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Cor.elation analysis between loss of heter.zygosity at chr.mosome 18q and p.ognosis in the stage-Ⅱ colon cancer.p.tients

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第8期29卷 761-767页

作者： Wei Wang1,2. Yuan-Fang Li1,2. Xiao-Wei sun1,2. Gong Chen1,3, You-Qing Zhan1,2. Chun-Yu Huang1,2. De-sen Wan1,3, Zhi-Zhong p.n1,3, Zhi-Wei Zhou1,2.1 State Key Labor.ar. of Oncology in South {2., guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china 2.department of Gasr.ic and p.ncr.atic Sur.er., sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china 3 department of Color.ctal Sur.er., sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china department of Gasr.ic and p.ncr.atic Sur.er. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Labortary of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060 department of Color.ctal Sur.er. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Labortary of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Backgr.und and Objective: Color.ctal cancer.is one of the most common malignant cancer. in the wor.d. Although the clinicop.thologic staging is the golden cr.ter.on for.the p.ognosis at p.esent, the op.imum p.ognostic cr.ter.a for.color.ctal cancer.should be a combination of the clinicop.thologic staging and the molecular.mar.er.. However. ther. ar. cur.ently no molecular.mar.er. available for.the p.ognosis of color.ctal cancer. Sever.l tumor.sup.r.ssor.genes associated with color.ctal cancer.have been map.ed at the 18q2.-2. r.gion. In this study we detected the fr.quency of loss of heter.zygosity (LOH) at chr.mosome 18q and investigated the r.lationship.between LOH and clinicop.thologic featur.s and its p.ognostic value for.p.tients with stage Ⅱ colon cancer. Methods: A total of 106 samp.es of tumor.tissues and cor.esp.nding nor.al mucosa fr.m p.tients with sp.r.dic stage-Ⅱ colon cancer.wer. included in this study. All the samp.es wer. for.alin-fixed and p.r.ffin-embedded. DNA was extr.cted fr.m tumor.tissues and LOH of D18S474, D18S55, D18S58, D18S61 and D18S64 at chr.mosome 18q was analyzed using p.lymer.se chain r.action (p.r., p.lyacr.lamide gel-electr.p.or.sis, and DNA sequencing method. Multivar.ate analysis for.association between LOH and p.ognosis in colon cancer.p.tients was p.r.or.ed with Cox p.op.r.ional hazar.s r.gr.ssion model. r.sults: The median follow-up.time was 68 months. For.106 p.tients, 5-year.sur.ival r.te was 83.6%, which was associated with age and gr.ss tumor.typ. (p.= 0.011 and 0.034, r.sp.ctively). Among 102.p.tients who wer. eligible for.LOH infor.ation, the over.ll fr.quency of LOH is 49.0% (50/102., and that of LOH at 5 micr.satellite loci of D18S474, D18S55, D18S58, D18S61, and D18S64 was 30.2. (2./86), 2..4% (18/77), 2..6% (2./70), 35.0% (2./80), and 2..8%(15/72., r.sp.ctively. The occur.ence of LOH was significantly associated with tumor.location and histop.thologic gr.de (p.= 0.02., 0.016 and 0.005, r.sp.ctively). LOH was mor. fr.q

关键词：大肠癌染色体杂合性预后患者相关分析聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳临床病理

Exp.ession of hep.titis B vir.s sur.ace antigen in 12. Hodgkin's lymp.oma p.tients

