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Analysis of forest backscattering characteristics based on polarization coherence tomography

Science china(Technological Sciences) 2010年第S1期53卷 166-175页

作者： LUO HuanMin 1,LI XiaoWen 1,2,CHEN ErXue 3,CHENG Jian 4 & CAO ChunXiang 21 institute of Geo-Spatial information Science and Technology,University of Electronic Science and Technology of china,Chengdu 610054,china 2 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,Jointly Sponsored by the institute of Remote Sensing Applications of chinese academy of Sciences and beijing Normal University,beijing 100101,china 3institute of forest resources information technique of chinese academy of forestry,beijing 100091,china 4 School of Electronic Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of china,Chengdu 610054,china institute of Geo-Spatial information Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing China institute of forest resources information technique of chinese academy of forestry Beijing China School of Electronic Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China

It is difficult to make an inventory of vertical profiles of forest structure parameters in field ***,analysis and understanding of forest backscattering characteristics contribute to estimation and detection of forest vertical structure because of the close relationships between backscattering characteristics and structure *** vertical structure function in the complex interferometric coherence definition,which represents the vertical variation of microwave scattering with the penetration depth at a point in the 2-D radar image and can be used to analyze the forest backscattering characteristics,can be reconstructed from polarization coherence tomography(PCT).Based on PCT,the paper analyzes the forest backscattering characteristics and explores the inherent relationship between the result of PCT and the forest structure parameters from numerical simulation of Random Volume over Ground model(RVoG),Polarimetric SAR interferometry(PolInSAR)simulation of forest scene and PolInSAR data at L-band of the test site ***,the effects of the extinction coefficient and surface-to-volume scattering ratio in RVoG model on vertical backscattering characteristics are analyzed by means of numerical ***,by applying PCT to L-band POLInSAR simulations of forest scene,different variations of vertical backscattering due to different extinction coefficients and the ratios of surface-to-volume scattering resulting from different polarizations,forest types and densities are displayed and *** a concept of relative average backscattering intensity is presented,and the factors which affect its vertical distribution are also *** results show that there is high sensitivity of the vertical distribution of forest relative average backscattering intensity to the polarization,forest type and ***,based on repeat pass DLR E-SAR L-band airborne POLInSAR data,the capability of PCT technology for detection

关键词： backscattering characteristic POLInSAR PCT vertical structure function

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Digital forestry research in china

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2006年第Z1期49卷 1-8页

作者： TANG Shouzheng, TANG Una, Guofan Shao & DAI Limin Research institute of Resource information techniques, chinese academy of forestry, beijing 100091, china institute of Applied Ecology, chinese academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, china Departmet of forestry and Natural resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Graduate University, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china Research institute of Resource information techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of forestry and Natural resources Purdue University West Lafayette USA

Digital forestry as a concept was developed after the Digital Earth program. The chinese scientists were not only among the pioneers who first proposed the concept of Digital forestry, but also contributed a lot to the development of Digital forestry. Digital forestry is a digital framework to maintain forest planting, management, using, and protect. The synergetic use of computationally-intensive quantitative methods together with information technologies is the most important foundation for the development of Digital forestry. Under this situation, the experience of Digital forestry development in china is relatively rich. A number of academicians, scholars, and professional administrators were involved in discussing the Digital forestry Construction Scheme. The Project of Digital forestry Practicability approved by the State forestry Administration is a major instance in developing Digital forestry standard and key techniques. By introducing a case study of Digital forestry, this paper reviews the concept of Digital forestry, the way turning traditional forestry into Digital forestry, and the future development of Digital forestry.

关键词： Digital forest, Digital Earth, Digital forestry standard, Digital forestry techniques.

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Synchronous estimation of DTM and fractional vegetation cover in forested area from airborne LIDAR height and intensity data

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2008年第S2期51卷 176-187页

作者： BAO YunFei1,2,CAO ChunXiang1,ZHANG Hao1,CHEN ErXue3,HE QiSheng1,2,HUANG HuaBing1,LI ZengYuan3,LI XiaoWen1,4 & GONG Peng1 1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,jointly sponsored by the institute for Remote Sensing Applications of chinese academy of Sciences and beijing Normal University,beijing 100101,china 2 Graduate University of the chinese academy of Sciences,beijing 100049,china 3 institute of forest Resource information technique,the chinese academy of forestry,beijing 100091,china 4 Research Center for Remote Sensing and GIS,Department of Geography and beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Sites,beijing Normal University,beijing 100875,china State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science jointly sponsored by the Institute for Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing China Graduate University of the chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of forest Resource information technique the Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China Research Center for Remote Sensing and GIS Department of Geography and Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Sites Beijing Normal University Beijing China

