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Calculating soil moisture by remote sensing and analyzing hydrologic cycle process in the Yellow River basin

science {1.(Technological sciences) 2004年第z1期47卷 1-13页

作者： YANG Shengtian1.& LIU Changming1. 2.1. School of Environmental {1.s, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 1.0875, china 2. Institute of {2. {1. and natural resources research, Beijing 1.01.1. china Beijing Normal Univ Sch Environm Sci Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Inst Geog Sci & Nat resources Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

Based on the AVHRR pathfinder remote sensing data, soil moisture, precipitation and evaporation during the period of 1.82.1.98, soil moisture of all layers of soil-profile (0—1.m) in the Yellow River basin over the 1. years are calculated by the remote sensing model of calculating soil water. The Yellow River basin is divided into seven subcatchments as control sections at the location of six hydrologic stations (Lanzhou, Toudaoguai, Longmen, Sanmenxia, Huayuankou and Lijin). After calculating soil moisture and obtaining runoff data and precipitation data, the dynamical features of hydrological cycle in the Yellow River basin are analyzed for the period from 1.82.to 1.88 using water balance method. The conclusions are as follows: It is feasible to calculate the soil water on the macro-scale, in the soil profile with temporal continuity by means of remote sensing and survey in land. Some values of the key water cycle factors in the Yellow River are obtained, which include the annual precipitation of 4000 km3, the evapotranspiration of 3000-3500 km3, and the soil moisture transformation of ?500- 500 km3. Consequently, we analyzed the process of the water cycle in the Yellow River over the 1. years, and the results show that the segment upstream of Lanzhou city is a relatively humid region, and the area of internal waters and the reaches of Shanshan is the most desiccated region. Therefore, the runoff in the depth process is intensive and the runoff-generating process is weak in more arid regions.

关键词： the Yellow River, soil moisture, remote sensing, hydrologic cycle.

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N_2. emissions from agricultural soils in the North {1. Plain: the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2000年第4期12卷 463-468页

作者： DONG Yun\|she 1.2.3 , Dieter Scharffe 2. Manfred Domroes 3, QI Yu chun 1. ZHANG Shen 1.(1. Institute of geographic sciences and {2. resources research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china E\|mail: dongys@*** 2. M 中科院地理科学与资源所北京 1 0 0 1 0 Max- Planck-Institute of Chemistry 德国 Mainz 550 2 0 Mainz University 德国 Mainz 550 99

An enclosed chamber technique was used to measure N 2. emissions from intensively agricultural soils of the North {1. Plain during the periods of 1.95—1.96 and 1.97—1.98, to reflect distinct components of winter wheat and summer maize growing seasons. The results showed that the continuous application of fertilizer in agricultural soils increased N\-2. emissions by a factor of 2..1.2..1. the calculated annual chemical N fertilizer\|transformed N\-2.\|N emissions was 0.67%. Our results indicated that the application of organic manure also had a significant influence on soil N 2. emissions, which combined with the use of chemical N increased about 2.% in a year. It was calculated that there were about 0.1.% N of organic manure transformed as N 2. N. Annual mean N 2. emission from our study area of fertilized soils was estimated to be 57.1.μgN 2./(m 2.h). A weak correlation was also found between N 2. emissions and soil available nitrogen content NH + 4.

关键词： N_2. emissions the North china Plain agricultural soils chemical nitrogen organic manure

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Estimation of annual actual evapotranspiration from nonsaturated land surfaces with conventional meteorological data

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science {1. Earth sciences 2004年第3期47卷 239-246页

作者： QIU Xinfa1, ZENG Yan2. MIAO Qilong1 & YU Qiang2.1. Department of Geography, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 2.0044, china 2. Institute of geographic {2.s and natural resources research, Chinese Academy of {2.s, Beijing 1.01.1. china Nanjing Inst Meteorol Dept Geog Nanjing 210044 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

Views diverge greatly on the relationship between actual evapotranspiration (AE) and potential evapotranspiration (PE). Penman showed that AE is determined in intensity by PE and changes proportionally as a function of PE. In contrast, Bouchet indicated that AE deter-mines PE and varies inversely with PE. Based on nearly 30 years data from 432.weather stations and 51.0}hydrological stations in china, the two different theories, Penman抯 assumption and Bouchet抯 complementary relationship between AE and PE, were tested on nine river basins. With data integration technique, the complementary relationship between AE and PE was dis-played entirely. A general model to estimate the actual evapotranspiration from nonsaturated surfaces by routine meteorological observations has been established on the basis of thorough analysis of the concept of PE. The results show that the calculations are all in error control of 1.%, except for a few years over the Yellow River Basin.