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第8期29卷 735-740页

作者： Miao-Zhen Qiu1,2. Dan-Yun r.an1,2. Zhi-Qiang Wang1,2. Hui-Yan Luo1,2. Kai-Yuan Teng1,2. Zhong-Jun Xia1,3, Yue Lu1,3, Hui-Qiang Huang1,2. Wen-Qi Jiang1,2. r.i-Hua Xu1,2.1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china, sun {2.-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china 2.department of Medical Oncology, sun {2.-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china 3 department of Hematology Oncology, sun {2.-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou, guangdong 510060, p. r. china sun yat-{2. university Cancer.Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Backgr.und and Objective: Little is known about the incidence of hep.titis B vir.s (HBV) infection in Hodgkin's lymp.oma p.tients. This study was to evaluate the imp.ct of HBV infection on the sur.ival of Hodgkin's lymp.oma p.tient. Methods: Clinical data of 12. Hodgkin's lymp.oma p.tients tr.ated at the sun {2.-sen university Cancer.Center.between Januar. 2.04 and October.2.07 wer. collected. The imp.ct of p.ognostic factor. including HBV infection on sur.ival was examined by univar.ate and multivar.ate analyses. A log-r.nk test was used for.univar.ate analysis and the Cox p.op.r.ional hazar.s r.gr.ssion model was used for.multivar.ate analysis. r.sults: Of the 12. p.tients, 18 (15.0%) wer. hep.titis B vir.s sur.ace antigen (HBsAg)-p.sitive. The HBsAg-p.sitive p.tients had lower.5-year.sur.ival r.te than did the HBsAg-negative ones (66.9% vs. 91.3%, p.= 0.006). When the p.tients wer. divided into ear.y-stage (Ⅰ+Ⅱ) and advanced-stage (Ⅲ+Ⅳ) gr.up., the 5-year.sur.ival r.te was significantly differ.nt between the HBsAg-p.sitive and -negative p.tients in ear.y-stage gr.up.(64.8% vs. 96.0%, p.r.nt in advanced-stage gr.up.(75.0% vs. 84.8%, p.0.667). Both univar.ate and multivar.ate analyses showed that r.diother.p. and HBV infection wer. indep.ndent p.ognosis factor. for.the p.tients with ear.y-stage Hodgkin's lymp.oma (p.0.006 and 0.014, r.sp.ctively). Conclusions: The incidence of HBV infection is similar.between Hodgkin's lymp.oma p.tients and nor.al p.p.lation. HBV infection is an indep.ndent p.ognosis factor.for.sur.ival in the p.tients with ear.y-stage Hodgkin's lymp.oma.

关键词：乙肝病毒表面抗原淋巴瘤患者乙肝表面抗原多因素分析金病毒感染肝炎病毒

The r.sults and p.ognosis of differ.nt tr.atment modalities for.solitar. metastatic lung tumor.fr.m nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma:a r.tr.sp.ctive study of 105 cases

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第9期29卷 787-795页

作者： Jun Ma1,2. Zhe-Sheng Wen1,2. p.ng Lin1,2. Xin Wang1,2. Fang-Yun Xie1,3 1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china, guangzhou,{2., p.r.china 2.department of Thor.cic Oncology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p.r.china 3 {{12. of radiation Oncology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p.r.china {{12. of Thor.cic Sur.er., Shanxi p.ovincial p.op.e’s Hosp.tal, Taiyuan, Shanxi 0300{12. p.r.china department of Thor.cic Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060 department of radiation Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Backgr.und and Objective:Nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma (Np.) is known for.its p.op.nsity for.distant *** metastasis is one of the most imp.r.ant causes of death for.p.tients with *** metastatic lung tumor.fr.m Np. is a distinctive gr.up.associated with a better.*** study was to find a mor. effective tr.atment modality and p.ognostic factor. for.the ***:Clinical data of 105 cases of solitar. metastatic lung tumor.fr.m Np. wer. r.tr.sp.ctively *** r.te was calculated by the Kap.an-Meier.*** differ.nce of sur.ival between the p.tients tr.ated by differ.nt modalities was evaluated by the log-r.nk *** Cox univar.ate and multivar.ate analyses of gender. age, p.thologic typ., stage, adjuvant chemother.p., evaluation of tr.atment for.Np., disease-fr.e inter.al, size of metastatic tumor. p.lmonar. hilar.and/or.mediastinal lymp. node metastasis, tr.atment modalities, r.cur.ent distant metastases and/or.r.lap.e of Np. wer. ***:The local contr.l r.te was 53.8% in chemother.p. gr.up. 88.0% in r.diother.p. +/-chemother.p. gr.up. and 96.4% in op.r.tion +/-chemother.p. gr.up.(p.0.01).The most p.omising p.ogr.ssion-fr.e sur.ival (p.S) and over.ll sur.ival (OS) wer. obtained with op.r.tion +/-chemother.p. and followed by r.diother.p. +/-*** of them showed much better.efficacy than chemother.p. (p.0.001).The Cox multivar.ate analysis showed that r.cur.ent distant metastases and/or.r.lap.e of Np. affected the sur.ival (Or.2.087, 95% CI=1.2.7-3.410, p.0.003).The T stage of Np., size of metastatic tumor. hilar.and/or.mediastinal lymp. node metastasis, and the tr.atment modality wer. indep.ndent p.ognostic ***:Op.r.tion +/-chemother.p. and r.diother.p. +/-chemother.p. ar. better.tr.atment of solitar. metastatic lung tumor.fr.m Np., which could imp.ove the local contr.l and p.olong the p.S and *** is r.commended for.p.tients with higher.T stage of Np., size of metastatic tu

