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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of geology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, china 2 The General Office of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100864, china 3 institute of Geographic sciences and natural resources research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, china 4 The lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information center for resources and Environment, lanzhou 730000, china institute of geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic sciences and natural resources research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

Hydrogen isotopic characteristics and their genetic relationships for individual n-alkanes in plants and sediments from Zoigê marsh sedimentary environment

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1329-1334页

作者： DUAN Yi1, ZHENG ChaoYang2 & WU BaoXiang1 1 Key Laboratory of petroleum resources research, institute of geology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 2 Department of geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, china 1. Key Laboratory of petroleum resources research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China2. Department of Geology Northwest University Xi’an 710069 China

To understand internal relations of their hydrogen isotopic compositions in typical marsh environment, we, using GC-IRMS analytical technique, measured the hydrogen isotopes of individual n-alkanes in the herbaceous plant, woody plant leaf, and sediments from Zoigê marsh in china. The results show significant differences in the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the different kinds of plants and the different species in the same kind. δD values of n-alkanes in the herbaceous plants (from -254‰ to -184‰) are lighter than those in woody plant leaf ( from -195‰ to -142‰ ), and the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes in K. tibetica P. are lighter than P. pratensis L. The mean δD values of n-alkanes in the sediments from Zoigê marsh reflect that they were derived from herbaceous plants, which is consistent with the peat samples being composed mainly of herbaceous plant remnants. The significant differences in hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the sedimentary samples are caused possibly by environment factors and the difference in input quantity of different herbaceous plants. A certain negative correlation exists between the δ13C and δD values of n-alkanes in the samples, and plant types can be distinguished using the cross plot of δD vs. δ13C values of n-alkanes in the plants. These data and recognitions provide scientific basis for hydrogen isotopic applied research of individual n-alkanes.

关键词： marsh environment plants sediments individual lipids hydrogen isotopes genetic relationship

Helium isotope investigation on magnetic reversal boundaries of loess-paleosol sequence at Luochuan, central chinese Loess Plateau

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chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第17期52卷 2407-2412页

作者： DU XueQing1,6, WANG YongHong2, REN JianGuo3, YE XianRen4 & LU HuaYu5,1 1 State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary geology, institute of Earth Environment, chinese academy of sciences, Xi’an 710075, china 2 College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of china, Qingdao 266003, china 3 National natural Science Foundation of china, Beijing 100085, china 4.lanzhou research center for petroleum and natural gas resources, institute of geology and geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 5 Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development, School of Geographic and Oceanographic sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, china 6 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi''an 710075 China

Extraterrestrial particles have higher 3He/4He ratios than those of terrestrial sediments ( > 100 Ra versus < 0.03 Ra, where Ra is the 3He/4He ratio normalized to the atmospheric value of 1.4×10?6). The inter- planet... 详细信息

Extraterrestrial particles have higher 3He/4He ratios than those of terrestrial sediments ( > 100 Ra versus 4He ratio normalized to the atmospheric value of 1.4×10?6). The inter- planetary dust particles (IDPs), which are very rich in 3He, continuously bombard the Earth and can accumulate in deposits. IDPs sedimentation rate changes can significantly influence 3He concentration in the Earth surface sediments. Since IDPs are not easy to detect in terrestrial deposits, measuring helium isotopes is a helpful approach to examine changes in IDPs. Helium concentration and helium isotopic composition magnetic substances and the quartz particles were examined for helium concen- tration and helium isotopic ratio. Results show that the 3He/4He ratio and the 3He concentrations of the magnetic substances are clearly higher than those of the bulk samples and the quartz particles, and, the 3He/4He ratio of the extracted magnetic substances is also higher than that of the average level of the Earth’s crust. The higher helium content in the magnetic fractions can be explained by an influx of IDPs.

关键词：中国黄土高原古土壤氦同位素行星际尘埃颗粒反方向磁化

On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第12期53卷 159-172页

作者： DING ZhongLi1,DUAN XiaoNan2,GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic geology and Environment,institute of geology and geophysics,chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100029,china 2 The General Office of chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100864,china 3 institute of Geographic sciences and natural resources research,chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100101,china 4 The lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific Information center for resources and Environment of CAS,lanzhou 730000,china 1. CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China2. The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100864 China3. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China4. The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS Lanzhou 730000 China

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO2 emissions (e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO2 emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2006-2050 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3-6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO2-emission technology in the period 2006-2050 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO2 concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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Carbon and hydrogen isotopic characteristics of natural gases from the Luliang and Baoshan basins in Yunnan Province, china

