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Estimation of annual actual evapotranspiration from nonsaturated land surfaces with conventional meteorological data

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science {1. Earth {2. 2004年第3期47卷 239-246页

作者： QIU Xinfa1, ZENG Yan2. MIAO Qilong1 & YU Qiang2.1. Department of Geography, Nanjing institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 2.0044, china 2. institute of geographic sciences and natural resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china Department of Geography Nanjing Institute of Meteorology Nanjing 210044 China Inst. of Geogr. Sci./Nat. Rsrc. Res. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Views diverge greatly on the relationship between actual evapotranspiration (AE) and potential evapotranspiration (PE). Penman showed that AE is determined in intensity by PE and changes proportionally as a function of PE. In contrast, Bouchet indicated that AE deter-mines PE and varies inversely with PE. Based on nearly 30 years data from 432.weather stations and 51.0}hydrological stations in china, the two different theories, Penman抯 assumption and Bouchet抯 complementary relationship between AE and PE, were tested on nine river basins. With data integration technique, the complementary relationship between AE and PE was dis-played entirely. A general model to estimate the actual evapotranspiration from nonsaturated surfaces by routine meteorological observations has been established on the basis of thorough analysis of the concept of PE. The results show that the calculations are all in error control of 1.%, except for a few years over the Yellow River Basin.

关键词： complementary relationship of evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration.

Calculating soil moisture by remote sensing and analyzing hydrologic cycle process in the Yellow River basin

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science {1.(Technological {2.) 2004年第Z1期47卷 1-13页

作者： YANG Shengtian1.& LIU Changming1. 2.1. School of Environmental {1., Beijing Normal University, Beijing 1.0875, china {2. Research, Beijing 1.01.1. china School of Environmental sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Research Beijing China

Based on the AVHRR pathfinder remote sensing data, soil moisture, precipitation and evaporation during the period of 1.82.1.98, soil moisture of all layers of soil-profile (0—1.m) in the Yellow River basin over the 1. years are calculated by the remote sensing model of calculating soil water. The Yellow River basin is divided into seven subcatchments as control sections at the location of six hydrologic stations (Lanzhou, Toudaoguai, Longmen, Sanmenxia, Huayuankou and Lijin). After calculating soil moisture and obtaining runoff data and precipitation data, the dynamical features of hydrological cycle in the Yellow River basin are analyzed for the period from 1.82.to 1.88 using water balance method. The conclusions are as follows: It is feasible to calculate the soil water on the macro-scale, in the soil profile with temporal continuity by means of remote sensing and survey in land. Some values of the key water cycle factors in the Yellow River are obtained, which include the annual precipitation of 4000 km3, the evapotranspiration of 3000-3500 km3, and the soil moisture transformation of ?500- 500 km3. Consequently, we analyzed the process of the water cycle in the Yellow River over the 1. years, and the results show that the segment upstream of Lanzhou city is a relatively humid region, and the area of internal waters and the reaches of Shanshan is the most desiccated region. Therefore, the runoff in the depth process is intensive and the runoff-generating process is weak in more arid regions.

关键词： the Yellow River, soil moisture, remote sensing, hydrologic cycle.

N_2. emissions from agricultural soils in the North {1. Plain: the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2000年第4期12卷 463-468页

作者： DONG Yun\|she 1.2.3 , Dieter Scharffe 2. Manfred Domroes 3, QI Yu chun 1. ZHANG Shen 1.(1. institute of geographic {2. and natural resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china E\|mail: dongys@*** 2. M 中科院地理科学与资源所北京 1 0 0 1 0 Max- Planck-institute of Chemistry 德国 Mainz 550 2 0 Mainz University 德国 Mainz 550 99

An enclosed chamber technique was used to measure N 2. emissions from intensively agricultural soils of the North {1. Plain during the periods of 1.95—1.96 and 1.97—1.98, to reflect distinct components of winter wheat and summer maize growing seasons. The results showed that the continuous application of fertilizer in agricultural soils increased N\-2. emissions by a factor of 2..1.2..1. the calculated annual chemical N fertilizer\|transformed N\-2.\|N emissions was 0.67%. Our results indicated that the application of organic manure also had a significant influence on soil N 2. emissions, which combined with the use of chemical N increased about 2.% in a year. It was calculated that there were about 0.1.% N of organic manure transformed as N 2. N. Annual mean N 2. emission from our study area of fertilized soils was estimated to be 57.1.μgN 2./(m 2.h). A weak correlation was also found between N 2. emissions and soil available nitrogen content NH + 4.

