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Feasibility and safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with advanced chronic liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第7期13卷 1067-1073页

作者： Andre Castro lyra Milena botelho Pereira Soares luiz Flavio Maia da silva Marcos Fraga Fortes André Goyanna Pinheiro silva Augusto César de Andrade Mota Sheilla A Oliveira eduardo lorens braga Wilson Andrade de Carvalho bernd Genser Ricardo Ribeiro dos Santos luiz Guilherme Costa lyra Hos-pital Sao Rafael Salvador Bahia Brazil Centro de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz Salvador Bahia Brazil bGStats Consulting Graz Austria

AIM： To evaluate the safety and feasibility of bone marrow cell （bMC） transplantation in patients with chronic liver disease on the waiting list for liver transplantation. METHODS： Ten patients （eight males） with chronic liver disease were enrolled to receive infusion of autologous bone marrow-derived cells. Seven patients were classified as Child-Pugh b and three as Child-Pugh C. baseline assessment included complete clinical and laboratory evaluation and abdominal MRI. Approximately 50 mL of bone marrow aspirate was prepared by centrifugation in a ficoll-hypaque gradient. At least of 100 millions of mononuclear-enriched bMCs were infused into the hepatic artery using the routine technique for arterial chemoembolization for liver tumors. Patients were followed up for adverse events up to 4 mo. RESULTS： The median age of the patients was 52 years （range 24-70 years）. All patients were discharged 48 h after bMC infusion. Two patients complained ofmild pain at the bone marrow needle puncture site. No other complications or specific side effects related to the procedure were observed. bilirubin levels were lower at 1 （2.19 ± 0.9） and 4 mo （2.10 ± 1.0） after cell transplantation that baseline levels （238 ± 1.2）. Albumin levels 4 mo after bMC infusion （3.73 ± 0.5） were higher than baseline levels （3.47 ± 0.5）. International normalized ratio （INR） decreased from 1.48 （SD = 0.23） to 1.43 （SD = 0.23） one month after cell transplantation. CONCLUSION： bMC infusion into hepatic artery of patients with advanced chronic liver disease is safe and feasible. In addition, a decrease in mean serum bilirubin and INR levels and an increase in albumin levels are observed. Our data warrant further studies in order to evaluate the effect of bMC transplantation in patients with advanced chronic liver disease.

关键词： bone marrow Cell transplantation Liverfailure Stem cell Cirrhosis

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Development of hepatorenal syndrome in bile duct ligated rats

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第28期14卷 4505-4511页

作者： Regina M Pereira Robson AS dos Santos eduardo A Oliveira Virgínia HR Leite Filipi LC Dias Alysson S Rezende Lincoln P Costa Lucíola S barcelos Mauro M Teixeira Ana Cristina Sim■es e silva Departamento de Ciências biológicas Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte-UNIBHAv.Mário WerneckBelo HorizonteMinas Gerais 30150-281Brazil Laboratório de Hipertenso Departamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaInstituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB)Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)Av.Antonio Carlos6627Belo HorizonteMinas Gerais 30150-281Brazil Departamento de Pediatria Faculdade de MedicinaUFMGAv.Alfredo Balena 190Belo HorizonteMinas Gerais 30150-281Brazil Departamento de Anatomia Patológica Faculdade de MedicinaUFMGAv.Alfredo Balena 190Belo HorizonteMinas Gerais 30150-281Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Departamento de Bioquímica e ImunologiaICBUFMGAv.Antonio Carlos 6627Belo HorizonteMinas Gerais 30150-281Brazil