We proposed a method to separate ground points and vegetation points from discrete return,small footprint airborne laser scanner data,called skewness change *** method,which makes use of intensity of laser scanner data,is especially applicable in steep,and forested *** does not take slope of forested area into account,while other algorithms consider the change of slope in steep forested *** ground points and vegetation points can be used to estimate digital terrain model(DTM) and fractional vegetation cover,respectively.A few vegetation points which were classified into the ground points were removed as noise before the generation of *** method was tested in a test area of 10000 square meters.A LiteMapper -5600 laser system was used and a flight was carried out over a ground of 700―800 *** this tested area,a total number of 1546 field measurement ground points were measured with a total station TOPCON GTS-602 and TOPCON GTS -7002 for validation of DTM and the mean error value is -18.5 cm and the RMSE(root mean square error) is ±20.9 cm.A data trap sizes of 4m in diameter from airborne laser scanner data was selected to compute vegetation fraction *** of fractional vegetation cover was carried out using 15 hemispherical photographs,which are georeferenced to centimeter accuracy by differential *** gap fraction was computed over a range of zenith angles 10° using the gap light analyzer(GLA) from each hemispherical *** R2 for the regression of fractional vegetation cover from these ALS data and the respective field measurements is *** this study presents a method for synchronous estimation of DTM and fractional vegetation cover in forested area from airborne LIDAR height and intensity data.

关键词： LIDAR intensity skewness synchronous DTM fractional vegetation cover

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Remote sensing based shrub above-ground biomass and carbon storage mapping in Mu Us desert,china

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2010年第S1期53卷 176-183页

作者： XU Min 1,2,CAO ChunXiang 1,TONG QingXi 1,LI ZengYuan 3,ZHANG Hao 1,HE QiSheng 1,2,GAO MengXu 1,2,ZHAO Jian 1,2,ZHENG Sheng 1,2,CHEN Wei 1,2 & ZHENG LanFen 1 1State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,Jointly Sponsored by the institute of Remote Sensing Applications of chinese academy of Sciences and beijing Normal University,beijing 100101,china 2 Graduate School of the chinese academy of Sciences,beijing 100049,china 3 Research institute of forest resources and information techniques,chinese academy of forestry,beijing 10009,china State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing China Graduate School of the chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China Research institute of forest resources and information techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China

The estimation of above-ground biomass(AGB) and carbon storage is very important for arid and semi-arid ***-1A/B satellite data combined with field measurement data was used for the estimation of shrub AGB and carbon storage in the Mu Us desert,*** correlations of shrub AGB and spectral reflectance of four bands as well as their combined vegetation indexes were respectively analyzed and stepwise regression analysis was employed to establish AGB prediction *** prediction equation based on ratio vegetation index(RVI)was proved to be more suitable for shrub AGB estimation in the Mu Us desert than *** AGB and carbon storage were mapped using the RVI based prediction model in *** statistics showed the western Mu Us desert has relatively high AGB and carbon storage,and that the gross shrub carton storage in Mu Us desert reaches 16 799 200 t,which has greatly contributed to the carbon fixation in northern china.

关键词： above-ground biomass carbon storage Mu Us desert HJ-1A/B remote sensing

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On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第12期53卷 159-172页

作者： DING ZhongLi1,DUAN XiaoNan2,GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,institute of Geology and Geophysics,chinese academy of Sciences,beijing 100029,china 2 The General Office of chinese academy of Sciences,beijing 100864,china 3 institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural resources Research,chinese academy of Sciences,beijing 100101,china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific information Center for resources and Environment of CAS,Lanzhou 730000,china CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The General Office of chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS Lanzhou China

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO2 emissions (e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO2 emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2006-2050 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3-6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO2-emission technology in the period 2006-2050 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO2 concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 The General Office of chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100864, china 3 institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural resources Research, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific information Center for resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The General Office of chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment Lanzhou China

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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GIS-based analysis of forest degradations in Baihe forestry Bureau,northeast china

