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Some problems on the studies of the late Pleistocene human evolution and formation of modern human populations

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第12期16卷 1233-1241页

作者： LIU Wu(Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100044, China) [a]Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

For the past two decades, studies and debates on the modern human origins around the world have attracted attentions to the late Pleistocene human {2. and formation of modern human populations, and some controversial hypotheses and problems have been proposed. In the present paper, some problems on the late Pleistocene human {2., and the formation and differentiations of modern human populations in China are studied with a brief description and comments on the research advances in this field.

关键词： late Pleistocene human evolution formation and differentiation of modern human population paleoanthropology.

Periodicity of Retzius lines in fossil Pongo from South China

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chinese Science Bulletin 2012年第7期57卷 790-794页

作者： HU Rong1,2.3, ZHAO LingXia1,2.& WU XinZhi2.1 Key laboratory of evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,{2., Beijing 100044, China 2.laboratory of human evolution, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,{2., Beijing 100044, China 3 Graduate University of{2., Beijing 100049, China laboratory of human {2. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China

Periodicity of Retzius lines is a key factor in dental development. In this study, we examined the periodicity of Retzius lines in fossil Pongo from South China using polarized light microscope observation of dental ground sections. The periodicities all of the 15 teeth were 9 d. Comparisons of periodicity were made with extant primates, fossil apes and hominins. Periodicity of fossil Pongo from South China was relatively long but fell within the variation of extant Pongo, Gorilla and modern human, and longer than periodicity of Pan and other extant primates. Fossil Pongo from South China was similar to Lufengpithecus and Sivapithecus, shorter than Gigantopithecus and longer than European and African fossil apes and most early hominins in periodicity. Generally, the periodicities of Asian large-body fossil apes were longer than the periodicities of European and African large-body fossil apes in Miocene. Difference among species and trend of evolution in periodicity were analyzed and discussed. We found that periodicity might gradually increase from Proconsul in early Miocene to several fossil apes in Miocene and then Gigantopithecus in Pleistocene. In addition, this study made correlate analysis between periodicity and body mass respectively in males and females of six extant apes and five fossil apes, and found that periodicity positively correlated with body mass.

关键词：周期性变化中国南方大猩猩化石灵长类动物早中新世类人猿显微镜观察

Use-wear evidence confirms the earliest hafted chipped-stone adzes of Upper Palaeolithic in northern China

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chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第3期55卷 268-275页

作者： ZHANG XiaoLing1,2.3, SHEN Chen1,2.4 GAO Xing1,2.CHEN FuYou1,2.& WANG ChunXue1,2.3 1Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100044, China 2.1} of {2. evolution and archaeometry, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100044, China 3Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4The Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto M5S 2.6, Canada Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China laboratory of human {2. and archaeometry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China Royal Ontario Museum Toronto M5S 2C6 Canada

Chipped-stone "adze-shaped objects" (ASOs) were identified from a few Upper Palaeolithic sites in northern China. Its morpho- logical form resembles to ground-stone type-specific adze, but the function of the ASO has never been assessed. The objective of this study is to investigate the use function of this particular tool type recovered from the Hutouliang site in the Nihewan Basin of northern China. In this study, the lithic use-wear analysis is applied to examining microscopically edge-damages and sur- face-rounding of the tools in order to assess how they were employed. The result suggests that the ASO might have been used as woodworking tools with a hafted shaft, providing evidence for the appearance of the earliest hafted chipped-stone adzes prior to 10000 years ago in northern China. This study also demonstrates that the use-wear technique is an innovated and effective analytic appraoch to the study of stone tool functions that has been conventionally treated by typo-technological analyses. Stone tool use-patterns revealed by use-wear evidence would shed new insights on prehistoric adaptive strategies of modern human in northern China.

