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Presentation of hepatocellular antigens

Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2016年第3期13卷 293-300页

作者： arash grakoui Ian Nicholas Crispe Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center Atlantal GAUSA Department of Pathology University of Washington Seattle WA USA.

The liver is an organ in which antigen-specific T-cell responses manifest a bias toward immune tolerance. This is clearly seen in the rejection of allogeneic liver transplants, and multiple other phenomena suggest that this effect is more general. These include tolerance toward antigens introduced via the portal vein, immune failure to several hepatotropic viruses, the lack of natural liverstage immunity to malaria parasites, and the frequent metastasis of cancers to the liver. Here we review the mechanisms by which T cells engage with hepatocellular antigens, the context in which such encounters occur, and the mechanisms that act to suppress a full T-cell response. While many mechanisms play a role, we will argue that two important processes are the constraints on the cross-presentation of hepatocellular antigens, and the induction of negative feedback inhibition driven by interferons. The constant exposure of the liver to microbial products from the intestine may drive innate immunity, rendering the local environment unfavorable for specific T-cell responses through this mechanism. Nevertheless, tolerance toward hepatocellular antigens is not monolithic and under specific circumstances allows both effective immunity and immunopathology.

关键词： liver hepatocytes immunity tolerance

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Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation in viral infection: A cell for all seasons

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第36期13卷 4848-4857页

作者： Henry Radziewicz Luke Uebelhoer Bertram Bengsch arash grakoui Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 United States Department of Medicine University Hospital Freiburg Freiburg 79106 Germany

Chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are major global health problems affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in the course and outcome of these viral infections and it is hypothesized that altered or impaired differentiation of virus- specific CD8+ T cells contributes to the development of persistence and/or disease progression. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms responsible for functional differentiation of CD8+ T cells is essential for the generation of successful therapies aiming to strengthen the adaptive component of the immune system.

关键词： Viral infection Hepatitis C virus Memory T cell phenotype Differentiation

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