关键词： complementary relationship of evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration.

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Indoor imitation experimental study on driving factors of rainfall-runoff process

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science {1. Earth sciences 2005年第3期48卷 417-428页

作者： ZHANG Shifeng1. LIU Changming 1. XIA Jun1. TAN Ge 1. LI Lin1. LIU Caitang1. ZHOU Changqing 1.& GUO Lei2.1. Institute of {1. sciences and {2. resources research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china 2. College of Water resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072. china 1. Institute of geographic {1.s and {2. resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China 2. College of Water {1. and Hydropower Engineering Wuhan University 430072 Wuhan China

The driving actions of rainfall-runoff process can be attributed to two aspects. The first is the influence of precipitation process, and the second is that of the ground pad. The re- search results of 1.9 indoor experiments conducted to imitate rainfall-runoff process indicate that both precipitation duration and intensity play important roles in affecting confluence lag time, which is obviously inconsistent with the traditional hypotheses. The nonlinear relationship is of great significance to the confluence curve especially when the precipitation duration is less than the total confluence time or the precipitation intensity is small. Therefore it can be concluded that the unit hydrograph (UH) can be applied to rainfall-runoff process imitation in the humid areas in the south china region. However, the UH application should be strictly modified in accordance with precipitation conditions in the arid and semiarid region of north china where the precipitation duration is short and the intensity is unstable. It will be hard to get ideal imitation results if the UH is applied blindly without considering specific conditions in the north china region. This also explains the unsatisfactory imitation results caused by using various hydrological models in the north china region. When the precipitation duration is short, and the watershed has not reached total watershed concentration, the characteristics of confluence change greatly, which reflects the actual situation in the north china region. Therefore necessary nonlinear corrections should be made when UH is applied. If the duration is longer than the total confluence time and the balance between pondage and discharge is stricken, the imitation research results will be applicable to both rainfall-runoff relation with longer duration in the south china region and the basic theoreti- cal research on runoff generation and concentration. On conditions of adequate rainfall, peak discharge is in linear relationship with inten

关键词： rainfall-runoff, driving factors, indoor imitation, experiment.

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Simulating the impacts of climate variation and land-cover changes on basin hydrology: A case study of the Suomo basin

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science {1. Earth sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1501-1509页

作者： CHEN Junfeng1,2. LI Xiubin2.& ZHANG Ming2.1. Institute of Remote Sensing & GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, china 2. Institute of geographical {2.s and natural resources research, Chinese Academy of {2.s, Beijing 1.01.1. china 1. Institute of Remote Sensing & GIS Peking University 100871 Beijing China 2. Institute of {1.al sciences and {2. resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing Chin

Impacts of land cover changes on watershed hydrology have been a long-term academic concern with acute dispute. But little attention has been paid to such effects on mesoscale river basins, where the society has a closer link to river hydrology. The present study focuses on a mesoscale river basin, the Suomo Basin that is located on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Land covers in the basin in the years 1.70, 1.86 and 1.99 were mapped. A lumped hydrologic model, CHARM, and a distributed hydrologic model, SWAT, were used to model the impacts of both land-cover change and climate variation on river runoff during the past four decades. The results show that the contribution of climate variation to the change of runoff regime makes up 60%―80%, while that of land cover changes only 2.%.

关键词： climate variation, land-cover changes, Suomo Basin, CHARM model, SWAT model.