关键词：旧石器时代晚期中国北方磨损证据石材加工工具木工工具中国网站技术分析

Use-wear analysis confirms the use of Palaeolithic bone tools by the Lingjing Xuchang early human

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chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第21期55卷 2282-2289页

作者： LI ZhanYang 1,4 & SHEN Chen 2.3,4 1 Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Zhengzhou 450000,China 2.The joint laboratory of {2. evolution and archaeometry,chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100044,China 3 The Royal Ontario Museum,Toronto ON M5S2.6,Canada 4 Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Shandong University,Jinan 2.0100,China Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Zhengzhou 450000 China Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Shandong University Jinan 250100 China The joint laboratory of {2. evolution and archaeometry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China The Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON M5S2C6 Canada

During 2.07-2.08 excavations at the Lingjing site near Xuchang,Henan Province,dated back to around 100-80 ka ago,a large quantity of mammalian fossil remains were recovered along with a remarkable cluster of Early Modern human(EMH) skull fragments in *** some of those animal bones were probably modified into tools.A use-wear analysis was carried out to examine the functions of modified bone *** results suggest that Lingjing bone tools were used for drilling,penetrating,and scraping animal substances,and that some might have been hafted during the *** study confirms that early existence ofintentionally-modified bone tools at human occupations of the early Late Pleistocene in northern *** discovery suggests making and use of bone tools were inevitably a part of early human behaviors and cultural development,as such of stone tools.

关键词：早期人类磨损分析旧石器时代工具许昌哺乳动物化石现代人类动物骨头

Cut marks and terminal Pleistocene hominids in the Ma'anshan site:Evidence for meat-eating

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chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第19期54卷 3872-3879页

作者： ZHANG Yue1,2.3, WANG ChunXue1,2. ZHANG ShuangQuan1,2.& GAO Xing1,2. 1 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100044, China 2.joint laboratory of human evolution and archaeometry, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100044, China 3 State Key laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing 2.0008, China Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China joint laboratory of {2. evolution and archaeometry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044 China State Key laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing 210008 China

In this paper, cut marks on the long bones of class Ⅱ sized animals in the Ma'anshann site are studied. Based on the location and frequencies of the long bone cut marks, the distribution characteristics are analyzed as follows: (1) cut mark frequencies in the lower layer (LL) are much higher than those of the upper; (2. in the LL cut mark frequency of the upper limbs is the highest, and that of the middle and lower limbs is lower and the lowest; (3) In the upper layer (UL) the cut mark frequency, does not spread as orderly as in the LL. The data are compared to those of the experiment and it is demonstrated that values of the LL all fall into the experimental 95% confidence intervals, and the cut mark frequencies of the upper, middle and lower limbs coincide with those of the experiment; while the values of the UL are much lower, of which, those of the humerus, femur and radius are out of the intervals, and the frequencies of the upper, middle and lower limbs are far more different from those of the experiment. It implies that the earlier hominids (of the LL) defleshed the limbs of the class Ⅱ sized animals with stone tools more completely than the later hominids. With the evidence of burning marks, it is suggested that the difference on the roasting behaviors derived the cut mark difference of the Ma'anshan UL and LL.

关键词：原始人类马鞍山证据网站痕迹切口更新世肉类

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Positive Darwinian selection in human population:A review

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chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第10期53卷 1457-1467页

作者： WU DongDong1,3 & ZHANG YaPing1,2.1 State Key laboratory of Genetic Resources and evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology,{2., Kunming 6502.3, China 2.laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 3 Graduate University of{2., Beijing 100049, China State Key laboratory of Genetic Resources and evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

This paper reviews a large number of genes under positive Darwinian selection in modern human populations, such as brain development genes, immunity genes, reproductive related genes, perception receptors. The research on the evolutionary property of these genes will provide important insight into human evolution and disease mechanisms. With the increase of population genetics and comparative genomics data, more and more evidences indicate that positive Darwinian selection plays an indispensable role in the origin and evolution of human beings. This paper will also summarize the methods to detect positive selection, analyze the interference factors faced and make suggestions for further research on positive selection.

关键词：自然选择积极选择达尔文进化论人类学种群遗传

Pitfalls in the analysis of ancient human mtDNA

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chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第8期48卷 826-830页

作者： YAO Yonggang1,3 & ZHANG Yaping1,2.1. laboratory of Molecular evolution and Genome Diversity, Kunming Institute of Zoology,{2., Kunming 6502.3, China 2. laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 3. Graduate School of the{2., Beijing 100039, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Yaping (e-mail: zhang- yp1@***) laboratory of Molecular evolution and Genome Diversity Kunning Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences China Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences China laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource Yunnan University China

