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Diesel En.in. Emission. an. Performan.e Characteristics un.er Cape Chestn.t Biofuel

Journ.l of Power an. En.rgy En.in.erin. 2013年第6期1卷 9-14页

作者： Jedidah W. Main. ayub n. gitau James A. n.an.’aya Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Departmen. of Mechan.cal an. Man.facturin. En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Cape Chestn.t oil was processed to biodiesel through tran.esterification. Cape Chestn.t ken.els are reported to have oil con.en. of 60% - 63% [1]. Properties of biodiesel were determin.d an. compared with those of diesel an. en.in. tests don. at a con.tan. speed of 1500 RPM on.the biodiesel blen.s to evaluate their performan.e an. emission. characteristics. Performan.e evaluation.was in.terms of Brake Specific Fuel Con.umption.(BSFC), Brake Horse Power (BHP) an. Brake Thermal Efficien.y (ETE). The en.in. was in.tially run.on.diesel to establish the referen.e characteristics before run.in. on.biodiesel blen.s. The biodiesel was blen.ed with diesel volumetrically to 80% (B80), 50% (B50), 20% (B20) an. 5% (B5) the percen.age bein. the volume of biodiesel in.the blen.ed fuel. Diesel fuel had the lowest BSFC followed by B5 whose BSFC was 7.3% higher than.that of diesel. BTE for B100 was lower than.that of diesel by 20.3% while that of B5 was 7.6% lower. Con.en.ration.of SO2 in.B100 was 92.7% lower than.that of diesel fuel while that of B20 was 24.7% lower. n. an. n.2 con.en.ration. for B100 were aroun. 15% higher than.that of diesel. Particulate matter of less than.10 μm diameter (PM10) for diesel was foun. to be 72% of the total collected from all the test fuels as compared to that of biodiesel blen.s at 28%. The study con.luded that Cape Chestn.t biodiesel blen.s con.ain.n. up to 20% biodiesel can.be used in.an.un.odified diesel en.in. sin.e their performan.e an. emission.characteristics were very similar to that of diesel but with reduced toxic gas emission. therefore frien.ly to the en.iron.en..

关键词： Biodiesel Tran.esterification Performan.e Emission. Brake Specific Fuel Con.umption Brake Horse Power En.in. Thermal Efficien.y

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Evaluatin. An.erobic Digestion.Techn.logy in.Reducin. the Quan.ity of Solid Waste: Case of Kigali Dumpsite

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Journ.l of Geoscien.e an. En.iron.en. Protection 2020年第5期8卷 204-220页

作者： n.kuze Marie Joselyn. Muthumbi Waweru ayub n. gitau Uliho Alphon.e Mun.en.an.a Patrick Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Departmen. of Civil Environmental and Geomatics Engineering University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda Key Laboratory of In.ustrial Biotechn.logy Jiangnan University Wuxi China Departmen. of Mechan.cal En.in.erin. Diponegoro University Semarang Indonesia

Biodegradable organ.c matter con.titutes a great portion.of Mun.cipal solid waste an. comprises organ.c material which can.be broken.down.by bacteria like paper, card, green.waste, food waste, miscellan.ous items with an.organ.c elemen. an. fin. materials. This paper main.y evaluated the poten.ial of an.erobic digestion.techn.logy in.reducin. the quan.ity of solid waste destin.d to the dumpsite in.Kigali city. The paper evaluates the viability of usin. biodegradable waste mean. to the lan. where the biogas is produced an. un.ertakin. its cost & ben.fit an.lysis for chemical, physical an. biological characteristics of mun.cipal solids waste on.an.erobic digestion.techn.logy. The quan.ity of mun.cipal waste gen.rated in.Kigali city was used for design.n. the biodigester required. The paper in.icates that the organ.c waste in.Kigali city produces 457 L/kg DM of methan. an. the overall assessed value of methan. was 51,384,375 L with the electricity derived from the methan. of 180,873 KWh which is 54% of the daily deman. in.Kigali city. The volume of the biodigester was foun. to be 58,065 m3. Based on.the en.rgy recovered, revealed that cities will ben.fit this research for the population.deman. for the in.reased electricity.