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The study on Sanmenxia annual flow forecasting in the Yellow River with mix regression model

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science {1.(Technological sciences) 2004年第z1期47卷 118-126页

作者： JIANG Xiaohui1, LIU Changming1,2. WANG Yu3 & WANG Hongrui1 1. Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, china 2. Institute of geographic {2. and natural resources, Chinese Academy of {2.s, Beijing 1.01.1. china 3. Reconnaissance, Planning, Design and research Institute, YRCC, Zhengzhou 450003, china Beijing Normal Univ Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Beijing 100101 Peoples R China YRCC Reconnaissance Planning Design & Res Inst Zhengzhou 450003 Peoples R China

This paper established mix regression model for simulating annual flow, in which annual runoff is auto-regression factor, precipitation, air temperature and water consumption are regression factors; we adopted 9 hypothesis climate change schemes to forecast the change of annual flow of Sanmenxia Station. The results show : (1. When temperature is steady, the average annual runoff will increase by 8.3% if precipitation increases by 1.%; when precipitation decreases by 1.%, the average annual runoff will decrease by 8.2.; when precipitation is steady, the average annual runoff will decrease by 2.4% if temperature increases 1.; if temperature decreases 1., runoff will increase by 1.2.. The mix regression model can well simulate annual runoff. (2. As to 9 different temperature and precipitation scenarios, scenario 9 is the most adverse to the runoff of Sanmenxia Station of Yellow River; i.e. temperature increases 1. and precipitation decreases by 1.%. Under this condition, the simulated average annual runoff decreases by 1..8%. On the contrary, scenario 1.is the best to the enhancement of runoff; i.e. when temperature decreases 1.℃ precipitation will increase by 1.%, which will make the annual runoff of Sanmenxia increase by 1..6%.

关键词： forecast annual flow, mix regression model, Sanmenxia Station

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Simulating the transfer and fate of hexachlorocyclohexane in recent 50 years in Beijing, china

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science {1. Earth sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2203-2213页

作者： CAO Hongying1. LIANG Tao1.& TAO Shu2.1. Institute of {1.al sciences and {2. resources research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china 2. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 1.0871. china 1. Institute of geographical {1.s and {2. resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China 2. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes Peking University 100871 Beijing China

Taking Beijing as a study area, a dynamic fugacity model was used to simulate the transfer and fate of technical HCHs according to the physic-chemical properties of the studying environment and HCH isomers. Dynamic changes of the transfer fluxes and concentrations of HCH isomers during 1.52.2.03 were simulated and the model results suggest good agreement between the calculated and measured concentrations of HCH isomers. During 1.52.1.83, the average input and output amount of HCHs through agricultural application and degradation are 1.0 t and 1.0 t respectively. The dominant transfer processes of HCHs in the study area are air-soil deposition, soil erosion and soil-air diffusion, transfer fluxes of these processes are 80 t?a?1. 1. t?a?1.and 1. t?a?1. which account for 92. of total transfer fluxes of HCHs isomers. There were approximately 2.3t HCHs in all environmental compartments of the study area during this period and 97% of which existed in soil compartment. Air and water advection became the dominant input sources of HCHs after 1.84 when the application of technical HCHs was prohib-ited, concentration of HCHs quickly descended to a quite low level in several years. Total amount of HCHs isomers remaining in the study area environment now is less than 5% that before 1.83, and this percentage may descend to 0.5% after 2. years by prediction.

关键词： fugacity model, hexachlorocyclohexane, compartment, transfer flux, fate.

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A distributed hydrological model with its application to the Jinghe watershed in the Yellow River Basin

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science {1.(Technological sciences) 2004年第z1期47卷 60-71页

作者： WANG Zhonggen1. ZHENG Hongxing1. LIU Changming1. , WU Xianfeng2.2.& ZHAO Weimin3 1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of geographic science and {2. resources research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 1.01.1. china 2. Institute of Environmental science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 1.0875, china 3. Water resources Conservation Committee of Yellow River, Zhengzhou 450003, china Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Inst Environm Sci Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Water resources Conservat Comm Yellow River Zhengzhou 450003 Peoples R China

For the purpose of water resources management in the Yellow River Basin with highly spatial difference, a daily distributed hydrological model was proposed, of which the determination of spatially-distributed parameters and model inputs processing were performed by means of GIS/RS. In the model, the computation of runoff yield was based on the topography index method and flow routing was modeled by Maskingum method. The operation of the model is followed by means of “command structure” technique based upon the topography of river network. A case study using the model was conducted for the Jinghe watershed, which locates at the middle Yellow River Basin. The simulation of the hydrological processes in 1.96 has shown that water quantity balance errors were less than 5% and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient arrived at 0.7, indicating that the model structure is justifiable, and the precision of the model can satisfy the purpose of water resources management.

