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Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

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Journal of Arid Land 2018年第1期10卷 68-83页

作者： Kazi TAMADDUN ajay KALRA Sajjad AHMAD Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction University of NevadaLas VegasNV 89154-4015USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIL 62901USA

The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting （RRWH） as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference （as high as 37.5%） in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0-2.0 m3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.

关键词： rooftop rainwater harvesting rainwater storage tank dynamics sustainability of outdoor water usage sustainability of water in arid regions best management practices in arid regions variation of rainfall under variousclimate conditions

Long-range precipitation forecasts using paleoclimate reconstructions in the western United States

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第4期13卷 614-632页

作者： Christopher Allen CARRIER ajay KALRA Sajjad AHMAD Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of NevadaLas Vegas4505 S.Maryland ParkwayLas VegasIVV89154-4015USA Development Review Division Clark County Public Works500 S.Grand Central ParkwayLas VegasNV 89155USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University1230 Lincoln DriveCarbondaleIL 62901-6603USA

Long-range precipitation forecasts are useful when managing water *** oscillations have been shown to influence *** to a longer cycle of some of the oscillations,a short instrumental record is a limitation in using them for long-range precipitation *** influence of oscillations over precipitation is observable within paleoclimate reconstructions;however,there have been no attempts to utilize these reconstructions in precipitation forecasting.A data-driven model,KStar,is used for obtaining long-range precipitation forecasts by extending the period of record through the use of reconstructions of *** is a nearest neighbor algorithm with an entropy-based distance ***-atmospheric oscillation reconstructions include the El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO),the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO),and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation(AMO).Precipitation is forecasted for 20 climate divisions in the western United States.A 10-year moving average is applied to aid in the identification of oscillation phases.A lead time approach is used to simulate a one-year forecast,with a 10-fold cross-validation technique to test the *** are used from 1658-1899,while the observed record is used from *** model is evaluated using mean absolute error(MAE),root mean squared error(RMSE),RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio(RSR),Pearson's correlation coefficient(R),NashSutcliffe coefficient of efficiency(NSE),and linear error in probability space(LEPS) skill score(SK).The role of individual and coupled oscillations is evaluated by dropping oscillations in the *** results indicate 'good' precipitation estimates using the KStar *** modeling technique is expected to be useful for long-term water resources planning and management.

关键词： Precipitation Oscillations Paleoclimate reconstruction Forecast KStar

Geochemical studies of hybrid granite from Madugulapalli area, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India: Implications for crustal mixing

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Acta Geochimica 2023年第1期42卷 9-23页

作者： Nagamma J Ratnakar J ajay kumar A Ashok Ch State Mines and Geology Department 508001 NalgondaIndia Department of Geology Osmania University500007 HyderabadIndia CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute 500007 UppalHyderabadIndia

Magma produced by melting of continental crust and mantle at the Archean-Proterozoic boundary are compositionally variable and chemical compositions provide evidence for the mixing of two sources. Understanding the composition of hybrid magma is essential for determining the comparative infl uence of crust and mantle sources during orogenesis. The hybrid granites are less documented in Indian cratons, especially less in Dharwar Craton. Here we present petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data of Madgulapalli granitic rocks situated in the NE part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton(EDC), to elucidate their petrogenesis and role in crust formation. The Madugulapalli granites(MPG) are composed chiefl y of plagioclase, quartz, and alkali feldspar with associated biotite showing alteration and inter-granular textures. Geochemically, they are metaluminous to peraluminous in nature with calc-alkaline hybrid granite. The hybrid granites exhibit both negative and positive europium anomalies;the lower Rb/Sr, Rb, Sr, and higher Sr/Y,(Dy/Yb)N ratios suggest that the interaction of older rocks with residual garnet source melted at high pressures. We hypothesize that hybrid granites are formed by interaction(e.g., metasomatism, mingling, or mixing) between parental magmas and pre-existing rocks with the infl uence of sanukitoid melts(heat source) in a subduction environment. The genesis of the hybrid granites demonstrates the mixing coupled with diff erentiation in the petrogeny’s residue system in a syn-collision setting followed by continental crust stability in EDC during the Neoarchean period.

关键词： Madugulapalli granite Hybrid granite Crustal mixing Subduction

Intervention points for community- acquired methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and load in healthy population of lesser Himalayan Belt, South Asia, India

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Frontiers in Biology 2017年第3期12卷 226-234页

作者： Anup Kainthola ajay Bhatt Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Department of Botany & Microbiology Srinagar Uttarakhand lndia Srinagar Uttarakhand 246174 India

