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An Instrument Variable Model of the Impact of Financing Decisions on Performance of Small Businesses in Australia＇s Pre-global Financial Crisis

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Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 2012年第7期8卷 1052-1065页

作者： LI Yongqiang Anona Armstrong andrew clarke Victoria University Melbourne Australia

Firm level empirical research on the impact of financing decisions on small business performance is scarce in the Australian context. This study adopts an instrument variable （IV） approach to analyze the impact of financing decisions, in particular, equity or debt are obtained, on the performance of small businesses by using the panel data from Australian Bureau of Statistics （ABS） Business Longitudinal Database （BLD） 2004-2005, 2005-2006, and 2006-2007. Performance variables, i.e., sales and expenditure, are used as dependent variables. Equity and debt obtained are used as independent variables （or known as treatments）. IV includes size of the business, age of the business, number of locations, and industry division etc.. The results from IV modeling outperformed those obtained from OLS （Ordinary Least Squares）. Findings include：（1） financing has significantly positive impacts on the performance of small businesses in Australia; （2） equity and debt financing are used as alternatives, comparatively, equity financing is preferred; （3） capital purchases are largely funded by debt financing, while non-capital purchases and salary expenses are funded by equity financing; and （4） equity financing is more often used by firms with increasing capital purchases and declining non-capital purchases, while debt financing is used by firms with the opposite trends. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of this research and future research＇s directions.

关键词： equity financing debt financing small business performance empirical study

An Innovative Approach in Balancing Real Power Using Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2014年第10期2卷 1-8页

作者： andrew D. clarke Elham B. Makram Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University Clemson USA

Many distribution systems operate under unbalanced loading conditions due to the connection of single phase loads to a three phase system. As PHEVs become more prevalent, it is expected that this unbalance will be further exacerbated due to the power draws from single phase chargers. Unbalanced loads reduce the overall system operating efficiency and power transfer capability of assets. In this paper, a new method of mitigating real power unbalance is suggested. It works by selecting which of the three phases that each single phase PHEV charger in a car park should be connected to. The algorithm is then tested on a simulation model of a real world distribution system. Using the balancing algorithm, balancing of the real power flowing through the feeder to the car park is accomplished.

关键词： Unbalance Electric Vehicles Power Distribution Power System Control Power System Modeling

A Novel Idea for Self-Balancing Car Parks for Plug in Electric Vehicle Charging

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2014年第10期2卷 34-40页

作者： andrew D. clarke Elham B. Makram Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University Clemson USA

Many existing studies seek to examine and mitigate possible impacts which plug in vehicle (PEV) charging will have on electric utilities. As PEVs increase in popularity, car parks will have to be built in order to allow for charging while away from home. Existing studies fail to consider the unbalance conditions in the distribution feeders to car parks during PEV charging. This paper presents an innovative idea to improve the unbalance conditions caused by a car park by reconfiguring PEV charger connections to a three-phase system. Although the developed algorithm is simple, results show its ability to balance the power among the phases. A car park is used as an example to show that balancing of the real power drawn by PEV chargers in a parking structure is a success.

关键词： Unbalance Electric Vehicles Power System Control Smart Grid

A Comprehensive Analysis of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Commercial Campus (V2C)

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2015年第1期3卷 24-36页

作者： andrew D. clarke Elham B. Makram Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University Clemson USA

Vehicle to grid is an emerging technology that utilizes plug in hybrid electric vehicle batteries to benefit electric utilities during times when the vehicle is parked and connected to the electric grid. In its current form however, vehicle to grid implementation poses many challenges that may not be easily overcome and many existing studies neglect critical aspects such as battery cost or driving profiles. The goal of this research is to ease some of these challenges by examining a vehicle to grid scenario on a university campus, as an example of a commercial campus, based on time of use electricity rates. An analysis of this scenario is conducted on a vehicle battery as well as a stationary battery for comparison. It is found that vehicle to campus and a stationary battery both have the potential to prove economical based on battery cost and electricity rates.