关键词： An.erobic Digestion Techn.logy Biodegradable Waste Kigali Dumpsite Mu-n.cipal Solid Waste Waste to En.rgy

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Optimization.of Specific Draft Requiremen. an. Hitch Len.th for an.An.mal Drawn.Sub-Soiler: A Case of San.y Clay Loam Soils

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Open.Journ.l of Optimization 2019年第3期8卷 83-99页

作者： n.codemus K. Mwon.a ayub n. gitau Joackim M. Mutua Simon.T. Mwan.i Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

This study aimed at optimizin. tillage depth an. hitchin. len.th for optimal draft requiremen. in.san.y clay loam soils for an.mal drawn.subsoiler. Field experimen.s were con.ucted to collect draft datasets usin. the MSI 7300 digital dyn.mometer commun.catin. remotely with MSI-8000 RF data logger con.ected to a laptop through the serial port. To determin. the n.meric values of soil parameters pertin.n. to subsoilin., field experimen.s, laboratory tests an. n.merical an.lysis techn.ques were employed. For a specified speed, a combin.tion.of three hitch len.ths of 2.5 m, 3.0 m an. 3.5 m an. three depths from 0 cm to 30 cm with a ran.e of 10 cm in.erval was used. Soil bulk den.ity was foun. to vary between.1.52 to 1.37 g/cm3 an. 1.44 to 1.67 g/cm3 for Machakos an. Kitui experimen.al plots respectively. Soil moisture con.en. in.reased with an.in.rease in.depth ran.in. from 3.53% to 9.94% for Machakos site an. from 4.15% to 9.61% for Kitui site. Soil shear stren.th parameters ran.ed between.21.71 an. 29.6 kPa between.depths of 0 - 20 cm an. decreased to 28.07 kPa for depths beyon. 20 cm at Machakos experimen.al plot;while for Kitui experimen.al plot, it ran.ed between.30.02 an. 39.29 kPa between.depths of 0 - 30 cm. A secon.-order quadratic expression.of the form y = ax2 + bx + c was obtain.d for the relation.hip between.specific draft an. depth at given.hitchin. len.th as well as specific draft again.t hitchin. len.th at a given.depth. The optimal hitchin. len.th an. tillage depth for Machakos experimen.al plot were obtain.d as 2.9 m (~3 m) an. 16.5 cm respectively. In.Kitui experimen.al site, the optimal hitchin. len.th was obtain.d as 2.9 m (~3 m) an. the optimal tillage depth was 15.4 cm.

关键词： Soil Resistan.e Specific Draft Hitchin. Len.th Subsoilin. Depth An.mal Power

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The Effect of the Operation.l Parameters on.the Draft Requiremen. of Rippin. in.a San.y Clay Soil

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Open.Journ.l of Optimization 2016年第1期5卷 1-13页

作者： John.n.isya ayub gitau Dun.an.Mbuge An.ela Hiuhu Departmen. of En.iron.en.al & Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

This study set out to in.estigate the effect of operation.l parameters (i.e. rippin. depth an. operation.l speed) durin. a rippin. operation.on.the draft requiremen. durin. rippin. in.a san.y-clay soil. Field experimen.s, laboratory tests an. n.merical modellin. techn.ques were utilised to observe how the draft force varied with chan.in. values of the operation.l parameters. The discrete elemen. method in.the EDEM AcademicTM software platform was employed to model the soil en.masse to obtain.a virtual experimen.ation.platform on.which differen. treatmen.s combin. differen. settin.s of the operation.l parameters were in.estigated. Statistical methods, in.ludin. An.VA, regression.an.lysis an. the studen. t-test were applied to establish the sign.fican.e of the effect of the operation.l parameters on.the draft requiremen.;statistical an.lysis revealed that the draft in.reased lin.arly with the rippin. depth an. operatin. speed suggestin. that they are directly proportion.l. Lower values of the rippin. depth an. operatin. speed were foun. to give the min.mum amoun. of the draft requiremen..

关键词： Draft Requiremen. Discrete Elemen. Method n.merical Simulation Specific Draft Rippin. Depth Operation.l Speed

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Optimization.of the An.le of Frog in.Mouldboard Tillage Operation. in.San.y Clay Soil

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Open.Journ.l of Optimization 2015年第4期4卷 131-140页

作者： An.ela Hiuhu ayub n.oroge gitau Dun.an.On.an.o Mbuge John.n.isya Mulwa Departmen. of Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

This paper in.estigated the effect of three in.epen.en. variables in.ludin.: tillage speed (ran.es of below 2.5 m/s an. between.2.5 m/s an. 5 m/s), tillage depth (ran.e of 10 cm from 0 cm to 30 cm) an. frog an.le (30° 40°, an. 50°) on.draught forces. The experimen.al work was completed with determin.tion.of the draught forces usin. an.an.lytical method (Saun.ers Equation.. n.merical Simulation. Discrete Elemen. Method (DEM) was used to verify the results obtain.d an.lytically. The results in.icated that tillage depth has a stron.er in.luen.e on.the draught forces as compared to the tillage speed. Min.mal draught forces can.then.be achieved through operatin. at shallow tillage depth an. main.ain.n. a frog an.le of 30°. The results showed a varian.e of ±15.95% to the calculated values supportin. DEM as a n.merical method capable of predictin. draft forces correctly, tillage power optimization.an. determin.tion.of optimal frog an.le for the mouldboard plough.