OBJECTIVES： To trace the critical practicing, clinical and epidemiological risk factors in bacterial load and points of intervention in spread of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus （CA-MRSA） in healthy community. STUDY DESIGN： 2872 individuals with no prominent clinical features were enrolled and administered a pre-tested questionnaire prepared on the basis of outcome of a prior pilot study in same region. Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA and molecular identification was done to track the strains moving from hospital to community. METHODS： Swab samples from skin, throat and nasal nares were tested for MRSA culture followed by molecular characterization of isolates and antimicrobial resistance pattern. Bacterial load was estimated to better understand the burden in different categories. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.0 version. RESULTS： History of prior infection （OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.363 - 5.793）, habit of self remedy （OR 3.2, 95% CI 0.991 1.473） and incomplete treatment （OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 - 0.80）（P 〈 0.05 for each） were the predominant factors that contributed to spread of CA-MRSA. Increased drug resistance in CA-MRSA was observed for 4 different clones： SCCmec^＋ IVa/PVL^＋, SCCmec^＋ IVa/PVL^- and SCCmec^＋ IVc/PVL^＋, SCCmec^＋ IVc/PVL . Bacterial load was found significantly high in below poverty line dwellers and drug abusers （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： We identified habit of self remedy, drug abusing and incomplete treatment as practicing risk factors where interventions can be made to manage the dissemination of CA-MRSA in rural population.

关键词： community-acquired MRSA risk factors bacterial load himalayan region pantone-valentine leuckocidin

Evaluation of the anti-dyslipidemic effect of spice fixed oils in the in vitro assays and the high fat diet-induced dyslipidemic mice

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Food Bioscience 2022年第2期46卷 647-657页

作者： Vallamkondu Manasa ajay W.Tumaney Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research(AcSIR) Ghaziabad201002India Department of Lipid Science Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research InstituteMysore570020India

Dyslipidemia is a condition in which the lipid levels are altered in the *** fixed oils(FOs)from spices,Alpinia galanga,Cinnamomum zeylanicum,Trigonella foenum-graecum,Foeniculum vulgare,and Myristica fragrans were evaluated as potential sources of anti-dyslipidemic *** nutraceutical compound fractions such as polyphenols,tocopherols,γ-oryzanol,and phytosterols were extracted from spice FOs,tested individually and in combination for cytotoxicity and their effect on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 and Hep-G2 cell ***,the best performing FOs in the in vitro studies were fed to high fat diet-induced dyslipidemic C57BL/6 mice and studied its activity in the liver and adipose *** in vitro assays showed no cytotoxicity in the studied FOs up to 200μg/mL *** of all the studied nutraceutical compound fractions,theγ-oryzanol and phytosterols fractions showed a reduction in the accumulation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cell ***,the reconstituted nutraceutical fractions from ***,***-graecum,and *** FOs exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of lipid accumulation compared to the fractions of *** and *** *** in vivo studies confirmed the anti-dyslipidemic activity of *** FO that showed an improved lipid profile,antioxidant enzymes,and reduced lipid droplets in the liver and adipose *** histopathological images of the liver and adipose tissue showed a comparable visualisation in Atorvastatin,and *** fed group ***,the spice FOs are potentially efficacious anti-dyslipidemic functional food ingredients and could be safer than statins.

关键词： Spice fixed oils γ-Oryzanol Anti-dyslipidemic activity C57BL/6 Oxidative stress markers

HIV prevalence in suspects attending Sir Sunder Lal Hospital

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2011年第1期1卷 69-73页

作者： ajay Singh Department of Paediatrics Institute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu University

Objective:To assess the sero-positivity rate of HIV infection among clinically suspected subjects of reproductive age group(15-49 years),biological and behavioral characteristics of the subjects gender specific variation of sero-positivity rale,and the differentials of the sero-positivity rate for the history of blood transfusion or blood products or other organs,history of needle exposure and symptoms of ***:Study is based on the retrospective data of the calendar year 2005 obtained from Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre(VCTC)(now renamed as ICTC),Department of Microbiology,I.M.S.,B.H.U..*** cases were either referred by the consultants of different OPD'S of Sir Sunderlal Hospital or came voluntarily for knowing their HIV *** 2-3 mL of blood samples were collected in a plain vial and tested for HIV status by strategy Ⅱ/Ⅲ as per WHO/NACO ***:Overall sero-positivity of HIV was 15.3%(18.1%in males and 12.2%in females) which increased 6-7 folds in the age group 35-49 years as compared to 15-24 years in both the ***-positivity rate in male migrants was 43.1%,while in female migrants it was 18.7%.The history of multiple sexual contacts was about 3 times higher in males as compared to females;predominantly it was very high in male migrants(67.7%) as compared to male non-migrants(15.8%).History of multiple sexual contacts was not uncommon in females and it was 25.0%in female migrants and 9.7%in non-migrant *** sero-positivity rate with the history of multiple sexual contacts was 45.4%in males and 60.3%in females,while without history of multiple sexual contacts these were only 2.8%and 5.3%***-positive cases had on an average 3.6±1.7 various morbidity symptoms as compared to 0.7±1.1 in *** is to be noted that sero-positivity rate was more in those females who seemed apparently healthy compared to those presenting with some of the symptoms;vice versa,in males presenting with som

关键词： Migration Multiple sexual contacts Heterosexual HIV AIDS Reproductive Antibiotic therapy HIV prevalence Seropositivity Transimission HIV infection Sexual contact Migrant Blood sample Biological characteristic Blood transfusion Needle exposure Awareness