关键词： Electric Vehicles Power Distribution Economic Analysis Vehicle to Building (V2B) Battery Storage

Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers during Faults

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2014年第8期2卷 31-44页

作者： andrew D. clarke Himanshu A. Bihani Elham B. Makram Keith A. Corzine Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University Clemson USA

With a high penetration of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the electric grid, utilities will have to face the challenges related to them. Considerable research is being done to study and mitigate the impact of PEVs on the electric grid and devise methodologies to utilize them for energy storage and distributed generation. In this paper, the impact of PEVs in a smart car park, placed in an unbalanced distribution system, during a Single Line to Ground fault with auto-recloser operation is studied. Level-2, bidirectional battery chargers with Current Controlled and Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converters are modeled for the battery charging systems of the PEVs. A smart car park, with 16 vehicles connected to each of the three phases is simulated at one of the buses in the IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder. The impacts observed during the fault are analyzed and a method to mitigate them is suggested.

关键词： Electric Vehicles Battery Chargers Voltage Source Converters Current Control Voltage Control Power Distribution Faults

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神经和前庭系统

载人航天信息 2018年第6期 22-30页

作者：安德鲁H.克拉克沙里泰医院德国柏林

4.1眼跟踪器(ETD)实验目的研究人员发现,虽然微重力并不直接影响视觉功能,但它对前庭系统(维持我们身体平衡和方向的内耳和神经)的影响会导致视跟踪能力下降。此研究假设在微重力环境中,Listing平面的方向发生改变,可能引起视跟踪能力... 详细信息

4.1眼跟踪器(ETD)实验目的研究人员发现,虽然微重力并不直接影响视觉功能,但它对前庭系统(维持我们身体平衡和方向的内耳和神经)的影响会导致视跟踪能力下降。此研究假设在微重力环境中,Listing平面的方向发生改变,可能引起视跟踪能力出现小的和不同程度的改变。此外,随着耳石介导重力的丧失,可能出现前庭系统坐标系方向的变化,因此应该观察到Listing平面与前庭坐标系之间的分离。

关键词：前庭系统神经微重力环境跟踪能力研究人员实验目的视觉功能

Rising incidence,progression and changing patterns of liver disease in Wales 1999-2019

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World Journal of Hepatology 2023年第1期15卷 89-106页

作者： Thomas Peter Ignatius Pembroke Gareth John Berry Puyk Keith Howkins Ruth clarke Fidan Yousuf Marek Czajkowski andrew Godkin Jane Salmon andrew Yeoman Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital of WalesCardiff CF144XNUnited Kingdom Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF144XWUnited Kingdom Digital Health and Care Wales NHS WalesCardiff CF119ADUnited Kingdom Gwent Liver Unit Royal Gwent HospitalNewport NP202UBUnited Kingdom Public Health Wales NHS WalesCardiff CF104BZUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND Liver disease incidence and hence demand on hepatology services is *** To describe trends in incidence and natural history of liver diseases in Wales to inform effective provision of hepatology *** The registry is populated by International Classification of Diseases-10(ICD-10)code diagnoses for residents derived from mortality data and inpatient/day case activity between ***-anonymised linkage of:(1)Causative diagnoses;(2)Cirrhosis;(3)Portal hypertension;(4)Decompensation;and(5)Liver cancer diagnoses enabled tracking liver disease *** The population of Wales in 2019 was 3.1 *** 1999 and 201973054 individuals were diagnosed with a hepatic disorder,including 18633 diagnosed with cirrhosis,10965 with liver decompensation and 2316 with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Over 21 years the incidence of liver diseases increased 3.6 fold,predominantly driven by a 10 fold increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD);the leading cause of liver disease from *** incidence of cirrhosis,decompensation,HCC,and allcause mortality ***-related mortality ***-related liver disease(ArLD),autoimmune liver disease and congestive hepatopathy were associated with the highest rates of decompensation and all-cause *** A 10 fold increase in NAFLD incidence is driving a 3.6 fold increase in liver disease in Wales over 21 ***-related morbidity and mortality rose more slowly reflecting the lower progression rate in *** of ArLD remained stable but was associated with the highest rates of liver-related and all-cause mortality.