The retrieval of DNA from ancient human specimens is not always successful owing to DNA deteriora-tion and contamination although it is vital to provide new insights into the genetic structure of ancient people and to reconstruct the past history. Normally, only short DNA fragments can be retrieved from the ancient specimens. How to identify the authenticity of DNA obtained and to uncover the information it contained are difficult. We employed the ancient mtDNAs reported from Central Asia (including Xin-jiang, China) as an example to discern potentially extraneous DNA contamination based on the updated mtDNA phylog-eny derived from mtDNA control region, coding region, as well as complete sequence information. Our results demon-strated that many mtDNAs reported are more or less prob-lematic. Starting from a reliable mtDNA phylogeney and combining the available modern data into analysis, one can ascertain the authenticity of the ancient DNA, distinguish the potential errors in a data set, and efficiently decipher the meager information it harbored. The reappraisal of the mtDNAs with the age of more than 2.00 years from Central Asia gave support to the suggestion of extensively (pre)historical gene admixture in this region.

关键词：古代人类遗传构造 DNA 脱氧核糖核酸

Molecular evolution of stress-response gene Leptin in high-altitude chinese snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus genus)

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chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第36期55卷 4132-4135页

作者： WANG XiaoPing1,2. JIN Wei1,2. YU Li1,2.& ZHANG YaPing1,2.1 laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 2.State Key laboratory of Genetic Resources and {2., Kunming Institute of Zoology, chinese academy of sciences, Kunming 6502.3, China laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China State Key laboratory of Genetic Resources and evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650223 China

chinese snub-nosed monkeys (genus Rhinopithecus, subfamily Colobinae), including R. bieti, R. brelichi and R. roxellana, are well-known as the non-human primates with the highest known altitudinal distribution. They represent an interesting model organism of adaptation to the extreme environmental stresses. However, no study at the molecular level has yet been reported for the high-altitude adaptation in chinese snub-nosed monkeys. Leptin, as an adipocyte-derived hormone, is believed to play an important role in energy homeostasis in adaptation to high altitude environments. In the present study, we sequenced and compared leptin sequences of the chinese snub-nosed monkeys (R. bieti and R. roxellana) with their lowland close relative R. avunculus and other Colobines. Unexpectedly, no amino acid changes were observed in the 7 Colobinae species examined, including the 2.chinese snub-nosed monkeys, indicating no difference in the evolutionary pattern of the Leptin gene between high-altitude monkeys and their lowland counterparts. In contrast to a previous finding of adaptive evolution of Leptin gene in plateau pikas, our study suggests that this gene may not have an important role in high-altitude adaptation of chinese snub-nosed monkeys. Other nuclear genes associated with energy metabolism, or mitochondrial genes, are most likely to be involved the molecular mechanism underlying adaptation of these monkeys to cold and hypoxia associated with the highland environment.

关键词： Leptin基因金丝猴属瘦素基因压力反应分子进化高空鼻极端环境

Environmental archaeology of the Dachang region in the Daning Valley,the Three Gorges reservoir region of the Yangtze River,China

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chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第S1期53卷 140-152页

作者： ZHANG Yun 1 &ZHU Cheng 2.1 State Key laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,chinese {2. of sciences,Beijing 100093, China 2.School of Geographic and Oceanographic sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 2.0093,China 1. State Key laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China 2. School of Geographic and Oceanographic sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Environmental archaeology of archaeological sites on both sides of the Dachang section in the Daning River,the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River,shows that riverbed evolution has a great influence on the distribution of archaeological sites during the prehistorical and historical period,and it restricts human activity and the development of ancient *** investigation,dating data,paleocurrent analysis of 100 gravels on the riverbed and archaeological excavation reveal that the riverbed of the Dachang section developed in the Shuangyantang region during the early stage,after about 30 kaBP it shifted westward gradually and reached the present *** with the westward shift,the focus of ancient culture changed for several *** the Western Zhou Dynasty's period,the east riverbank of the Daning River was the main residential *** the Han Dynasty,along with the westward shift,the living space of ancient people was no longer confined to the east riverbank and the focus of culture moved *** the Zhangjiawan site became the main dwelling *** the late Han Dynasty, the villages were flooded and the ancients had to immigrate to a high *** of the Han and the Jin Dynasties outcropped on the flood plain of the east bank because their surface sediments were eroded by several flood events and the westward shift of the riverbed.

关键词： the Daning River environmental archaeology the Shuangyantang site the Zhangjiawan site tombs of the Han and the Jin Dynasties