AIM: To evaluate in bile duct ligated rats whether there were progressive alterations of renal function without changes in histopathology. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were submitted to sham-surgery or bile duct ligation (bDL) and divided according to the post-procedure time (2, 4 and 6-wk). To determine renal function parameters, rats wereplaced in metabolic cages and, at the end of the experiment, blood and urine samples were obtained. Histology and hydroxyproline content were analyzed in liver and renal tissue. RESULTS: Rats with 2 wk of bDL increased free water clearance (P = 0.02), reduced urinary osmolality (P = 0.03) and serum creatinine (P = 0.01) in comparison to the sham group. In contrast, rats at 6 wk of bDL showed features of HRS, including signif icant increase in serum creatinine and reductions in creatinine clearance, water excretion and urinary sodium concentration. Rats with 4 wk of bDL exhibited an intermediate stage of renal dysfunction. Progressive hepatic f ibrosis according to post-procedure time was confirmed by histology. The increased levels of liver hydroxyproline contrasted with the absence of structural changes in the kidney, as assessed by histology and unchanged hydroxyproline content in renal tissue. CONCLUSION: Our data show that bDL produced progressive renal dysfunction without structural changes in the kidney, characterizing HRS. The present model will be useful to understand the pathophysiology of HRS.

关键词： Hepatorenal syndrome bile duct ligation Renal function Renin angiotensin system

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Influence of Sub-Lethal and Lethal Concentrations of Chlorhexidine on Morphology and Glucosyltransferase Genes Expression in Streptococcus mutans UA159

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第13期4卷 945-954页

作者： Andréa Cristina barbosa da silva Rafael Nóbrega Stipp Renata de Oliveira Mattos-Graner Fábio Correia Sampaio Demetrius antonio Machado de Araújo Graduate Program in Dentistry Center of SciencesTechnology and HealthState University of ParaibaUEPBArarunaParaíbaBrazil Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental SchoolUniversity of CampinasUNICAMPSao PauloBrazil Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry Health Science CenterBrazilian Northeast Network on BiotechnologyFederal University of ParaibaJoao PessoaBrazil Department of biotechnology Center of BiotechnologyBrazilian Northeast Network on BiotechnologyFederal University of ParaibaJoao PessoaBrazil

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is regarded as one of the most successful antiplaque agents in controlling the formation of dental biofilm. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms of their effects in Streptococcus mutans are largely unknown. In this work, the effects of sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) on planktonic or biofilm-organized Streptococcus mutans cells were investigated in dose- and time-dependent manner. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum bactericidal Concentration (MbC) for planktonic cells and biofilm conditions were determined by standard methods. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify the relative levels of glucosyltransferase b (gtfb), gtfC and gtfD transcription of S. mutans in the presence of CHX. The CHX activity in the initial biofilm structure and morphological alterations in planktonic cells were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that CHX increased expression of gtfC and gtfD in planktonic S. mutans cells and CHX reduced the expression of gtfb, gtfC, and gtfD in biofilms. High concentrations of CHX resulted in several wilted S. mutans planktonic cells with spilled intracellular material, while decreased cells’ chain length and matrix was found when the initial biofilm was exposed to increasing concentrations of CHX. CHX’s effects against bacteria depend on the type of growth organization and the concentration and time of exposure to the drug. At sub-lethal concentrations, CHX affects the expression of glucosyltransferases, which may have anticariogenic effect.

关键词： Planktonic Cells biofilm Microorganism Scanning Electron Microscopy

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Influence of Ni and Cr Content on Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys for Fixed Dental Prostheses in 0.05% NaF Aqueous Solution

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2010年第6期1卷 369-372页

作者： Nilo A. S. Sampaio José W. J. silva Heloisa A. Acciari Roberto Z. Nakazato eduardo N. Codaro Hamilton de Felipe 不详

