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Agro-ecological engineering in china: a way towards sustainable agriculture

Journal of Environmental sciences 2000年第4期12卷 422-429页

作者： LIU Guo\|hua, FU Bo\|jie (research Center for Eco Environmental sciences, Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100085, china) research Center for Eco-Environmental sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China

Sustainable development, as a “hot topic”, concerns not only economic development but also environmental protection. Agriculture, the base of other economic activities, has faced many difficulties that include over growth population, land decrease, and land degradation and so on. Therefore, how to increase the food supply, to meet the over\|growth population demands, is the main task all over the world at present, especially in the developing countries, such as china, but we also must protect agricultural environment for medium\| and long\|term development simultaneously. Hence, sustainable development in agriculture is the most important estate that we must concern. Its sustainable development determines the sustainability of other economic development to a great extent. Despite Chinese government has paid much attention to develop agricultural production and obtained great successions, there are also many shortcomings in Chinese agriculture. Therefore, china must seek new approaches for its development and environmental protection that suit local conditions and are based on local resources. Agro ecological engineering, the application of ecological engineering in agriculture, is very thriving in china in recent decades. In this paper, the ecological, economic and social benefits of agro\|ecological engineering are analyzed. The principles are discussed. The results indicated that agro\|ecological engineering can meet the farmer′s short\|, medium\| and long\|term benefits. In the meanwhile, it also concerns not only economic benefits but ecological and social benefits. Therefore, agro\|ecological engineering is a way that leads to sustainable agriculture in the future in china.

关键词： agro-ecological engineering sustainable agriculture sustainable development china

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Molecular Analysis and Expression Patterns of Four 14-3-3 Genes from Brassica napus L.

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agricultural sciences in china 2010年第7期9卷 942-950页

作者： ZHAN Gao-miao,TONG Jin,WANG Han-zhong and HUA Wei Key Laboratory for Biological sciences of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture/Oil Crops research institute,Chinese academy of agricultural sciences,Wuhan 430062,P.R.china [a] Key Laboratory for Biological sciences of Oil Crops Ministry of Agriculture/Oil Crops Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Wuhan 430062 P.R. China

In eukaryotes,14-3-3 proteins constitute a family of ubiquitous regulatory *** play very important roles in many cell ***,their enconding genes and roles in plants remain to be *** this paper,four 14-3-3 genes from Brassica napus *** obtained by randomly sequencing a full-length cDNA library and named as Bn1433-1-4 *** phylogenetic comparison with Arabidopsis 14-3-3 family showed that Bn1433-1 and Bn1433-2 belonged to Episilon group while Bn1433-3 and Bn1433-4 belonged to non-Episilon *** transcript levels of four Bn1433 genes were analyzed in different organs,various stress conditions and some hormone treatments by real-time *** result showed that all the Bn1433s were expressed constitutively in roots,stems,leaves and immature seeds except that Bn1433-4 exhibited strong expression in immature seeds of 14 and 28 DAF（day after flowering）.By the analysis of real-time PCR,different expression patterns of Bn1433s were studied in various stress conditions and hormone *** was suggested that the functions of Bn1433s are diverse and they are involved in the regulation of various stresses and hormones treatments.

关键词： 14-3-3 expression pattem abiotic stress Brassica napus L.

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N_2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North china Plain: the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2000年第4期12卷 463-468页

作者： DONG Yun\|she 1,2,3 , Dieter Scharffe 2, Manfred Domroes 3, QI Yu chun 1, ZHANG Shen 1 (1. institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources research, Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, china E\|mail: dongys@*** 2. M 中科院地理科学与资源所北京 1 0 0 1 0 Max- Planck-institute of Chemistry 德国 Mainz 550 2 0 Mainz University 德国 Mainz 550 99

An enclosed chamber technique was used to measure N 2O emissions from intensively agricultural soils of the North china Plain during the periods of 1995—1996 and 1997—1998, to reflect distinct components of winter wheat and summer maize growing seasons. The results showed that the continuous application of fertilizer in agricultural soils increased N\-2O emissions by a factor of 24.1—28.1, the calculated annual chemical N fertilizer\|transformed N\-2O\|N emissions was 0.67%. Our results indicated that the application of organic manure also had a significant influence on soil N 2O emissions, which combined with the use of chemical N increased about 20% in a year. It was calculated that there were about 0.11% N of organic manure transformed as N 2O N. Annual mean N 2O emission from our study area of fertilized soils was estimated to be 57.1 μgN 2O/(m 2·h). A weak correlation was also found between N 2O emissions and soil available nitrogen content NH + 4.