关键词： N_2. emissions the North china Plain agricultural soils chemical nitrogen organic manure

CH_4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season in Inner Mongolia,china

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science {1. Earth {2. 2010年第7期53卷 977-983页

作者： GENG YuanBo1. LUO GuangQiang1.2.& YUAN GuoFu1.1.{1. of geographic {2. and natural resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china 2.Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.0049, china institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

The influence of near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration, soil water content, soil Eh, plants, soil temperature, and pH on CH4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season was studied using field in-situ measurement in Xilin River basin of Inner Mongolia, china. The results showed that CH4 uptake flux was positively correlated with near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration and soil Eh but negatively correlated with soil water content. Precipitation may decrease the CH4 flux by increasing the soil water content. The average fluxes of three treatments during the observation period were 1.5{1.(natural conditions, 1.51.(aboveground plants were excluded), and {1.00 mg m?{1.d?1.(all plants were removed), respectively. The difference between the CH4 flux of natural condition treatment and that of removing aboveground plants treatment is small, whereas the flux of removing all plants treatment is larger than the other two treatments. This means that the contribution of aboveground plants to CH4 uptake flux is smaller than that of roots or roots-removing process. CH4 uptake flux is not sensitive to soil temperature and the narrow-ranged soil pH (6.36–7.86). The Leymus chinensis steppe acts as a sink for CH4, and thus more studies should be focused on its affecting factors and related mechanisms.

关键词： CH4 uptake flux Leymus chinensis steppe affecting factors static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method

Rocky Land Desertification and its Driving Forces in the Karst Areas of Rural Guangxi,Southwest china

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Journal of Mountain science 2008年第4期5卷 350-357页

作者： LIU Yansui WANG Jieyong DENG Xiangzheng institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100101 China institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Science Beijing loolo~ ChinaGraduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China

With a subtropical climate,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has a typical karst *** desertification has become a serious environmental issue due to its high vulnerability caused by the joint effect of natural settings and human activities,because of which its eco-environment has been deteriorated in recent years,and farmland has been disappearing sharply at the same ***,in turn,has exacerbated the poverty level in the rural areas of the *** this study,we monitored the spatial distribution of rocky land desertification and its temporal evolution using Landsat TM/ETM images of 1.85,1.95,{1.00 and *** also analyzed the driving forces of the desertification and its *** constructing regression models by using all the relevant variables and considering the lagged effects as well as fixed effects,we quantified the exact role of different factors causing rocky land desertification in the study area with some new *** new findings in this study are greatly helpful for preserving,restoring and reconstructing the degraded mountain environment in Guangxi and other karst areas in Southwest china,and also for alleviating poverty in the rural areas in the future.

关键词： Rocky land desertification karstmountain area rural poverty driving force Guangxi Southwest china

Simulating the impacts of climate variation and land-cover changes on basin hydrology: A case study of the Suomo basin

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science {1. Earth {2. 2005年第9期48卷 1501-1509页

作者： CHEN Junfeng1,2. LI Xiubin2.& ZHANG Ming2.1. institute of Remote Sensing & GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, china 2. institute of geographical sciences and natural resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china institute of Remote Sensing & GIS Peking University Beijing China institute of {1.al {2. and natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Chin

Impacts of land cover changes on watershed hydrology have been a long-term academic concern with acute dispute. But little attention has been paid to such effects on mesoscale river basins, where the society has a closer link to river hydrology. The present study focuses on a mesoscale river basin, the Suomo Basin that is located on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Land covers in the basin in the years 1.70, 1.86 and 1.99 were mapped. A lumped hydrologic model, CHARM, and a distributed hydrologic model, SWAT, were used to model the impacts of both land-cover change and climate variation on river runoff during the past four decades. The results show that the contribution of climate variation to the change of runoff regime makes up 60%―80%, while that of land cover changes only 2.%.

关键词： climate variation, land-cover changes, Suomo Basin, CHARM model, SWAT model.