The Ni-Cr-Mo alloys have been used as dental prostheses because they own a good mechanical strength, high corrosion resistance and even to be economically viable. These alloys corrosion protection against in salt solutions typical of physiological media is due to passivation phenomenon with an oxide surface layer formation, mainly chromium oxides. This protective film, subjected to a mechanical stress in a corrosive environment, can partially dissolve by releasing ions, which have deleterious effects in a human body. Fluoride ions, existing in hygiene products, change the buccal environment and their presence may enable a localized corrosion process initiation. The aim of this work has been to investigate the chemical composition influence of three alloys in corrosion resistance to: A (Ni-73% Cr-14% Mo-8.5% be-1.8% Al-1.8%), b (Ni-61% Cr-25% Mo-10.5% Si-1.5%) and C (Ni-65% Cr-22.5% Mo-9.5%) in media containing fluorides that simulate mouthwashes solution. The study has been done in a 0.05% NaF solution, pH 6, at 37°C using electrochemical techniques. The alloy with the highest nickel and the lowest chromium content is not passive in the middle studied, showing a continuous increase in current density with the potential increasing, while the other alloys show passivation range of 600 mV and passive current density of about 10-6 A/cm2.

关键词： Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys Dental Prostheses Corrosion

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Ancient DNA of the pygmy marmoset type specimen Cebuella pygmaea(Spix,1823)resolves a taxonomic conundrum

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Zoological Research 2021年第6期42卷 761-771页

作者： Jean P.boubli Mareike C.Janiak Leila M.Porter Stella de la Torre Liliana Cortes-Ortiz Maria N.Fda silva Anthony b.Rylands Stephen Nash Fabricio bertuol Hazel byrne Felipe E.silva Fabio Rohe Dorien de Vries Robin M.D.beck Irune Ruiz-Gartzia Lukas F.K.Kuderna Tomas Marques-bonet Tomas Hrbek Izeni P.Farias Anneke Hvan Heteren Christian Roos School of Science Engineering&EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalford M54WTUK Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia ManausAmazonas 69060-001Brazil Department of Anthropology Northern Illinois UniversityDeKalbIL 60115-2828USA College of biological and Environmental Sciences Universidad San Francisco de QuitoQuito 170901Ecuador Department of Ecology and Evolutionary biology University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA Re:wild AustinTX 78767USA Laboratorio de Evolução e Genética Animal Universidade Federal do AmazonasManausAmazonas 69080-900Brazil Department of Anthropology University of UtahSalt Lake CityUT 84112USA Research Group on Primate biology and Conservation MamirauaInstitute for Sustainable DevelopmentTeféAmazonas 69553-225Brazil Experimental and Health Sciences Department(DCEXS) Institut de Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat Pompeu Fabra-CSICBarcelona 08002Spain Department of biology Trinity UniversitySan AntonioTX 78212USA bavarian State Collection of Zoology Zoologische Staatssammlung MünchenStaatliche Naturkundliche Sammlungen Bayerns81247 MunichGermany Geobio-Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München80333 MunichGermany Department biologie II Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München82152 MunichGermany Gene bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory German Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate Research37077 GottingenGermany

The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western *** studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas ***,reconciling this new biological evidence with current taxonomy,i.e.,two subspecies,Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea(Spix,1823)and Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris(Lönnberg,1940),was problematic given the uncertainty as to whether Spix’s pygmy marmoset(Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea)was collected north or south of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers,making it unclear to which of the two newly revealed species the name pygmaea would ***,we present the first molecular data from Spix’s type specimen of Cebuella pygmaea,as well as novel mitochondrial genomes from modern pygmy marmosets sampled near the type locality(Tabatinga)on both sides of the *** these data,we can confirm the correct names of the two species identified,i.e.,*** for animals north of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers and *** for animals south of these two *** analyses of the novel genetic data placed into the context of cytochrome b gene sequences from across the range of pygmy marmosets further led us to reevaluate the geographical distribution for the two Cebuella *** dated the split of these two species to 2.54 million years *** discuss additional,more recent,subdivisions within each lineage,as well as potential contact zones between the two species in the headwaters of these rivers.