关键词： N_2O emissions the North china Plain agricultural soils chemical nitrogen organic manure

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Food Security and agricultural Changes in the Course of china's Urbanization

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china & World Economy 2011年第2期19卷 40-59页

作者： Ling Zhu,research Fellow,institute of Economics,Chinese academy of Social sciences,Beijing, china. research Fellow Institute of Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China. Email: zhuling@***.

china ＇s small farmers face increasing challenges because of land and water resource constraints and the effects of climate change. With the strengthened agricultural stimulus policies, poverty reduction and social protection programs, as well as the expanding international food trade, up to now china has achieved food security through small farm agriculture. During intensive economic restructuring, smallholders still coexist with large- sized farms and industrialized agricultural businesses, but are in a vulnerable position in market transactions. Oriented to 2050, china ＇s agricultural development and food security policies should work to improve domestic market structure, to further release international trade control and to empower smallholders.

关键词： agriculture food security smallholder urbanization

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Morphology and mapping analysis of rice(Oryza sativa L.)clustered spikelets(Cl)mutant

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第6期48卷 559-562页

作者： ZHENG Leiying1, ZHU Xudong2, QIAN Qian2, ZHAO Zhong1, ZHANG Jianjun3, HU Xiaohe1, LIN Hongxuan1,4 & LUO Da1 1. National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai In-stitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese academy of Sci-ences, Shanghai 200032, china 2. china National rice research institute, Hangzhou 310006, china 3. Crop institute of Breeding and Cultivation, Shanghai agricultural academy, Shanghai 201106, china 4. Shanghai Anxin research Foundation Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, china National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences China china National rice research institute China Crop institute of Breeding and Cultivation Shanghai Agricultural Academy China Shanghai Anxin research Foundation Laboratory China

The rice clustered spikelets (Cl) mutant exhib-its a phenotype that most of branch apical have 2-3 spikelets clustered together. SEM (scanning electron microscope) ob-servation suggested that the Cl gene controlled branch apical development, and influenced the terminal spikelets elonga-tion. The spikelet number was reduced in mutant, indicating that Cl may also have an effect on spikelet number. To map Cl locus, two F2 mapping populations derived from the crosses between the Cl and ZhongHua11, and Cl and ZheFu802 were constructed, respectively. The Cl locus was roughly mapped between two CAPS markers, CK0214 and SS0324. A further fine mapping analysis showed that the Cl locus was mapped between makers R0674E and Cl2560, with genetic distances of 0.2 and 2.1 cM, respectively. Then we found a PAC contig spanning Cl locus, the region was delim-ited to 196 kb. This result was useful for cloning of the Cl gene. Allelism test demonstrated that Cl was allelic to Cl2, another rice clustered spikelets mutant.

关键词：水稻簇生小穗突变体分子标记基因图遗传分析植物形态 SEM

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Ecological Behavior of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) in Soil-Plant Systems

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Pedosphere 2005年第2期15卷 216-224页

作者： JIALiang-Qing OUZi-Qing OUYANGZhi-Yun researchCenterforEco-Environmentalsciences ChineseAcademyofSciencesBeijing100085（China）／／AnhuiAcademyofEnvironmentalSciencesHefei230061（China） instituteofAppliedEcology ChineseAcademyofSciencesShenyang100016（China） researchCenterforEco-Environmentalsciences ChineseAcademyofSciencesBeijing100085（China）

More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil ma pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures that will reduce its negative effects on the ecosystem. The ecological behavior of LAS. including degradation, migration, and plant uptake, in both soil-paddy rice and soil-soybean systems was studied. Reduction of LAS in pot and field plots followed the first order reaction kinetics with degradation half-lives of 35-50 days with LAS decreasing to very low concentrations after a season of crop growth. Strong migration ability for LAS was found and the breakthrough time in a 1.5 in soil monolith was significantly shortened to 23 days by preferential flow. Leachate volumes of soil-paddy and soil-soybean systems at preferential breakthrough were much different, while the leachate volumes at equilibrium governed by soil adsorption/desorption processes were very similar. Significant uptake of LAS in both paddy rice and sovbeans was observed in pot and field experiments (P < 0.05). In aquatic culture, 20 μg mL-1 and above of LAS significantly inhibited the growth of paddy seedlings (P < 0.05). The critical concentration for LAS in soil inhibiting the growth and yield of paddy was 160 μg g-1; when higher, there was a strong negative influence, with decreases in height, spike length, and production, when lower than 80 μg g-1, paddy growth was stimulated. There was little effect of LAS on soybeans.

