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Characterizing China＇s energy consumption with selective economic factors and energy-resource endowment： a spatial econometric approach

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2015年第2期9卷 355-368页

作者： Lei JIANG Minhe JI ling bai The Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education of China) East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen Groningen 9700AV the Netherlands

Coupled with intricate regional interactions, the provincial disparity of energy-resource endowment and other economic conditions in China have created spatially complex energy consumption patterns that require analyses beyond the traditional ones. To distill the spatial effect out of the resource and economic factors on China＇s energy consumption, this study recast the traditional econometric model in a spatial context. Several analytic steps were taken to reveal different aspects of the issue. Per capita energy consumption （AVEC） at the provincial level was first mapped to reveal spatial clusters of high energy consumption being located in either well developed or energy resourceful regions. This visual spatial autocorrela- tion pattern of AVEC was quantitatively tested to confirm its existence among Chinese provinces. A Moran scatter- plot was employed to further display a relatively centralized trend occurring in those provinces that had parallel AVEC, revealing a spatial structure with attraction among high-high or low-low regions and repellency among high-low or low-high regions. By a comparison between the ordinary least square （OLS） model and its spatial econometric counterparts, a spatial error model （SEM） was selected to analyze the impact of major economic determinants on AVEC. While the analytic results revealed a significant positive correlation between AVEC and economic development, other determinants showed some intricate influential patterns. The provinces endowed with rich energy reserves were inclined to consume much more energy than those otherwise, whereas changing the economic structure by increasing the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries also tended to consume more energy. Both situations seem to underpin the fact that these provinces were largely trapped in the economies that were supported by technologies of low energy efficiency during the period, while other parts of the country were rapidly modernized by adopting advanced tech

关键词： per capita energy consumption economicgrowth energy endowment spatial autocorrelation spatialeconometric model

The 2024 M_(j) 7.6 Noto Peninsula, Japan earthquake caused by the fluid flow in the crust

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Earthquake Research Advances 2024年第3期4卷 1-6页

作者： Yuzo Ishikawa ling bai Center for Integrated Research and Education of Natural Hazards Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka422-8529Japan State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

On January 1, 2024 at 16:10:09 JST, an M_(j) 7.6 earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula in the southern part of the Sea of Japan. This location has been experiencing an earthquake swarm for more than three years. Here, we provide an overview of this earthquake, focusing on the slip distribution of the mainshock and its relationship with the preceding swarm. We also reexamined the source areas of other large earthquakes that occurred around the Sea of Japan in the past and compared them with the Matsushiro earthquake swarm in central Japan from1964 to 1968. The difference between the Matsushiro earthquake swarm and the Noto earthquake swarm is the surrounding stress field. The Matsushiro earthquake swarm was a strike-slip stress field, so the cracks in the crust were oriented vertically. This allowed fluids seeped from the depths to rise and flow out to the surface. On the other hand, the Noto area was a reverse fault stress field. Therefore, the cracks in the earth's crust were oriented horizontally. Fluids flowing underground in deep areas could not rise and spread over a wide area in the horizontal plane. This may have caused a large amount of fluid to accumulate underground, triggering a large earthquake. Although our proposed mechanism does not take into account other complex geological conditions into consideration, it may provide a simple way to explain why the Noto swarm is followed by a large earthquake while other swarms are not.

关键词： The M 7.6 Noto Peninsular earthquake Earthquake swarm Fluid triggering Strike-slip fault Reverse fault

Numerical Simulation and Entropy Production Analysis of Centrifugal Pump with Various Viscosity

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第11期141卷 1111-1136页

作者： Zhenjiang Zhao Lei Jiang ling bai Bo Pan ling Zhou National Research Center of Pumps Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China School of Energy and Power Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China Shandong Xinchuan Mining Equipment Co. Ltd.Jining272300China

The fluid’s viscosity significantly affects the performance of a centrifugal *** entropy production method and leakage are employed to analyze the performance changes under various viscosities by numerical simulation and validated by *** results showed that increasing viscosity reduces both the pump head and *** addition,the optimal operating point shifts to the *** is influenced by vortex distribution in the front chamber and boundary layer thickness in wear-ring clearance,leading to an initial increase and subsequent decrease in leakage with increasing *** total entropy production Spro,Total inside the pump rises with increasing *** different mechanisms dominate under varying conditions:Turbulent dissipation dominates at low *** high-viscosity conditions,energy loss is primarily caused by direct dissipation Spro,D and wall entropy production Spro,*** study provides a deeper and more objective understanding of the energy characteristics of centrifugal pumps handling fluids of various viscosity,potentially aiding in optimizing pump design and improving energy conversion efficiency.

关键词： Centrifugal pump numerical simulation viscosity leakage entropy production

Comparative study of β-Si_3N_4 powders prepared by SHS sintered by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2007年第3期14卷 271-275页

作者： ling bai Xiaodong Mao Weiping Shen Changchun Ge Laboratory of Special Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China

β-Si3N4 powders prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis （SHS） with additions of Y2O3 and Al2O3 were sintered by spark plasma sintering （SPS）. The densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics prepared using this method were compared with those obtained by hot pressing process. Well densified Si3N4 ceramics with finer and homogeneous microstructure and better mechanical properties were obtained in the case of the SPS technique at 200°C lower than that of hot pressing. The microhardness is 15.72 GPa, the bending strength is 716.46 MPa, and the fracture toughness is 7.03 MPa·m1/2.