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第9期49卷 938-946页

作者： XU Yongchang1, LIU Wenhui2, SHEN Ping1, WANG Wanchun1, WANG Xiaofeng1, Tenger1, YAN Yaomin3 & LIU Ruobin3 1. lanzhou center of Oil & gas resources, institute of geology and Geophsics, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 2. research institute of petroleum Exploration and Production, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, china 3. South Branch of petroleum Exploration and Production Company, SINOPEC, Kuming 650000, china 1. lanzhou center of Oil & gas resources Institute of Geology and Geophsics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China 2. research institute of petroleum Exploration and Production SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China 3. South Branch of petroleum Exploration and Production Company SINOPEC Kuming 650000 China

The Luliang and Baoshan basins of Yunnan Province are two small-sizedcontinental oil/gas-bearing sedimentary basins, which were developed at the bases of theCarboniferous and Devonian systems during the Late Tertiary, covering an area of 325 km^2 and 254km^2, respectively. Since the 1990s, there have been discovered small-sized natural gas pools inthese two basins. The natural gases are composed mainly of hydrocarbon gases, with nonhydrocarbonsaccounting for less than 2%. Of the hydrocarbon gases, methane accounts for more than 99%, and thecomponents above C_2 account for less than 0.2%. On the basis of previous studies of geologicalbackground, the composition of natural gases and their carbon isotopic composition, it has beendefined that these two gas pools are of bacterial origin. In this work we have comprehensivelymeasured the carbon and hydrogen isotopic composition of natural gases from these two basins andhave gone into the details of the mechanism of gas generation. The δ^(13)C_1 values of naturalgases from the Luliang Basin are within the range of -72.1 per thousand - -73.3 per thousand, andthe δD_(CH_4) values, -242 per thousand - -234 per thousand, indicating that the bacterial gasgeneration is dominated by the way of CO_2 reduction. It has been evidenced that undercontinental-facies fresh water conditions there did occur the CO_2 reduction as a process ofbacterial gas generation. The δ^(13)C_1 values of natural gases from the Baoshan Basin are withinthe range of - 62.5 per thousand - -63.5 per thousand, and the δD_(CH_4) values, -252 per thousand- -260 per thousand. These isotopic characteristics are fallen into transitional phase of acetatefermentation and CO_2 reduction as defined by Whiticar et al. (1986). An important discovery in theLuliang Basin is the carbon isotopic composition of ethane of purely biogenetic origin, i.e., itsδ^(13)C_2 values are within the range of - 61.2 per thousand - - 66.0 per thousand. These carbonisotopic values have been r

关键词： bacterial gas, carbon and hydrogen isotope, CO2 reduction, acetate fermentation.

Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of natural gases in the Qaidam Basin,china

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2003年第1期77卷 103-115页

作者： ZHANG Xiaobao, HU Yong, DUAN Yi, MA Liyuan, MENG Zifang, HE Peng,ZHOU Shixin and PENG DehuaState Key Laboratory of gas Geochemistry, lanzhou institute of geology, chinese academy ofsciences, lanzhou, Gansu 730000 research institute of petroleum Exploration and Development, Qinghai petroleum Company,CNPC, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200 chinese Acad Sci Lanzhou Inst Geol State Key Lab Gas Geochem Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Peoples R China Qinghai Petr Co Res Inst Petr Explorat & Dev CNPC Dunhuang 736200 Gansu Peoples R China

Sixty-five natural gas samples were collected from 19 oil-gasfields in theQaidam basin, china. The chemical composition and carbon isotope values of the samples weremeasured, and the geochemical characteristics and origin of the natural gases were studied. Thegases can be divided into biogenic gases, sapropelic oil-type gases, mixed type oil-type gases,coal-type gases and mixed gas. The delta^(13)C_1 values of the biogenic gases are very small and theC_2^+ contents of them are very low, ranging from -68.2 per thousand to -61 .8 per thousand and0.06 percent to 0.20 percent respectively. They have heavy delta D and delta^(13)C_(CO_2), showing aCO_2 reduction pathway. They ,are distributed in the East depression region and derived from theQuaternary source rocks. The sapropelic oil-type gases have small delta^(13)C_2 values and highC_2^+ ranging from -36.6 per thousand to -28.6 per thousand and from 33.01 percent to 47.15 percentrespectively. The mixed type oil-type gases have delta^(13)C_2 values and C_2^+ contents varyingfrom -28.6 per thousand to -24.8 per thousand and from 4.81 percent to 26.06 percent *** sapropelic oil-type gases and mixed type oil-type gases are associated with oil-type oils,distributed in the West depression region and derived from the Tertiary saltwater lacustrinesapropelic source rocks and humic source rocks respectively. The delta^(13)C_2 values of thecoal-type gases are extremely high and the C_2^+ contents are very low, changing from -23.3 perthousand to -12.5 per thousand and from 0.06 percent to 18.07 percent respectively. The coal-typegases in the Nanbaxian gasfield and the Lenghu oil-gasfields in the North fault block belt arederived from the Middle Jurassic coal-measures source rocks, whereas those in the West depressionregion are derived from the Tertiary saltwater lacustrine humic source rocks. Compared with someother basins in china, the natural gases there have obviously heavier delta^(13)C due to the heavierdelta^(1