关键词： degradation ecological behavior linear alkylbenzene sulfonate migration preferential flow

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Molecular tagging of a genic male-sterile gene in rice

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2001年第1期46卷 66-69页

作者： CHEN Xuewei, LI Shigui, WANG Wenming, LI Hanyun, ZHOU Kaida & ZHU Lihuang1. institute of Genetics, Chinese academy of Science, Beijing 100101, china 2. rice research institute, Sichuan agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, china institute of Genetics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China rice research institute Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China

The sterility of Pingxiang male-sterile rice (Pins), possibly derided from a spontaneous mutation in Pingxiang fertile rice (Pmf), was previously reported to be controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene. It can be restored to fertility either by a dominant epistatic gene or by higher temperature treatment at the early stage of inflorescence development. In order to tag the genie male-sterile gene, Pms, Pmf and Ce 64, a cytoplasmic male-sterile restoring line without the epistatic gene for Pms, were used to construct mapping populations. Two segregation populations, "(Pms/Ce 64) F1s (sterile plant)//Pmf" F1 and "Pms//(Pmf/Ce 64) F1" F1, were simultaneously developed. Subsequently, the genie male- sterile gene was mapped between a simple sequence length polymorphism marker, RM228, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism marker, G2155, with distances of 14.9 and 2.6 cM, respectively. The tagged dominant genie male-sterile gene is temporarily designated Ms-p.

关键词： rice genie male-sterility molecular mapping molecular marker gene localization.

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Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks——A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第6期19卷 733-740页

作者： Zengru Wanga,b, Hailiang Xua, Linke Yin a, Jimei Lia, Zhanjiang Zhangc, Yuan Lia a Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering research institute, Chinese academy of sciences, Lanzhou 730000, china b Xinjiang institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese academy of sciences, Urumqi 830011, china c Xinjiang agricultural University, Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830052, china [a]Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China [b]Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China [c]Xinjiang Agricultural University Nanchang Road Urumqi 830052 China

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is dificult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9-15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.

关键词： Soil seed banks Water treatment Activation Potential for vegetation restoration Lower reaches of the Tarim River

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Water Security Problem in North china: research and Perspective

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Pedosphere 2005年第5期15卷 563-575页

作者： XIA Jun LIU Meng-Yu JIA Shao-Feng Key Laboratory of Water Cycle ＆Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 （China） State Key Laboratory of Water Resources ＆ Hydropower Engineering sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072（China） Center for agricultural Resources research Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shijiazhuang 050021 （China）

This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North china with the aim of highlighting key waterresources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North china. Three key problemsrelated to water resources and security issues in North china in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1) the watercycle under environmental change, 2) agricultural water saving, and 3) water security. Development of internationalresearch related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese academy of sciences(CAS) is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North china are *** to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle onNorth china farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquirehydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In thewell irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have hadwidespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 20%-30%.Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North china’s water security.

关键词： environmental change North china water cycle water resources water security

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Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon Under Maize Monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain, Northeast china

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Pedosphere 2010年第1期20卷 80-89页

作者： WANG Zong-Ming , ZHANG Bai, SONG Kai-Shan, LIU Dian-Wei and REN Chun-Ying Northeast institute of Geography and agricultural Ecology, Chinese academy of sciences, Changchun 130012 (china) [a] Northeast institute of Geography and agricultural Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130012 (China)

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its relationship with landscape attributes are important for evaluating current regional, continental, and global carbon stores. Data of SOC in surface soils (0–20 cm) of four main soils, Cambisol, Arenosol, Phaeozem, and Chernozem, were collected at 451 locations in Nongan County under maize monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain, Northeast china. The spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon were studied, using geographic information systems (GIS) and geostatistics. Effects of other soil physical and chemical properties, elevation, slope, and soil type on SOC were explored. SOC concentrations followed a normal distribution, with an arithmetic mean of 14.91 g kg-1 . The experimental variogram of SOC was fitted with a spherical model. There were significant correlations between soil organic carbon and bulk density (r =-0.374**), pH (r = 0.549**), total nitrogen (r = 0.781**), extractable phosphorus (r =-0.109*), exchangeable potassium (r = 0.565**), and cation exchange capacity (r = 0.313**). Generally, lower SOC concentrations were significantly associated with high elevation (r =-0.429**). Soil organic carbon was significantly negatively correlated with slope gradient (r =-0.195**). Samples of the Cambisol statistically had the highest SOC concentrations, and samples of the Arenosol had the lowest SOC value.

关键词： geostatistics slope soil bulk density spatial distribution

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