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甜高粱茎秆固态发酵制取燃料乙醇过程分析与中试研究

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太阳能学报 2010年第2期31卷 257-262页

作者：耿欣李天成李十中王二强中国农业大学资源与环境学院北京100193 清华大学核能与新能源研究院北京100084

研究了甜高粱秆固态发酵生产燃料乙醇过程工艺参数的变化规律及相关性,并以此为基础进行了5m^3转鼓式固态发酵反应器中试试验。结果表明:糖份的快速消耗伴随着乙醇的大量产生,酵母分泌相关酶类使非还原糖向还原糖转化;发酵过程pH下降,... 详细信息

研究了甜高粱秆固态发酵生产燃料乙醇过程工艺参数的变化规律及相关性,并以此为基础进行了5m^3转鼓式固态发酵反应器中试试验。结果表明:糖份的快速消耗伴随着乙醇的大量产生,酵母分泌相关酶类使非还原糖向还原糖转化;发酵过程pH下降,对乙醇产生无明显抑制;搅拌可以改善传质、传热,有利于菌体的生长和发酵的进行。中试结果表明40～44h内可完成发酵。直接固态发酵与蒸馏后获得30%～40%的粗醇溶液,平均13.5～15.5kg甜高粱秆产1kg(99.5%)无水乙醇,糟渣粗蛋白含量6.94%(干基),可替代"黄储"饲料。糖利用率最高97.50%,乙醇实际收率最高94.48%。

关键词：乙醇甜高粱秆固态发酵过程参数中试试验

Dark output characteristic of γ-ray irradiated CMOS digital image sensors

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Rare Metals 2002年第1期21卷 79-84页

作者： MENG Xiangti and KANG A iguo institute of nuclear energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china institute of nuclear energy technology Tsinghua University 北京 100084

The quality of dark output images from the CMOS (complementarymetal oxide semiconductor) black and white (B & W) digital imagesensors captured before and after γ-ray irradiation was studied. Thecharacteristic parameters of the dark output images captured atdifferent radiation dose, e.g. average brightness and itsnon-uniformity of dark out- put images, were analyzed by our testsoftware. The primary explanation for the change of the parameterswith the radi- ation dose was given.

关键词： CMOS digital image sensor gamma radiation dark output characteristic Si

Simulating　Experimental　Investigation　on　the　Safety　of　nuclear　Heating　Reactor　in　Loss－of－Coolant　Accidents

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Journal of Thermal Science 1996年第4期5卷 285-291页

作者： Zhanjie Xu(institute of nuclear energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing, 100084, china) institute of nuclear energy technology Tsinghua University Beijing China

The 5MW low temperature nuclear heating reactor (NHR-5) is a new and advanced type of nuclear reactor developed by institute of nuclear energy technology (INET) of tsinghua university of china in 1989. Its main loop is a thermal-hydraulic system with natural circulation. This paper studies the safety of NHR under the condition of loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs) by means of simulant experiments. First, the background and necessity of the experiments are presented, then the experimental system, including the thermal-hydraulic system and the data collection system, and similarity criteria are introduced. UP to now, the discharge experiments with the residual heating power (20% rated heating power) have been carried out on the experimental system. The system parameters including circulation flow rate, system pressure, system temperature, void fraction, discharge mass and so on have been recorded and analyzed. Based on the results of the experiments, the conclusions are shown as folios: on the whole, the reactor is safe under the condition of LOCAs, but the thermal vacillations resulting from the vibration of the circulation flow rate are disadvantageous to the internal parts of the reactor core.

关键词： nuclear heating reactor natural circulation LOCA safety.

Kinetics study on the dissolution of UO_2 particles by microwave and conventional heating in 4 mol/L nitric acid

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Science china Chemistry 2008年第7期51卷 700-704页

作者： ZHAO YunFeng & CHEN Jing institute of nuclear and new energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing 102201, china institute of nuclear and new energy technology Tsinghua University Beijing China

The dissolution of UO2 particles in 4 mol·L-1 nitric acid medium at temperatures of 90-110℃ by mi- crowave heating and conventional heating has been investigated, respectively. It is found that the dissolution ratios of UO2 particles by microwave heating were 10%-40% higher than that by conven- tional heating. Kinetics research shows that the dissolution of UO2 particles in 4 mol·L-1 nitric acid is controlled by the diffusion control model for microwave heating and by the surface reaction control model for conventional heating. The diffusion control model for the dissolution of UO2 particles by mi- crowave heating could be explained by the diffuseness on the surface of UO2 particles.

关键词： uranium dioxide nitric acid dissolution microwave heating

Carbon emission permit allocation and trading

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1999年第4期11卷 468-473页

作者： CHEN Wen\|ying, WU Zong\|xin (institute of nuclear energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china) 清华大学核能技术设计研究院北京

Nowadays our earth is faced with grim challenge of global climate change. All countries should go into action jointly to mitigate climate change. Carbon emission permit allocation and trading are two important issues to realize global cooperation. In this paper two kinds of comprehensive carbon emission permit allocation methods not only considering equity but also efficiency were advanced. After the carbon permit price was determined, the trading situations in various regions or countries in the world and the global benefits gained from emission trading were expounded. Moreover, the impact of carbon emission permit trading on chinas economy was analyzed.