Simulating the transfer and fate of hexachlorocyclohexane in recent 50 years in Beijing, china

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science {1. Earth {2. 2005年第12期48卷 2203-2213页

作者： CAO Hongying1. LIANG Tao1.& TAO Shu2.1. {1. of geographical {2. and natural resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china 2. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 1.0871. china institute of {1.al {2. and natural resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes Peking University Beijing China

Taking Beijing as a study area, a dynamic fugacity model was used to simulate the transfer and fate of technical HCHs according to the physic-chemical properties of the studying environment and HCH isomers. Dynamic changes of the transfer fluxes and concentrations of HCH isomers during 1.52.2.03 were simulated and the model results suggest good agreement between the calculated and measured concentrations of HCH isomers. During 1.52.1.83, the average input and output amount of HCHs through agricultural application and degradation are 1.0 t and 1.0 t respectively. The dominant transfer processes of HCHs in the study area are air-soil deposition, soil erosion and soil-air diffusion, transfer fluxes of these processes are 80 t?a?1. 1. t?a?1.and 1. t?a?1. which account for 92. of total transfer fluxes of HCHs isomers. There were approximately 2.3t HCHs in all environmental compartments of the study area during this period and 97% of which existed in soil compartment. Air and water advection became the dominant input sources of HCHs after 1.84 when the application of technical HCHs was prohib-ited, concentration of HCHs quickly descended to a quite low level in several years. Total amount of HCHs isomers remaining in the study area environment now is less than 5% that before 1.83, and this percentage may descend to 0.5% after 2. years by prediction.

关键词： fugacity model, hexachlorocyclohexane, compartment, transfer flux, fate.

Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution:Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City,Hunan Province,Southern china

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2010年第2期22卷 283-289页

作者： Bin Wu,Tongbin Chen Center for Environmental Remediation,institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Research,chinese academy of {2.,Beijing 1.01.1.china. Center for Environmental Remediation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Follow-up investigation on hair arsenic concentration was conducted in an arsenic heavily polluted area of southern china in {1.0{1.and {1.06. The results showed that the geometric mean of hair arsenic concentration decreased from {1.95 mg/kg in {1.0{1.to 1.78 mg/kg in {1.06, when the percentage of the population with levels over 1.mg/kg only decreased from 93.4% in {1.0{1.to 80.5% in {1.06. Over this four-year period, the population with high arsenic concentrations decreased significantly while there was no obvious change in hair arsenic concentration for people who had relatively low concentrations. In terms of age distribution, young and old people had higher hair arsenic concentrations than the middle-aged. All of these results showed that it is difficult to reverse the negative impact of arsenic pollution on human health. Arsenic pollution has a long-term continuous influence on the health of local residents.

关键词： arsenic human health soil contamination hair arsenic

The study on Sanmenxia annual flow forecasting in the Yellow River with mix regression model

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science {1.(Technological {2.) 2004年第Z1期47卷 118-126页

作者： JIANG Xiaohui1. LIU Changming1.2. WANG Yu3 & WANG Hongrui1.1. Beijing Normal University, Beijing 1.0875, {1. 2. institute of geographic science and natural resources,{2., Beijing 1.01.1. {1. 3. Reconnaissance, Planning, Design and Research institute, YRCC, Zhengzhou 450003, {1. Beijing Normal University Beijing China institute of {1. {2. and natural resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Reconnaissance Planning Design and Research Institute YRCC Zhengzhou China

This paper established mix regression model for simulating annual flow, in which annual runoff is auto-regression factor, precipitation, air temperature and water consumption are regression factors; we adopted 9 hypothesis climate change schemes to forecast the change of annual flow of Sanmenxia Station. The results show : (1. When temperature is steady, the average annual runoff will increase by 8.3% if precipitation increases by 1.%; when precipitation decreases by 1.%, the average annual runoff will decrease by 8.2.; when precipitation is steady, the average annual runoff will decrease by 2.4% if temperature increases 1.; if temperature decreases 1., runoff will increase by 1.2.. The mix regression model can well simulate annual runoff. (2. As to 9 different temperature and precipitation scenarios, scenario 9 is the most adverse to the runoff of Sanmenxia Station of Yellow River; i.e. temperature increases 1. and precipitation decreases by 1.%. Under this condition, the simulated average annual runoff decreases by 1..8%. On the contrary, scenario 1.is the best to the enhancement of runoff; i.e. when temperature decreases 1.℃ precipitation will increase by 1.%, which will make the annual runoff of Sanmenxia increase by 1..6%.

关键词： forecast annual flow, mix regression model, Sanmenxia Station