关键词： distributed hydrological model, structure and equation, GIS and RS, Jinghe Basin, Yellow River Basin.

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A study on environmental aridity over northern and southern to Qinling Mountains under climate warming

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Journal of geographical {1.s 2001年第2期11卷 193-201页

作者： YAN Jun-ping~1. LIU Yan-sui~2.(1. College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 71.062. china 2. Institute of geographic {2.s and natural resources research, CAS, Beijing 1.01.1. china) College of Tourism and Environment Shaanxi Normal University Institute of geographic {1.s and {2. resources research CAS

Based on the data up to 1.99 from hydroclimatological departments, this pape analyzes the climatic divide implications of the Qinling Mountains in regional response to the process of climate warming, due to which the grades of dryness/wetness (GDW) in 1.0 years show that the northern region has entered a drought period, while the southern is a humid period. In a course of ten years, the D-value of annual average air temperature over southern Shaanxi (the Hanjiang Valley) and the Central Shaanxi Plain (the Guanzhong Plain) has narrowed, i.e., the former with a slight change and the latter with rapid increase in temperature. Both regions were arid with the decrease in precipition D-value, namely the plain became warmer while the south was drier. The Qinling Mountains play a pronounced role in the climatic divide. The runoff coefficient (RC) of the Weihe River decreases synchronously with that of the Hanjiang due to climate warming. The RC of Weihe dropped from 0.2.in the 1.50s to less than 0.1.in the 1.90s. The Weihe Valley (the Guanzhong Plain) is practically an arid area due to shortage of water. The successive 0.5, 1.0°C temperature anomaly over {1. marks, perhaps, the improtant transition period in which the environment becomes more vulnerable than before. The study shows the obvious trend of environmental aridity, which is of help to the understanding of regional response to global climate change.

关键词： climate change aridity Qinling Mountains

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Aridity/humidity status of land surface in china during the last three decades

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science {1. Earth sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1510-1518页

作者： WU Shaohong1. YIN Yunhe1.2. ZHENG Du1.& YANG Qinye1.1. Institute of {1.al sciences and {2. resources research, Chinese Academy of sciences (CAS), Beijing 1.01.1. china 2. Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 1.0039, china 1. Institute of geographical {1.s and {2. resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 100101 Beijing China 2. Graduate School of the CAS 100039 Beijing China

To clarify aridity/humidity status of land surface is helpful for studying environmental background and regional differences, seeking causes of environmental change, and providing a scientific basis for researches on climate change in the future. In this paper, the authors calcu- lated potential evapotranspiration of {1. using data from 61. meteorological stations during the period of 1.71.2.00 with the Penman-Monteith model recommanded by FAO in 1.98. Vy- sothkii’s model was used to calculate aridity/humidity index. Then the calculated results of sta- tions were interpolated to land surface using ArcGIS. Results show that the annual average po- tential evapotranspiration is 400―1.00 mm in the whole country, 600―800 mm in most parts of it; and 350―1.00 mm in growing season (April―Octobor), which is nearly 2.0 mm less than the annual average. According to the aridity/humidity indexes of 1.0, 1.5 and 4.0, the aridity/humidity status is categorized to four types, namely, humid, subhumid, semiarid and arid. A majority of stations (76%) are more humid in growing season than the annual average. Results of com- prisons between the distribution map of aridity/humidity index with that of precipitation and vegetation indicate a good consistence of aridity/humidity status with {2. environment. Therefore potential evapotranspiration calculated with modified FAO’s Penman-Monteith model in combination with aridity/humidity index that considers water balance can more reasonably explain the actual land surface aridity/humidity status of {1..

关键词： potential evapotranspiration, aridity/humidity status, land surface, regional differences, Penman-Monteith.

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