关键词： self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) hot pressing spark plasma sintering (SPS) silicon nitride mechanicalproperties

Corrosion resistance of composite coating on magnesium alloy using combined microarc oxidation and inorganic sealing

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 2012年第S3期22卷 760-763页

作者： YANG Wei WANG Ai-ying JIANG bai-ling Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Technology

The combined microarc oxidation (MAO) and inorganic sealing process was used to deposit a composite coating to improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium *** surface morphologies of the resulting duplex coatings were studied by ***,the corrosion resistance of the coated Mg alloy substrates was investigated using electrochemical workstation and dropping corrosion *** results show that the composite coating surface consists of Mg,Si,O and *** is difficult to deposit inorganic coating on a thick MAO coating *** the composite coating was solidified by CO2 under 175 °C,it exhibits a better corrosion resistance than the MAO monolayer,owing to the thick and compact inorganic coating.

关键词： AZ31 magnesium alloy microarc oxidation composite coating microstructure corrosion resistance

Diffusion Kinetics Study of Lithium Ion in the Graphdiyne Based Electrode

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2021年第6期37卷 1289-1295页

作者： ZHANG Luwei LIU Jingyi bai ling WANG Ning Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInstitute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary ScienceShandong UniversityJinan250100P.R.China

Herein,we report a comparative investigation of the electrochemical lithium diffusion within graphidyne(GDY)based *** transfer kinetic behaviors of lithium ions during the insertion/extraction process are analyzed through different methods including the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).GDY with the morphology of nanosheets(GDY NS)shows lithium diffusion coefficients in the orders range of 10^(−12)-10^(−13) cm^(2)/s through the GITT ***,EIS indicates quite a lower value of lithium diffusion coefficients between 10^(−13) and 10^(−15) cm^(2)/s,which indicates that the analysis technique has an influence on the evaluation of GDY-based *** addition,under the same measurement condition of GITT,GDY nanoparticles(GDY NP)exhibit a lower value of Li+diffusion coefficient(10^(−14)-10^(−16) cm^(2)/s)during the charge-discharge process compared to those of GDY NS,which can be ascribed to the wide distributing range of particle size in GDY NP based *** analysis results in this work reveal that the aggregating forms of GDY electrode material have an important effect on the diffusion process of lithium ions,which provides a pathway to optimize the performance of GDY-based energy storage devices.

关键词： Graphdiyne Diffusion kinetics Lithium-ion battery Electrode Lithium diffusion coefficient

Combustion crack-network reaction evolution model for highly-confined explosives

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2023年第8期26卷 54-67页

作者： Zhuo-ping Duan Meng-Jing bai Zhi-ling bai Xin-jie Wang Feng-lei Huang State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China

The evolution behavior of combustion crack reaction of highly confined solid explosives after non-shock ignition is governed by multiple dynamic processes,including intrinsic combustion of explosives,crack propagation,and rapid growth of combustion surface ***,the pressure increase can accelerate the combustion rate of explosives,and the crack propagation can enlarge the combustion surface *** coupling between these two effects leads to the self-enhanced combustion of explosive charge system,which is the key mechanism for the reaction development after *** this study,combustion cracknetwork(CCN) model is established to describe the evolution of combustion crack reaction of highly confined solid explosives after non-shock ignition and quantify the reaction *** feasibility of the model is verified by comparing the computational and experimental *** results reveal that an increase in charge structure size causes an increase in the time of crack pressurization and extension of cracks due to the high temperature-generated gas flow and surface combustion during the initial stage of explosive reaction,but when the casing is fractured,the larger the charge structure,the more violent the late reaction and the larger the charge reaction *** input pressure has no obvious influence on the final reaction ***,a larger venting hole area leads to better pressure relief effect,which causes slower pressure growth inside *** reserved ullage volume causes longer lowpressure induction stage,which further restrains the internal pressure ***,the stronger the casing constraint,the more rapid the self-enhanced combustion of the high temperaturegenerated gas,which results in more violent charge reaction and larger charge reaction degree during casing ***,the proposed model can clarify the effects of intrinsic combustion rate of explosives,charge structure size,input pressure,relief area,ullage volume,a

关键词： Solid explosives Non-shock ignition Self-enhanced combustion Combustion crack-network(CCN)model Relief area Reaction degree

TRACKING METHODS FOR FREE SURFACE AND SIMULATION OF A LIQUID DROPLET IMPACTING ON A SOLID SURFACE BASED ON SPH

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2011年第4期23卷 447-456页

作者： LI Da-ming XU Ya-nan LI ling-ling LU Hui-jiao bai ling State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety School of Civil Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China

With some popular tracking methods for free surface, simulations of several typical examples are carried out under various flow field conditions. The results show that the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics （SPH） method is very suitable in simulating the flow problems with a free surface. A viscous liquid droplet with an initial velocity impacting on a solid surface is simulated based on the SPH method, and the surface tension is considered by searching the free surface particles, the initial impact effect is considered by using the artificial viscosity method, boundary virtual particles and image virtual particles are introduced to deal with the boundary problem, and the boundary defect can be identified quite well. The comparisons of simulated results and experimental photographs show that the SPH method can not only exactly simulate the spreading process and the rebound process of a liquid droplet impacting on a solid surface but also accurately track the free surface particles, simulate the free-surface flow and determine the shape of the free surface due to its particle nature.

关键词： Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method viscous liquid droplet impacting on a solid surface free surface

A Reappraisal of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake in the Northwestern Himalaya Syntaxis

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第S01期95卷 22-24页

作者： bai ling SU Hui ZHOU Yuanze Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10086China

The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates caused a massive surface uplift and formed the *** the 2500-km long Himalaya mountain range,significant earthquake hazards have occurred either on the interface between ... 详细信息

关键词： 2005 Mw7.5 Kashmir earthquake source parameters western Himalayan syntaxis