关键词： Epidemiology Cirrhosis Liver failure Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hepatitis Hepatocellular carcinoma

Detection of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in the urban soils of Melbourne, Australia

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Emerging Contaminants 2017年第1期3卷 23-31页

作者： Thomas J.McGrath Paul D.Morrison andrew S.Ball Bradley O.clarke School of Science Centre for Environmental Sustainability and RemediationRMIT UniversityGPO Box 2476MelbourneVictoria 3001Australia Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science(ACROSS) School of ScienceRMIT UniversityGPO Box 2476MelbourneVictoria 3001Australia

A range of brominated flame retardants(BFRs)have been incorporated into polymeric materials like plastics,electronic equipment,foams and textiles to prevent *** most common of these,polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),have been subject to legislated bans and voluntary withdrawal by manufacturers in North America,Europe and Australia over the past decade due to long-range atmospheric transport,persistence in the environment,and *** has shown that replacement novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs)are released to the environment by the same mechanisms as PBDEs and share similar hazardous *** objective of the current research was to characterize soil contamination by NBFRs in the urban soils of Melbourne,Australia.A variety of industrial and nonindustrial land-uses were investigated with the secondary objective of determining likely point sources of *** NBFRs;pentabromotoluene(PBT),pentabromoethylbenzene(PBEB),hexabromobenzene(HBB),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB),1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(BTBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE)were measured in 30 soil samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction(S-PLE)and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS).NBFRs were detected in 24/30 soil samples with S5NBFR concentrations ranging from nd-385 ng/g *** was the most frequently detected compound(14/30),while the highest concentrations were observed for DBDPE,followed by *** waste recycling and polymer manufacturing appear to be key contributors to NBFR soil contamination in the city of Melbourne.A significant positive correlation between S8PBDEs and S5NBFR soil concentrations was observed at waste disposal sites to suggest that both BFR classes are present in Melbourne's waste streams,while no association was determined among manufacturing *** research provides the first account of NBFRs in Australian soils and indicates that these emerging con

关键词： Novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs) Persistent organic pollutants(POPs) Land contamination Soil

Validation of a discrete element model using magnetic resonance measurements

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Particuology 2009年第4期7卷 297-306页

作者： Christoph R.Müller Stuart A.Scott Daniel J.Holland Belinda C.clarke andrew J.Sederman John S.Dennis Lynn F.Gladden Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology University of CambridgePembroke StreetCambridge CB2 3RAUnited Kingdom

The discrete element model （DEM） is a very promising modelling strategy for two-phase granular systems. However, owing to a lack of experimental measurements, validation of numerical simulations of two-phase granular systems is still an important issue. In this study, a small two-dimensional gas- fluidized bed was simulated using a discrete element model. The dimensions of the simulated bed were 44mm × 10mm × 120 mm and the fluidized particles had a diameter dp = 1.2 mm and density ρp = 1000 kg/m^3. The comparison between DEM simulations and experiments are performed on the basis of time-averaged voidage maps. The drag-law of Beetstra et al. [Beetstra, R., van der Hoef, M.A., ＆ Kuipers,J. A. M. （2007b）. Drag force of intermediate Reynolds number flow past mono- and bidispersed arrays of spheres. AIChE Journal, 53,489-501 ] seems to give the best results. The simulations are fairly insensitive to the coefficient of restitution and the coefficient of friction as long as some route of energy dissipation during particle-particle and particle-wall contact is provided. Changing the boundary condition of the gas phase at the side-walls from zero-slip to full-slip does not affect the simulation results. Care is to be taken that the cell sizes are chosen so that a reasonable number of particles can be found in a fluid cell.

关键词： Discrete element modelling Magnetic resonance imaging Voidage Gas-fluidized beds