E. coli</i>in Rawalpindi vegetable markets

Natural Science 2013年第12期5卷 1298-1304页

作者： Sadia Alam Samina Khalil Najma Ayub Abida Bibi beena saeed Salma Khalid Sumaira Siddiq Department of Agriculture Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Microbiology Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Department of Microbiology University of Haripur Haripur Pakistan IFood Quality Programme National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan

Nutritional value of vegetables and high prices of meat and meat originated food compel common people to consume plant originated food particularly salad vegetables. Microbial population of vegetable surfaces contains a large number of pathogenic bacteria including members of Enterobactereace like Escherichia coli (E. coli). A survey was conducted in three major markets of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Tomato, lettuce, cabbage and cucumber samples were collected from three shops of each market. Each vegetable was analysed as unwashed and washed for total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli by FAO (Food Quality Manual). About two hundred and fifty E. coli isolates were preserved, serotyped for presence of O157 serotype. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli count exceeded the permissible limits in most samples. The highest Total coliforms were associated with cabbage (3.78 log10 cfu/g). Cucumber was the least contaminated by Total coliforms (2.15 log10 cfu/g). E. coli was detected in tomato, lettuce, cucumber and cabbage. Washed samples showed reduced bacterial population. Seventy six isolates of E. coli were biochemically characterized and serotyped for O157 antigen. A majority of strains could not be identified by serotyping. These findings conclude with high potentially pathogenic microbial load on salad vegetables and urge for preventive action on priority basis.

关键词： Escherichia coli Total Coliforms Fecal Coliforms Vegetables Serotyping Microbial Population

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Hydro-meteorological characteristics of Chitral River basin at the peak of the Hindukush range

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Natural Science 2013年第9期5卷 987-992页

作者： Salma Khalid Shafiq Ur Rehman Syed Mushtaq Ali Shah Alia Naz beena saeed Sadia Alam Farman Ali Hasina Gul Department of Agriculture Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan Regional Meteorological Centre Peshawar Pakistan

This paper presents the impact of mean maximum temperature on Chitral river basin situated at Chitral district and high altitude (>6000 m) peaks of the Hindukush range under changing climate in Pakistan. The analysis of Chitral River as one of the tributary of Kabul River—the second largest river of Pakistan—revealed that change in temperature has a profound influence on the snow/glacial melt in comparison to the mean monthly rainfall. This is because the studied river is faded by the snow and glacial melt and receives a lot of snowfall from winter (DecFeb) to pre-monsoon (April-May). In monsoon period (Jul-Sep), 30% of the time the discharge rate remains above the mean while 60% of the time the discharge is less than the mean in the pre-monsoon (April-May) period. It means that 10% of the time the discharge is in reach of 300% to 900% of the mean flow, showing a rise in water yield and river discharge rate due to increase in mean monthly maximum temperature. Due to this significant increase (p < 0.05), the glaciers start melting faster and disappear in early summer, hence, reducing their residency period to convert into ice. This shows the signals of changing climate transfer into hydrological changes in Pakistan. Our findings are important for agriculture, hydropower and water management sectors for future planning especially in dry season for sustainable food security and for operation of ydrological installations in the country.

关键词： Mean Maximum Temperature Mean Rainfall River Discharge Climate Change Chitral

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Contribution of soil and foliar fertilization of nitrogen and sulfur on physiological and quality assessment of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.)

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Natural Science 2013年第9期5卷 1012-1018页

作者： beena saeed Hasina Gul Farman Ali Amir Zaman Khan Shazma Anwar Nasrullah Sadia Alam Salma Khalid Alia Naz Hina Fayyaz Azra Department of Agriculture Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Agronomy The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology The University of Agriculture Mardan Campus Pakistan Department of Soil Sciences The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

Nitrogen and sulfur supplies have a strong influence on the physical characteristics of crop as well as on the quality and quantity of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in bread-making process. In order to evaluate the contribution of soil and foliar fertilization of nitrogen and sulfur on physiological and quality assessment of wheat, a field trail was carried out having randomized complete block design with four replications and eight different treatments of nitrogen and sulfur combinations were allotted to plots at different growth stages. Results indicated that highest protein content (12.82%), maximum moisture content (10.9%), maximum crop growth rate and maximum absolute growth rate were recorded when the wheat crop was fertilized with T8 [Nitrogen @ 60 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 40 kg·ha-1 at tillering + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis (spray) + 10 kg·ha-1 after anthesis (spray)] + [Sulfur @ 15 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis (spray) + 5 kg·ha-1 after anthesis (spray)], while control practice resulted low moisture content, low protein, minimum crop growth rate and low absolute growth rate. Among physiological components of wheat cultivars, leaf area index was enhanced when fertilization was done with T5 (Sulfur @ 15 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis + 5 kg·ha-1 after anthesis). In all the recorded observations,concerning experiment wheat cultivar Pirsabaq2005 showed appreciable response as compared with other variety (Khyber-87). Thus it is possible to obtain maximum physiological traits as well as bread-making quality of wheat through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and sulfur.

关键词： Absolute Growth Rate Crop Growth Rate Leaf Area Index Moisture and Protein Contents

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