关键词：治疗方式鼻咽癌预后孤立全国人民代表大会肺疗效评价多因素分析

p.ognosis of 980 p.tients with gastr.c cancer.after.sur.ical r.section

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第11期29卷 923-930页

作者： Wei Wang1,2. Yuan-Fang Li1,2. Xiao-Wei sun1,2. Ying-Bo Chen1,2. Wei Li1,2. Da-Zhi Xu1,2. Xuan-Xiang Guan1,2. Chun-Yu Huang1,2. You-Qing Zhan1,2. Zhi-Wei Zhou1,2.1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china,{2., guangdong 510060, p. r. china 2.department of Gastr.c and p.ncr.atic Sur.er., sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center.{2., guangdong 510060, p. r. china department of Gastr.c and p.ncr.atic Sur.er. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Backgr.und and Objective: Although sur.er. is the only p.ssible means to cur. gastr.c cancer. the p.ognosis is often discr.p.nt. The Amer.can Joint Committee on Cancer.Inter.ational Union against Cancer.(AJCC/UICC) p.blished the TNM classification of Malignant Tumor. (seventh edition) for.gastr.c cancer.r.cently. This study aimed to use this new edition staging system to investigate the p.ognostic factor. for.gastr.c cancer. Methods: The clinicop.thologic data of 980 p.tients with gastr.c cancer.tr.ated by sur.ical r.section in our.hosp.tal between Januar. 2.00 and December.2.06 wer. analyzed r.tr.sp.ctively. The over.ll sur.ival r.te was deter.ined by using Kap.an-Meier.method and log-r.nk test was used to deter.ine significance. The p.ognosis was analyzed using univar.ate analysis and multivar.ate analysis with the Cox p.op.r.ional hazar.s model. The 6th and 7th edition AJCC/UICC TNM staging systems wer. used to comp.r. the sur.ival outcomes for.the cohor. of p.tients. r.sults: The over.ll 1-, 3-, 5-year.sur.ival r.tes for.the whole gr.up.wer. 82.5%, 58.7%, and 52.6%. The 5-year.sur.ival r.tes for.p.tients with p.NM stage I, II, III, and IV disease classified by the 7th edition staging system wer. 93.2., 72.4%, 39.1%, and 5.2., r.sp.ctively. In both univar.ate analysis and Cox multivar.ate analysis, age, tumor.site, tumor.size, histological typ., r.section typ., r.dical r.section, lymp.atic/venous invasion, dep.h of invasion, nodal status, metastasis, r.tr.eved lymp. nodes, metastatic lymp. node r.tio, and adjuvant chemother.p. wer. p.ognostic factor. with these p.tients. Conclusion: Comp.r.d with the 6th edition system, the new edition of TNM staging system for.gastr.c cancer.can accur.tely p.edict the sur.ival after.op.r.tion.

关键词：手术切除胃癌预后多因素分析单因素分析恶性肿瘤 TNM 淋巴结

p.r.utaneous r.diofr.quency ablation ap.r.ach thr.ugh the sp.een:initial case r.p.r. for.p.ncr.atic tail gastr.noma

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第9期29卷 836-841页

作者： p.i-Hong Wu1,2. Chang-Chuan p.n1,2. Zi-Lin Huang1,2. Wang Li1,2. Ming Zhao1,2. Zhi-Wei Zhou1,3 1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china, guangzhou,{2., p.r.china 2.department of Medical Imaging & Inter.entional r.diology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p.r.china 3 {{12. of Abdominal Oncology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p.r.china department of Medical Imaging& Inter.entional r.diology Sun Yat-s en University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060 department of Abdominal Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Gastr.noma has a low incidence, and the p.ncr.as-or.ginated gastr.noma is *** gastr.noma p.tients with liver.metastases have p.or.p.ognosis and shor. *** tr.atment to r.duce the tumor.bur.en help. to imp.ove symp.oms and slows down tumor.p.ogr.ssion for.p.tients with unr.sectable *** r.p.r. a case of p.ncr.atic tail gastr.noma with unr.sectable liver.*** p.tient r.ceived a comp.ehensive minimally invasive inter.entional tr.atment, that is, chemoembolization and r.diofr.quency ablation for.liver.metastases, and p.r.utaneous tr.nsp.enic r.diofr.quency ablation combined with r.dioactive 12.I seed imp.antation for.p.ncr.atic tail *** p.tient was followed up.for.mor. than 2. months, and showed no clear.evidence of tumor.*** exp.or.d the safety and feasibility of p.r.utaneous tr.nsp.enic r.diofr.quency ablation for.unr.sectable p.ncr.atic tail *** tr.nsp.enic ap.r.ach allow mor. indications for.minimally invasive ther.p. and p.ovides a new tr.atment op.ion not only for.p.tients with unr.sectable p.ncr.atic tail tumor.but also for.p.tients r.fusing sur.er..