关键词： Historic DNA DNA taxonomy Pygmy marmoset Cebuella pygmaea C.niveiventris Amazon Type specimen

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Interleukin 28b-related polymorphisms: A pathway for understanding hepatitis C virus infection?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第42期19卷 7399-7404页

作者： Raquel Francine Liermann Garcia Simone Moreira Ana Lucia de Araújo Ramos Leslie Ecker Ferreira Angelo Alves de Mattos Cristiane Valle Tovo Lysandro Alsina Nader Juliene antonio Ramos Edson Rondinelli Arnaldo de Jesus Dominici Christian Evangelista Garcia Mauro de Souza Leite Pinho Carlos eduardo brando-Mello Cristiane Alves Villela-Nogueira Paulo Henrique Condeixa de Frana Departamento de Medicina Universidade da Regio de Joinville/UnivilleJoinville89219-719 Santa CatarinaBrazil Departamento de Clinica Médica e Cirurgia Geral Hospital Municipal So José Joinville89202-000 Santa CatarinaBrazil Departamento de Clínica Médica Servio de HepatologiaFaculdade de Medicina/Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro21941-913 Rio de JaneiroBrazil Servio de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia/ISCMPAPorto Alegre90020-090 Rio Grande do SulBrazil Servio de Endoscopia Universidade Federal de Pelotas/UFPelPelotas96010-610 Rio Grande do SulBrazil Instituto de biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho/UFRJ 21941-902 Rio de JaneiroBrazil Departamento de Gastroenterologia Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranh o/UFMASo Luis65020-560 MaranhoBrazil Servio de Gastroenterologia Hospital Universitário Gaffrée Guinle/HUGG/UNIRIO20270-004 Rio de JaneiroBrazil

AIM:To analyze the role of rs12979860 and rs8099917polymorphisms in hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype 1infection of ***:A total of 145 adult patients diagnosed with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C(CHC)who had completed a 48-wk regimen of pegylated-interferonα-2a or-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy were recruited from six large urban healthcare centers and199 healthy blood donors(controls)from a single site between January 2010 and January *** on the patients’response to treatment was *** chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping of the interleukin(IL)28b gene fragment encompassing the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)rs12979860(C/T)and rs8099917(T/G)was carried out for 79 of the CHC patients and 199 of the ***-directional amplicon sequencing of the two SNPs was carried out for the remaining 66 CHC ***:SNP rs12979860 genotyping was successful in 99.5%of the controls and 97.2%of the CHC patients,whereas the SNP rs8099917 genotyping was successful in 95.5%of the controls and 100%of the CHC *** genotype and allele distributions for both rs12979860 and rs8099917 were significantly different between the control and CHC patient groups,with significantly higher genotype frequencies of CC and TT in the controls(P=0.037 and 0.046,respectively)and of TT and GG in the CHC patients(P=0.0009and 0.0001,respectively).Analysis of the CHC patients who achieved sustained virological response(SVR)to treatment(n=55)indicated that the rs12979860 C allele and CC genotype were predictors of SVR(P=0.02).No significant correlation was found between rs8099917 genotypes and treatment response,but carriers of the T allele showed significantly higher rates of SVR(P=0.02).Linkage disequilibrium analysis of the group that achieved SVR showed a significant association between rs12979860 and rs8099917(P=0.07).CONCLUSION:The higher allele frequency of rs12979860 C and rs8099917 T observed in non-HCVinfec

关键词： Hepatitis C Interleukin 28b Single nucleotide polymorphisms Sustained virological response brazil

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Leptin Causes the Early Inhibition of Glycolysis-and TCA Cycle-Related Genes in the brain of Ob/Ob Mice to Restore Fertility

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American Journal of Molecular biology 2014年第3期4卷 105-113页

作者： Carlos Fernandes baptista Samuel Marcos Ribeiro de Noronha Maria de Nazareth Gamboa Ritto eduardo Henrique da silva Freitas Melquíades Pereira Júnior Mauro Abi Haidar Ismael Dale Cotrim Guerreiro da silva silvana Aparecida Alves Corrêa de Noronha Marisa Teresinha Patriarca Gynecology Department Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo(EPM-UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil Departmento de Cirurgia Geral e Especializada Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(UNIRIO)Rio de JaneiroBrazil Surgery Department Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo(EPM-UNIFESP)Sao PauloBrazil Departmento de Medicina Geral Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(UNIRIO)Rio de JaneiroBrazil