关键词： natural gas geochemical characteristics origin Qaidam basin

Chlorite cement and its effect on the reservoir quality of sandstones from the Panyu low-uplift,Pearl River Mouth Basin

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petroleum Science 2011年第2期8卷 143-150页

作者： Chen Guojun Du Guichao Zhang Gongcheng Wang Qi Lv Chengfu Key Laboratory of petroleum resources research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China CNOOC research center Beijing 100027 China Graduate University of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

Based on porosity and permeability measurements, mercury porosimetry measurements, thin section analyses, SEM observations, X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis and granulometric analyses, diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones taken from the Zhuhai formation in the Panyu low-uplift of the Pear River Mouth Basin were examined. This study shows that chlorite cements are one of the most important diagenetic features of reservoir sandstones. The precipitation of chlorite was controlled by multiple factors and its development occurred early in eo-diagenesis and continued till Stage A of middle diagenesis. The precipitation of chlorite at the early stage was mainly affected by the sedimentary environment and provenance. Abundant Fe- and Mg-rich materials were supplied during the deposition of distributary channel sediments in the deltaic front setting and mainly in alkaline conditions. With the burial depth increasing, smectite and kaolinite tended to be transformed into chlorite. Smectite cements were completely transformed into chlorite in sandstones of the studied area. Volcanic lithics rich in Fe and Mg materials were dissolved and released Fe2＋ and Mg 2＋ into the pore water. These cations precipitated as chlorite cements in middle diagenesis in an alkaline diagenetic environment. Chlorite coatings acted as porosity and permeability, thus helping preserve cements in the chlorite cemented sandstones. The reservoir quality of chlorite cemented sandstones is much better than sandstones without chlorite cements. Chlorite cements play an important role in the reservoir evolution that was mainly characterized by preserving intergranular porosity and forming better pore-throat structures of sandstones.

关键词： Chlorite cement diagenesis reservoir quality Panyu low-uplift Pearl River Mouth Basin

gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in china

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第4期48卷 441-453页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi1, WANG Zhaoyun1, HE Haiqing2, ZHANG Mingjie3, WANG Hongjun1, WANG Yunpeng4 & QIN Yong5 1. research institute of petroleum Exploration & Development, Petrochina, Beijing 100083, china 2. Petrochina Exploration & Production, Beijing 100011, china 3. Department of geology, lanzhou University, lanzhou 730000, china 4. Guangzhou Geochemical institute, chinese academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china 5. china University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, china 1. research institute of petroleum Exploration & Development 100083 PetroChinaBeijin China 2. Petrochina Exploration & Production 100011 Beijing China 3. Department of geology Lanzhou University 730000 Lanzhou China 4. Guangzhou Geochemical institute Chinese Academy of Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China 5. china University of Mining and Technology 221000 Xuzhou China

By breaking through the conventional ideology on the study of gas-formation mechanism of source rocks which focused on merely the characteristics of source rocks them- selves, and based on the development and distribution characteristics of marine carbonate source rocks in the medium-to-bottom parts of the chinese superimposed sedimentary basins as well as various processes in the course of gas generation and reservoir forming, the complex hydrocarbon-generating model of carbonates is established. Such a model concerns not only the “three-stage” gas formation characteristics of carbonates, but also the gas generation process due to a thermal cracking of oil and the re-generation process of gas from heated secondary organic matters during the gas-generation and reservoir-forming course. The high-quality hy- drocarbon generating matter of marine carbonate source rocks determined a high gas-oil ratio and tended to form paleo-oil-reservoirs, representing an enrichment process of organic matters. The thermal cracking of oil in palaeo-oil-reservoirs is an important means for the effective forma- tion of gas reservoirs. The secondary organic matters in carbonate reservoirs may regenerate gas after a secondary deep burial, thus becoming an effective gas source.

关键词： carbonate, three-stage hydrocarbon generation, inhibitive effect of maturity, oil-cracking gas, second-ary asphalt gas.

On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

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On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and som...