关键词：射频消融胃泌素病例报告尾部局部治疗手术切除肿瘤病介入治疗

CT-guided needle biop.y thr.ugh mandibular.ar.a for.the diagnosis of nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma in the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ce

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2010年第8期29卷 768-773页

作者： Yong Su1,2. Chong Zhao1,2. Wen-Jie Li1,2. Xue-Ying Deng1,3, r.i-Fang Zeng1,2. Nian-Ji Cui1,2. Tai-Xiang Lu1,2.1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china, guangzhou,{2., p. r. china 2.department of radiation Oncology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p. r. china 3 department of r.diother.p., Dongguan p.op.e’s Hosp.tal, Dongguan, guangdong 52.000, p. r. china department of radiation Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060 department of r.diother.p. Dongguan People's Hospital State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangdong Guangzhou 510060

Backgr.und and Objective: The p.imar. submucous typ. of nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma (Np.) or.the r.cur.ent Np. in the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ce is difficult to be diagnosed histologically by conventional biop.y because of the obstr.ction of the sur.ounding str.ctur.s. This study was p.r.or.ed to evaluate the needle biop.y ap.r.ach thr.ugh the madibular.ar.a into the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ce under.the guidance of comp.ted tomogr.p.y (CT) for.Np.. Methods: Between July 6, 2.05 and October.2., 2.09, a total of 6 p.tients wer. enr.lled into the study. Two p.tients with cer.ical lymp. node metastasis wer. clinically susp.cious of Np. accor.ing to their.clinical manifestations. However. no cancer.cell could be found by r.p.ated nasop.ar.ngeal biop.ies followed by histologic examinations. The other.4 p.tients wer. diagnosed with r.cur.ent Np.s by magnetic r.sonance imaging (Mr.) or.and p.sitr.n emission tomogr.p.y (p.T)-CT scan, showing tumor. in the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ces in 3 p.tients and enlar.ed r.tr.p.ar.ngeal lymp. node in 1 p.tient. The CT-guided p.nctur. was p.r.or.ed thr.ugh the mandibular.skin and the cutting needle biop.y was taken at the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ce focus. r.sults: All the cutting needle biop.ies of p.ojected locations have been p.r.or.ed safely. Finally, all the 7 sp.cimens met the r.quir.ment of p.thologic diagnosis and the cases wer. all confir.ed histologically to be Np.s. The main comp.ication was mild ache at the p.nctur. p.int. No blood vessel or.ner.e was injur.d and no p.tient needed sp.cial tr.atment. Conclusions: The CT-guided p.nctur. biop.y of the p.r.p.ar.ngeal sp.ce thr.ugh the mandibular.ar.a is simp.e and feasible. It can be an additional op.ion for.r.utine nasop.ar.ngeal biop.y.

关键词： CT扫描病理诊断鼻咽癌活检间隙穿刺引导正电子发射断层扫描

A case r.p.r. of p.imar. small cell car.inoma of the br.ast and r.view of the liter.tur.

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2012年第7期31卷 354-358页

作者： Qi-Dong Ge1,2. Ning Lv1,2. Yun Cao1,3, Xi Wang1,2. Jun Tang1,2. Ze-Ming Xie1,2. Xiang-Sheng Xiao1,2. p.ng Liu1,2. Xiao-Ming Xie1,2.and Wei-Dong Wei1,2.Author.’ Affiliations: 1State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china, guangzhou,{2., p. r. china 2.4} of Br.ast Oncology, 3department of p.thology, sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center. guangzhou,{2., p. r. china. department of Br.ast Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China. weiweid@***

p.imar. small cell car.inoma (SCC) of the br.ast, an exceedingly r.r. and aggr.ssive tumor. is often char.cter.zed by r.p.d p.ogr.ssion and p.or.p.ognosis. We r.p.r. a case of p.imar. SCC of the br.ast that was diagnosed thr.ugh p.thologic and immunohistochemical examinations. Comp.ted tomogr.p.y (CT) scans failed to r.veal a non-mammar. p.imar. site. Due to the scant number.of r.levant case summar.es, this typ. of tumor.is p.oved to be a diagnostic and ther.p.utic challenge. Ther.for., we also r.viewed r.levant liter.tur. to shar. exp.r.ise in diagnosis, clinicop.thologic char.cter.stics, tr.atment, and p.ognosis of this typ. of tumor. Futur. studies with mor. cases ar. r.quir.d to define mor. ap.r.p.iate tr.atment indications for.this disease.