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is undoubtedly the commonest androgen disorder in woman’s fertile period and certainly one of the most prevalent causes of anovulation. The syndrome has an estimated prevalence of 4% - 10% among women of childbearing age. Previously, our group demonstrated the effect of gonadal white adipose tissue transplantation from wild-type lean and fertile female mice to isogenic obese anovulatory ob/ob mice. These complex metabolic interrelationships between obesity and PCOS have yet to be fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gonadal white adipose tissue (WAT) transplantation from the wild-type lean and fertile female mice to isogenic obese, anovulatory mice (Lep ob/Lep ob) on the expression of glycolysis- and TCA cycle-related genes and obtain a general view of the glucose metabolism in the brain of these animals. Methods: Fifteen ob/ob mice ranging from 2 to 3 months of age were divided into 3 experimental groups: control normal weight (n = 5), obese control (n = 5) and obese 7 days leptin treated (n = 5). The whole brains of the mice were processed for RNA extraction. The samples from each group were used to perform PCR assays using an array plate containing 84 primers to study the glucose metabolism-related genes. Results: The glycolysis- and TCA cycle-related genes were significantly downregulated. The most significantly affected genes were as follows: for glycolysis (fold regulation with p bpgm,Aldob, andEno3 (119, 45, 18, and 28 times less, respectively);and for the TCA cycle (fold regulation with p b, andMdh2 (84, 27, and 37 times less, respectively).Conclusion: The seven-day leptin treated mice show a decrease in the glucose metabolism. These results confirm the ability of the adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin to regulate early crucial genes that are related to glycolysis mechanisms and to the TCA cycle. This hormone seems to revert early the central phys

关键词： PCOS Obesity Leptin Glycolysis TCA Cycle Gene Expression

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Estimation of the Foliar Area by Non-Destructive Methods in Two Stages of Growth of Pepper Plants(Capsicum annuum L.)Hybrid Salvador

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第3期9卷 325-338页

作者： Osvaldo Fosado Téllez Emanuel Munoz Munoz antonio Torres García Jorge Luis Cue García eduardo Fidel Héctor Ardisana Rolando León Aguilar Elízabeth Fosado Obregón Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica Universidad Técnica de ManabíPortoviejoEcuador Instituto de Ciencias básicas Universidad Técnica de ManabíPortoviejoEcuador Universidad Técnica del Norte IbarraEcuador Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial Universidad de Pinar del RíoPinar del RíoCuba

The present work was aimed to obtain a model for the determination of the leaf area in function of the length and width of the leaves in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) hybrid Salvador. The research was carried out in nursery conditions at the Experimental Campus La Teodomira, located in the parish of Lodana, Santa Ana, province of Manabí, Ecuador, in 2016, in the stages of initiation of flowering and flowering-fructification. In each phase 100 physiologically mature leaves of different sizes were collected. Leaves were digitalized in a rectangle with known dimensions, which allowed the area to be calculated through the percentage of pixels of different colors. From the determination of the length and maximum width of each leaf and the estimated area through the digitization process, the regression models were obtained, selecting the better fit generated between the leaf area and the product of the length by the maximum width of the leaf (). In the initiation of flowering stage the quadratic model generated the best coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.958), whereas in the flowering-fructification stage the best coefficient of determination was achieved by the cubic model (R2 = 0.955). The practical applicability of other simpler models among the tested ones, which show a high accuracy and sacrifice a low percentage of error, is discussed.