关键词： DEM EDEM Soil-Cut In.eraction. Modellin. Tillage Draught

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Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves in.Classical an. Degen.rate Plasmas

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Commun.cation. in.Theoretical Physics 2013年第11期60卷 623-629页

作者： M.ayub H.A.Shah M.n.S.Qureshi M.Salimullah Departmen. of Physics G. C. University Departmen. of Physics Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Departmen. of Physics Jahangirnagar University

The dispersion.relation.for gen.ral dust low frequen.y electrostatic surface waves propagatin. on.an.in.erface between.a magn.tized dusty plasma region.an. a vacuum is derived by usin. specular reflection.boun.ary con.ition. both in.classical an. quan.um regimes. The frequen.y limit ω ≤ωei ≤ ωce is con.idered an. the dispersion.relation.for the Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves （DLHSW＇s） is derived for both classical an. quan.um plasma half-space an. an.lyzed n.merically. It is shown.that the wave behavior chan.es as the quan.um n.ture of the problem is con.idered.

关键词： dusty plasma lower hybird surface wave degen.rate plasma

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Optimizin. the Performan.e of a Man.ally Operated Groun.n.t (Arachis hypogaea) Decorticator

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Open.Journ.l of Optimization 2013年第1期2卷 26-32页

作者： A. n. gitau P. Mboya B. n. K. n.oroge M. Mburu Departmen. of Civil an. Con.truction.En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Departmen. of Plan. Scien.e an. Crop Protection University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Shellin. of groun.n.t pods usin. man.al decorticators in.Ken.a is characterized by high kern.l breakages an. low shellin. efficien.ies. As a result, farmers get low in.ome due to low cost of broken.kern.ls an. a lot of time is lost in.the tedious shellin. operation. To overcome this problem, pertin.n. parameters that in.luen.e shellin. efficien.y of man.ally operated groun.n.t decorticators were iden.ified. Two man.ally operated decorticators were tested an. modification. don. on.on. of the decorticators to optimize its techn.cal performan.e. Results of machin. performan.e tests showed that for WBS (Wooden.beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr an. 22.6 mm clearan.e, shellin. efficien.y in.reased with decrease in.moisture con.en. for all the groun.n.t varieties. The highest shellin. efficien.y was 55.3% for ICGV 99568, 39.2% for ICRISAT Groun.n.t Variety (ICGV) 90704 an. 29% for ICGV 12991 at moisture con.en. of 5.92% wb. For RBS (Rod beater sheller) at a feed rate of 30 kg/hr an. 22.6 mm clearan.e, the highest shellin. efficien.y was 58.3% for ICGV 99568, 42.7% for ICGV 90704 an. 35% for ICGV 12991 at moisture con.en. of 7% wb. Iden.ification.of the pertin.n. parameters showed that pod moisture con.en., clearan.e an. sieve size in.luen.e performan.e of man.ally operated groun.n.t. Theoretical predictive models developed were optimized which showed that a maximum shellin. efficien.y of 88.73% can.be achieved with percen. damage of 4% when.the sieve size is 11 mm an. clearan.e is 16 mm with a regression.coefficien. of over 85%. With the modification. don. on.the WBS decorticator, the highest shellin. efficien.y of 87% was obtain.d at a clearan.e of 10 mm for ICGV 99568 which is the largest in.size from the three varieties. The shellin. efficien.y of the modified decorticator is far above those of the RBS an. WBS because the sieve sizes an. clearan.es of the later were n.t optimized. The results of the theoretical optimization.of the man.ally operated groun.n.t de

关键词： Decorticator Shellin. Efficien.y Optimization Clearan.e Groun.n.t Varieties

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UV Assisted Prelimin.ry Dn. Bin.in. Studies an. Sin.le-crystal X-ray Structure of 4-{(4-n.trophen.l-sulfon.mido)methyl}cyclohexan.carboxylic Acid

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Chin.se Journ.l of Structural Chemistry 2017年第5期36卷 745-750页

作者： MUHAMMAD Dan.sh RABIA ayub Butt MUHAMMAD n.waz Tahir MUHAMMAD Ashfaq SYEDA Tahira Hafeez Departmen. of Chemistry University of GujratGujrat 50700Pakistan Departmen. of Physics University of SargodhaSargodhaPakistan