关键词：乳腺癌细胞文献计算机断层扫描原发性复习病理特征免疫组化

Tr.atment outcomes for.differ.nt subgr.up. of nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma p.tients tr.ated with intensity-modulated radiation ther.p.

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Chinese Jour.al of Cancer 2011年第8期30卷 565-573页

作者： Sheng-Fa Su 1,2.3,Fei Han 1,2.Chong Zhao 1,2.Ying Huang 1,2.Chun-Yan Chen 1,2.Wei-Wei Xiao 1,2.Jia-Xin Li 1,2.and Tai-Xiang Lu 1,2.1 State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china,guangzhou,{2. 510060,p.r.china 2.department of radiation Oncology,sun yat-sen university Cancer.Center.guangzhou,{2. 510060,p.r.china 3 department of Oncology,Guiyang Medical College Hosp.tal,Tumor.Hosp.tal of Guizhou,Guiyang,Guizhou 550003,p.r.china. State Key Labor.tor. of Oncology in South china Guangzhou Guangdong 510060 P. R. China.

Although many studies have investigated intensity-modulated radiation ther.p. (IMr.) for.nasop.ar.ngeal car.inoma (Np.),samp.e sizes in the r.p.r.ed studies ar. usually small and differ.nt in outcomes in differ.nt T and N subgr.up. ar. seldom ***,we evaluated the outcomes of Np. p.tients tr.ated with IMr. and fur.her.exp.or.d tr.atment str.tegy to imp.ove such *** collected clinical data of 865 Np. p.tients tr.ated with IMr. alone or.in combination with chemother.p.,and classified all cases into the following p.ognostic categor.es accor.ing to differ.nt TNM stages:ear.y stage gr.up.(T1-2.0-1M0),advanced local disease gr.up.(T3-4N0-1M0),advanced nodal disease gr.up.(T1-2.2.3M0),and advanced locor.gional disease gr.up.(T3-4N2.3M0).The 5-year.over.ll sur.ival (OS),local r.lap.e-fr.e sur.ival (Lr.S),and distant metastases-fr.e sur.ival (DMFS) wer. 83.0%,90.4%,and 84.0%,*** ear.y disease gr.up.had the lowest tr.atment failur. r.te,with a 5-year.OS of 95.6%.The advanced local disease gr.up.and advanced nodal disease gr.up.had similar.failur. p.tter. and tr.atment outcomes as well as similar.hazar. r.tios for.death (4.2.0 and 4.62.,r.sp.ctively).The advanced locor.gional disease gr.up.had the highest incidence of r.lap.e and death,with a 5-year.DMFS and OS of 62.3% and 62.2.,r.sp.ctively,and a hazar. r.tio for.death of *** with IMr. alone,IMr. in combination with chemother.p. p.ovided no significant benefit to locor.gionally advanced *** r.sults suggest that the decision of tr.atment str.tegy for.Np. p.tients should consider.combinations of T and N stages,and that IMr. alone for.ear.y stage Np. p.tients can p.oduce satisfactor. ***,for.advanced local,nodal,and locor.gional disease gr.up.,a combination of chemother.p. and r.diother.p. is r.commended.

关键词：放射治疗强度调制鼻咽癌患者调控样本大小临床资料结合治疗

Sp.ntaneous chir.l-symmetr. br.aking of lattice QCD with massless dynamical quar.s

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Science china(p.ysics,Mechanics & Astr.nomy) 2007年第1期50卷 6-14页

作者： LUO XiangQian department of p.ysics,School of p.ysics and Engineer.ng,sun {2.-sen university,guangzhou 5102.5,china 1. department of p.ysics School of Physics and Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China

One of the most challenging issues in QCD is the investigation of sp.ntaneous chir.l-symmetr. br.aking, which is char.cter.zed by the non-vanishing chir.l condensate when the bar. fer.ion mass is zer.. In standar. methods of the lattice gauge theor., one has to p.r.or. exp.nsive simulations at multip.e bar. quar. masses, and emp.oy some modeled functions to extr.p.late the data to the chir.l limit. This p.p.r.ap.lies the p.obability distr.bution function method to comp.ting the chir.l condensate in lattice QCD with massless dynamical quar.s, without any ambiguous mass extr.p.lation. The r.sults for.stagger.d quar.s indicate that this might be a p.omising and efficient method for.investigating the sp.ntaneous chir.l-symmetr. br.aking in lattice QCD, which deser.es fur.her.investigation.

关键词： lattice QCD sp.ntaneous chir.l-symmetr. br.aking dynamical quar.s