关键词： Image binarization Regression Analysis Leaf Area

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bacteroides fragilis Supernatant Extracts Enriched in Phenylacetic Acid Induce a Cytotoxic Effect in Mammalian Cells

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Advances in Microbiology 2015年第10期5卷 730-736页

作者： Laís S.Falcao eduardo N.F.Antunes Eliane O.Ferreira Heidi Pauer Maria Teresa V.Romanos Rossiane C.Vommaro Sérgio H.Seabra Daniela S.Alviano Celuta S.Alviano antonio Jorge R.da silva Leandro A.Lobo Regina Maria C.P.Domingues Departamento de Ciências básicas Pólo Universitário de Nova FriburgoUniversidade Federal FluminenseNova FriburgoBrasil Instituto de Microbiologia Prof.Paulo de Góes Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrasil Instituto de biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrasil Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste—UEZO Rio de JaneiroBrasil Instituto de Pesquisa Produtos Naturais Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrasil

bacteroides species are nearly half of the fecal flora community and some are host symbionts crucial to host nutrition and systemic immunity. Among bacteroides species b. fragilis strains are considered to be the opportunistic ones, being the most isolated anaerobic bacteria in clinical samples. Cell-free supernatants of 65 b. fragilis strains were assayed and they were capable of inducing vacuolating phenotype on Vero cells lineage. The supernatant of the bacteroides fragilis ATCC 23745 strain was elicited to have the strongest vacuolating effect on Vero cells monolayers and peritoneal macrophages. Some drastic cell alterations were observed, such as a general disorganization of cytoplasm and chromatin condensation, evidencing cell death. by transmission electron microscopy it was confirmed that the vacuoles observed were, in fact, swollen mitochondria. An immunocytochemical assay, TUNEL, was used to confirm this hypothesis and showed that Vero cells and peritoneal macrophages were dying by apoptotic process after exposition of b. fragilis cell-free supernatant. Physical analysis of the apoptotic factor has revealed properties similar to short-chain fatty acids. After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis, phenylacetic acid (PA) was characterized as the major compound present in the most purified active fraction. We believe that the PA is responsible for the pro-apoptotic effect elicited by the supernatant of b. fragilis cultures.

关键词： bacteroides fragilis Vacuolization Apoptosis Vero cells Lineage Peritoneal Macrophages Phenylacetic Acid

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Analysis of Factors Determining the Demand for Water： A Case Study of Sabie Administrative Post, Moamba District, Mozambique

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(b) 2016年第1期6卷 18-26页

作者： Helder antonio Manjate Joao Enganado Mutondo Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering at Zambeze University P.O. Box 49 Mocuba District Zambezia Province Mozambique Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering at eduardo Mondlane University P.O. Box 257 Maputo Mozambique

Water is an important resource for human being. However, it has been increasingly becoming the limited resource. Therefore, the debate of water issues has been centered in mechanisms to implement sustainable water management. Hence, understanding the determinants of water demand might help design appropriate water management policies, however, they are not known in Mozambique. Due to the lack of knowledge about the determinants of water demand in Mozambique in general and in Sabi6 in particular, the present study was conducted to analyse the factors determining the water demand for irrigation and domestic use using a linear regression model and travel cost method, respectively. The results show that an increase in 1 h of irrigation time increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 362.04 m3 and an increase in one irrigation per week increases the quantity demanded of irrigation water by 1,065.61 m3. Additionally, the results show that an increase in 1% of time spent in water collection decreases the number of trips by 0.3% and an increase in 1% in the number of household members involved in water collection decreases the number of the water collection trips by 0.23%. Household having private taps have less number of trips collecting water compared to those collecting water from public taps and boreholes as well as rivers. Therefore, the water demand for irrigation is determined by time spent for irrigation per day and the number of irrigations per week, and water demand for domestic use is determined by time spent for water collection, number of household members involved in water collection, the volumes of the containers used to collect water, the number of containers used to collect water, the quantity of water consumed by the household as well as the main source of water （river, boreholes and public tap）.

关键词： Domestic use irrigation use water demand.

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