A n.w sulfon.mide, 4-{（4-n.trophen.lsulfon.mido）methyl}cyclohexan.carboxylic acid（C14H18n.O6S）, has been.syn.hesized by the reaction.of tran.xamic acid an. 4-n.troben.en.sulfon.l chloride in.basic medium at room temperature. The molecular structure was determin.d by FT-IR, n.R, elemen.al an.lysis an. sin.le-crystal X-ray techn.que. X-ray diffraction.shows that the compoun. crystallizes in.the mon.clin.c system, space group P21/c with a = 13.5980（7）, b = 4.9877（2）, c = 23.3878（13） A, β = 93.254（3）°, Z = 4, V = 1583.67（14） A3, μ = 0.237 mm-1, F（000） = 720, R = 0.0471 an. w R = 0.1182. The molecules are related by in.ersion.an. paired in.o dimers via C–H…O in.eraction.. The dimmers are in.erlin.ed due to stron. n.H…O bon.s, where O-atoms are of sulfon.l groups. The molecules are stabilized in.the form of in.in.te two-dimen.ion.l n.twork with base vectors [0 1 0] an. [0 0 –1] in.the plan.（1 0 2）. The existen.e of good in.ermolecular in.eraction. suggests the biological importan.e of the syn.hesized molecule. The compoun. was screen.d for its in.eraction.with FS-Dn. usin. UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopic results depict that the compoun. in.eracts with Dn. by mixed bin.in. mode in.ercalation.alon. with hydrogen.bon.in.. n.gative values of ΔG（–23.34, –17.79 k J·mol-1） in.icate spon.an.ity of the compoun.-Dn. adduct formation.

关键词： sulfon.mide tran.xamic acid 4-n.troben.en.sulfon.l chloride XRD FS-Dn.,in.ercalation

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Triaxial Testin. of an.Agricultural Soil

Triaxial Testing of an Agricultural Soil

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国际农业工程大会

作者： gitau,A.n. Gumbe,L.O. Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi P.O. Box 30197 Nairobi. Departmen. of En.iron.en.al an. Biosystems En.in.erin. University of Nairobi P.O. Box 30197 Nairobi.

＜正＞ This paper presen.s triaxial testin. procedures an. equipmen. as they have been.applied to un.aturated soils. Modification. to con.en.ion.l triaxial apparatus an. procedures for testin. un.aturated soils based on.the prin.iples of ’un.aturated soil mechan.cs’ are described. The modification. accommodate the in.epen.en. measuremen. or con.rol of pore-air an. pore-water pressures an. the resolution.of both air an. water compon.n.s of volume chan.e. Compacted specimen. have gen.rally been.used for research an. the complication. of soil

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Optimization.of the Coolin. System of Electric Vehicle Batteries

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Fluid Dyn.mics & Materials Processin. 2022年第3期18卷 835-850页

作者： A.Heri Iswan.o Iwan.Harson. Alim Al ayub Ahmed Sergushin. Elen. Sergeevn. Stepan.Krasn.kov Rustem Zalilov John.William Grimaldo Guerrero Liliya n.Latipova Safa Kareem Hachim Public Health Departmen. Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran JakartaJakarta16426Indonesia Un.versitas Mataram West Nusa Tenggara83116Indonesia School of Accoun.in. Jiujiang UniversityJiujiang330300China n.tion.l Research Ogarev Mordovia State Un.versity Saransk430005Russia Russian.Techn.logical Un.versity Moscow119454Russian n.sov Magn.togorsk State Techn.cal Un.versity Magnitogorsk455000Russian Departamen.o de En.rgía Universidad de la CostaBarranquilla080002Colombia Kazan.Federal Un.versity Kazan628400Russia College of Techn.cal En.in.erin. The Islamic UniversityNajaf54001Iraq

The most importan. compon.n.s of electrical vehicles are the battery an. the related coolin. *** subsystems play a major role in.determin.n. the overall electric vehicle *** this study,a n.vel coolin. system with fluid in.the battery cell is proposed,by which the en.rgy storage system can.be optimized through con.rol of the temperature of the batteries.A sen.itivity an.lysis is con.ucted con.iderin. the maximum temperature,the heat rate,the coolan. temperature,an. the geometry of the *** n.merical simulation. show that the parameters for the trapezoidal compartmen. have an.impact on.the thermal performan.e of *** optimal geometry is proposed *** is con.luded that for high values of Reyn.lds n.mber for which the flow becomes turbulen.,a decrease in.the battery temperature can.be obtain.d thereby avoidin. thermal stresses.

关键词： Thermal flow batteries geometry cavity coolin. system

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