Experimental and modeling study of kinetics for methane hydrate formation in a crude oil-in-water emulsion

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Petroleum Science 2016年第3期13卷 489-495页

作者： Shranish Kar Himangshu Kakati ajay Mandal Sukumar Laik Department of Petroleum Engineering Indian School of Mines

A low-viscosity emulsion of crude oil in water can be believed to be the bulk of a flow regime in a *** differentiate which crude oil would and which would not counter the blockage of flow due to gas hydrate formation in flow channels,varying amount of crude oil in water emulsion without any other extraneous additives has undergone methane gas hydrate formation in an autoclave *** oil was able to thermodynamically inhibit the gas hydrate formation as observed from its hydrate stability *** normalized rate of hydrate formation in the emulsion has been calculated from an illustrative chemical affinity model,which showed a decrease in the methane consumption（decreased normalized rate constant） with an increase in the oil content in the *** transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） of the emulsion and characteristic properties of the crude oil have been used to find the chemical component that could be pivotal in selfinhibitory characteristic of the crude oil collected from Ankleshwar,India,against a situation of clogged flow due to formation of gas hydrate and establish flow assurance.

关键词： Methane gas hydrates Organic inhibitors Chemical affinity model Normalized rate constant Asphaltenes

Anthropogenic disturbances and their impact on vegetation in Western Himalaya,India

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第1期13卷 69-82页

作者： Zubair A.MALIK Rajiv PANDEY ajay Ballabh BHATT Ecology Laboratory Department of Botany and MicrobiologyHNB Garhwal University Srinagar(Garhwal)Uttarakhand-246174India Department of Botany Govt.Degree CollegeBeerwah Budgam(J&K)-193411India. Department of Forestry andNatural Resources HNB Garhwal University Srinagar(Garhwal)Uttarakhand-246174India

The present study assesses anthropogenic disturbances and their impacts on the vegetation in Western Himalaya,India on the basis of various disturbance parameters such as density,Total Basal Cover(TBC) of cut stumps,lopping percentage and grazing *** the basis of canopy cover and frequency of disturbances(%),the studied forests were divided into highly disturbed(HD),moderately disturbed(MD) and least disturbed(LD) *** HD forests had the lowest canopy cover,lowest density and lowest TBC and the LD had the highest canopy cover,highest density and highest *** MD forests occupied the intermediate position with respect to these *** richness was least in HD forests,highest in one of the MD forests while LD forest occupied an intermediate *** percentage of regenerating species was lowest(54%) in HD and highest(72%) in *** density of seedlings and saplings was higher in one of the MD forests as compared to HD and *** concluded that the moderate disturbances do not affect the vegetation adversely;however the increased degree of disturbance causes loss in plant diversity;affects regeneration and changes community *** of hydroelectric projects at various places in the study area was found to be one of the most important sources of anthropogenic disturbances in addition to the routine anthropogenic disturbances like grazing,fuelwood collection and fodder *** all proposed dams in the Indian Himalaya are constructed combined with weak national environmental impact assessment and implementation,it will result in a significant loss of ***,various agents of disturbances should be evaluated in cumulative manner and any developmental activities such as hydropower projects,which trigger various natural and anthropogenic disturbances,should be combined with proper cumulative environmental impact assessment and effective implementation to minimise the anticipated loss of vegetation.

关键词： forests vegetation canopy grazing anthropogenic disturbance moderately timber woody stands

Enhanced oil recovery by nonionic surfactants considering micellization, surface, and foaming properties

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Petroleum Science 2017年第2期14卷 362-371页

作者： Achinta Bera ajay Mandal Hadi Belhaj Tarkeswar Kumar Petroleum Engineering Department The Petroleum Institute P.O. Box 2533 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Department of Petroleum Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad Jharkhand 826004 India

Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are important to study due to their special characteristics like foam generation,lowering interfacial tension between oleic and aqueous phases,and wettability alteration of reservoir rock *** is a good mobility control agent in enhanced oil recovery for improving the mobility *** the present work,the foaming behavior of three nonionic ethoxylated surfactants,namely Tergitol 15-S-7,Tergitol 15-S-9,and Tergitol 15-S-12,was studied *** the surfactants,Tergitol 15-S-12 shows the highest *** effect of Na Cl concentration and synthetic seawater on foaming behavior of the surfactants was investigated by the test-tube shaking *** critical micelle concentrations of aqueous solutions of the different nonionic surfactants were measured at 300 *** was found that the critical micelle concentrations of all surfactants also increased with increasing ethylene oxide *** light scattering experiments were performed to investigate the micelle sizes of the surfactants at their respective critical micelle *** flooding experiments were carried out in sand packs using the surfactant *** was found tha t22% additional oil was recovered in the case of all the surfactants over secondary water *** 15-S-12exhibited the maximum additional oil recovery which is more than 26%after water injection.

关键词： Enhanced oil recovery Ethylene oxide number Foaming properties Surfactant flooding Micellization