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2006年第Z1期49卷 167-176页

作者： ZHOU Li, DAI Limin , Guofan Shao, XU Dong, WANG Hui & BAI Jianwei institute of Applied Ecology, chinese academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, china Graduate University of chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china Department of forestry and Natural resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of City Development, Jinan University, Jinan 250002, china academy of forest Inventory and Planning, State forestry Administration, beijing 100714, china institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China Graduate University of chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of forestry and Natural resources Purdue University West Lafayette USA Department of City Development Jinan University Jinan China academy of forest Inventory and Planning State Forestry Administration Beijing China

forests in the Changbai Mountains are important timber sources for economic development of the society and provide ecological services in northeast china. In order to strengthen forest resource management, this paper analyzed management-induced changes in forest structure, tree species composition and forest landscape pattern from 1987 to 2000 for Baihe forestry Bureau in Jilin Province based on digitized forest parcel maps and forest survey data. The results suggested that the area of Mature, High-Stocking, and Close-Canopy forests decreased by 31.4%, 55.9% and 10.7% respectively; volume of Mixed forest, the native forest vegetation type, decreased by 17.8%;the number of patches increased tremendously but the mean patch density decreased sharply for Mature, High-Stocking, Close-Canopy, and Mixed forests. All the changes in forest structure, species composition, and landscape pattern indicated severe degradations going on with the forests in Baihe forestry Bureau. Because of the effect of degradation to forest services, restoring forest resources and protecting biodiversity has become urgently important. The strategies of sustainable forest management need to be worked out and implemented.

关键词： geographic information system, forest management, Changbai Mountains, forest change, forest decline.

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A prototype auto-human support system for spatial analysis

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第9期16卷 954-966页

作者： LI Lianfa and WANG Jinfeng (State Key Laboratory of resources & Environmental information System, institute of Geographical Sciences & Natural resources Research, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china) State Key Laboratory of resources and Environmental information System Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Re-search Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Spatial analysis is a multidisciplinary field that involves multiple influential factors, variation and uncertainty, and modeling of geospatial data is a complex procedure affected by spatial context, mechanism and assumptions. In order to make spatial modeling easier, some scholars have suggested a lot of knowledge from exploratory data analysis (EDA), specification of the model, fitness and diagnosis of the model, to interpretation of the model. Also an amount of software has improved some functionalities of spatial analysis, e. g. EDA by the dynamic link (GeoDa) and robust statistical calculation (R). However, there are few programs for spatial analysis that can automatically deal with unstructured declarative issues and uncertainty in machine modeling using the domain knowledge. Under this context, this paper suggests a prototype support system for spatial analysis that can automatically use experience and knowledge from the experts to deal with complexity and uncertainty in modeling. The knowledge base component, as the major contribution of the system, in support of the expert system shell, codes and stores declarative modeling knowledge, e.g. spatial context, mechanisms and prior knowledge to deal with declarative issues during the modeling procedure. With the open architecture, the system integrates functionalities of other components, e.g. GIS’ visualization, DBMS, and robust calculation in an interactive environment. An application case of spatial sampling, design and implementation of spatial modeling with such a system is demonstrated.

关键词： spatial analysis automatic support system modeling of spatial data artificial inference for modeling.

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Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第6期51卷 862-870页

作者： ZHU YuanJun1,2 & SHAO MingAn1 1 institute of Soil and Water Conservation, chinese academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water resources, Northwest Agriculture and forestry University, Yangling 712100, china 2 institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural resources Research, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling China institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.

关键词： wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau small catchment hillslope surface rock fragment cover and size

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The roles of a decision support system in applying forest ecosystem management in Northeast china

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2006年第Z1期49卷 9-18页

作者： DAI Limin, ZHENG Bofu, Guofan Shao & ZHOU Li State Key Lab of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100085, china institute of Applied Ecology, chinese academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, china Department of forestry and Natural resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Graduate University of chinese academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china State Key Lab of Systems Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China Department of forestry and Natural resources Purdue University West Lafayette USA Graduate University of chinese academy of Sciences Beijing China

forest ecosystems provide a variety of services and forest ecosystem management (FEM) is an effective approach to maximize the services. Because of the complexity of forest ecosystems, the applications of FEM can be facilitated with decision support systems (DSS) that recognize and incorporate ecological and socio-economic variables. With the rapid development of computation and information technologies, DSS have been advanced in many ways. Traditional forest management within a forestry unit in china is planned on a yearly basis. The planning itself remains primarily a verbal concept as there are no quantitative decision-support tools available to translate the concept into forest management actions. For the purposes of FEM at the management level, a forest management DFF, forestAR, has been developed under a framework of geographic information system (GIS) and forest models. The paper explained the intelligent modeling mechanisms and demonstrated how the applications of FEM can be strengthened with the applications of forestAR.

关键词： forest functions, forested landscapes, forest services, forest models, geographic information systems.

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