关键词： climate change carbon permit allocation carbon permit trading comprehensive allocation method

GHG emission reductions and costs to achieve Kyoto target

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2003年第4期15卷 541-547页

作者： CHEN Wen\|ying (energy, Environment and Economy Research institute, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china.) energy Environment and Economy Research Institute Tsinghua University 北京 100084

Emission projection and marginal abatement cost curves(MACs) are the central components of any assessment of future carbon market, such as CDM (clean development mechanism) potentials, carbon quota price etc. However, they are products of very complex, dynamic systems driven by forces like population growth, economic development, resource endowments, technology progress and so on. The modeling approaches for emission projection and MACs evaluation were summarized, and some major models and their results were compared. Accordingly, reduction and cost requirements to achieve the Kyoto target were estimated. It is concluded that Annex I Parties' total reduction requirements range from 503—1304 MtC with USA participation and decrease significantly to 140—612 MtC after USA's withdrawal. Total costs vary from 21—77 BUSD with USA and from 5—36 BUSD without USA if only domestic reduction actions are taken. The costs would sharply reduce while considering the three flexible mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol with domestic actions' share in the all mitigation strategies drops to only 0—16%.

关键词： Kyoto Protocol emission reduction abatement cost flexible mechanisms

Degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solution by γ-radiation and ozone oxidation

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Science china Chemistry 2006年第2期49卷 186-192页

作者： HU Jun1, WANG Jianlong1,2 & CHEN Rong1 1. Laboratory of Environmental technology, institute of nuclear energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china 2. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china Correspondence should be addressed to Wang Jianlong Laboratory of Environmental technology Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology Tsinghua University Beijing China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing China

The degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by using gamma rays generated by a 60Co source in the presence of O3 was investigated. The radiolysis of 4-CP and the kinetics of 4-CP min-eralization were analyzed based on the determination of total organic carbon (TOC). The influence of initial 4-CP concentration and the free radicals scavengers (such as NaHCO3 and t-butanol) on the 4-CP degradation was also studied. The results showed that when the radiation rate was 336 Gy·min?1, 4-chlorophenol at concentration of 10 mg·L?1 could be completely degraded at the radiation dose of 2 kGy. The degradation of 4-chlorophenol could be described by a first-order reaction model, the rate constant of 4-CP degradation by combined ozonation and radiation was 0.1016 min?1, which was 2.4 times higher than the sum of radiation (0.0294 min?1) and ozonation (0.0137 min?1). It re-vealed that the combination of radiation and ozonation resulted in synergistic effect, which can re-markably increase the degradation efficiency of 4-CP.

关键词： radiolysis, 4-chlorophenol, priority pollutant, degradation, O3, synergistic effect, kinetics.

RECOVERING RE FROM LEACHING LIQUOR OF RARE EARTH ORE BY EXTRACTION

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 1995年第4期5卷 36-40页

作者： Chi Ru’an Xu Jingming He Peijiong Zhu Yongjun(institute of nuclear energy Technolegy,tsinghua university,beijing 100084) tsinghua Univ Beijing China

ＲＥＣＯＶＥＲＩＮＧＲＥＦＲＯＭＬＥＡＣＨＩＮＧＬＩＱＵＯＲＯＦＲＡＲＥＥＡＲＴＨＯＲＥＢＹＥＸＴＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＣｈｉＲｕ＇ａｎ；ＸｕＪｉｎｇｍｉｎｇ；ＨｅＰｅｉｊｉｏｎｇ；ＺｈｕＹｏｎｇｊｕｎ（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏ... 详细信息

ＲＥＣＯＶＥＲＩＮＧＲＥＦＲＯＭＬＥＡＣＨＩＮＧＬＩＱＵＯＲＯＦＲＡＲＥＥＡＲＴＨＯＲＥＢＹＥＸＴＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＣｈｉＲｕ＇ａｎ；ＸｕＪｉｎｇｍｉｎｇ；ＨｅＰｅｉｊｉｏｎｇ；ＺｈｕＹｏｎｇｊｕｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＮｕｃｌｅａｒＥｎｅｒｇｙＴｅｃ...

关键词： rare earth ore leaching solvent extraction

RECOVERY OF CADMIUM AND NICKEL FROM SCRAP Ni-Cd BATTERIES

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2001年第4期14卷 303-312页

作者： J.X. Zhu1), B. Yu2), J.H. Li1) and Y.F. Nie1) 1) Department of Environmental Engineering, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china 2) institute of nuclear energy technology, tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china Dept. of Environ. Eng. Tsinghua Univ. Beijing 100084 China

Several typical methods for the recovery of Ni-Cd batteries are described in detail. Based on the comparison between the hydrometallurgical process and the pyrometallurgical process, the latter is selected as the suit... 详细信息

关键词： Cadmium Nickel Recovery Scrap metal