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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 the general office of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100864, china 3 Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The general office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment Lanzhou China

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第12期53卷 159-172页

作者： DING ZhongLi1,DUAN XiaoNan2,GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100029,china 2 the general office of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100864,china 3 Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS,Lanzhou 730000,china CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The general office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS Lanzhou China

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO2 emissions (e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO2 emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2006-2050 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3-6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO2-emission technology in the period 2006-2050 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO2 concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and some related issues

On the major proposals for carbon emission reduction and som...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所第十届(2010年度)学术年会

作者： DING ZhongLi~(1*),DUAN XiaoNan~2,GE QuanSheng~3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang~4 1 CAS Key Lab of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100029, china 2 the general office of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100864,china 3 Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library,Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment of CAS,Lanzhou 730000, china

We evaluated and ran simulations for seven proposals for the reduction of global CO emissions(e.g.,those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),United Nations Development Program,and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).All the proposals ignored the fact that the cumulative CO emissions per capita for developed countries were 7.54 times those for developing countries in the historical period of *** proposals further deliberately allocate 2006-2050 emission quotas to developed countries that are 2.3-6.7 times those to developing *** will seriously violate the development rights of developing *** paper clearly states that proposals such as that of the IPCC are not suitable references for future international climate change negotiations as they violate the fundamentals of fairness and equity in international relationships and the UNFCCC principle of"common but differentiated responsibilities".Comparing estimates of emissions in china in the scenario of rapid development with low-CO-emission technology in the period 2006-2050 with estimates for other countries and groups,we find that china can logically and morally argue for equivalent emission rights even in the case of the strict CO concentration target of 450-470 ppmv.

关键词： CO2 emission reduction cumulative CO2 emission per capita emission rights

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Meet Our New Editorial Board Members of Rising Stars

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chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第16期42卷 1797-1805页

作者： Editorial office of chinese Journal of Chemistry 不详

Editorial Board Memberof Rising Stars:Xiulin Fan,Professor,School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,***:2003-2007,*** University,china.2007-2012,*** University,china(Supervisor:*** Chen).

关键词： china. Editorial Hangzhou

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Meet Our New Associate Editors

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chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第11期42卷 1319-1321页

作者： Editorial office of chinese Journal of Chemistry 不详

Associate Editor Dehui Deng Professor The State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,chinese academy of sciences,china(+86)0411-82463870,dhdeng@***,https:/***/.Education:2003-2007 B.S.,Light Industry Engineering and National Economy Management,Sichuan University.2007-2013 Ph.D.,Physical Chemistry,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,chinese academy of sciences(Supervisor:*** Bao and *** Pan).

关键词： Dalian Economy Associate

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Meet Our New Editorial Board Members of Spotlights

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chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024年第16期42卷 1932-1936页

作者： Editorial office of chinese Journal of Chemistry 不详

Editorial Board Member of *** ***,College of Materials Science and Engineering beijing University of Chemical ***:2006-2010,B.S.,Materials Science and Engineering,beijing University of Chemical Technology.2010-2015,Ph... 详细信息

关键词： Spotlight Editorial Board

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Life Science:Innovation and prosperity—commemorating the 60th anniversary of the chinese academy of sciences

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Science china(Life sciences) 2010年第1期53卷 2-12页

作者： LI JiaYang chinese academy of sciences,52 Sanlihe Road,beijing 100864,china chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

In tandem with the birth and growth of the People’s Republic of china (PRC),the chinese academy of sciences (CAS) passed through six decades by the year of 2009.

关键词： commemorating the 60 Life Science anniversary of the chinese academy of sciences th Innovation

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Infrared Galaxies in the Nearby Universe

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chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2008年第6期8卷 643-652页

作者： Jian-Ling Wang 1 National Astronomical Observatories,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100012,china 2 Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

We used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS） Data Release 5 （DR5） to study the morphological properties of 1137 nearby infrared （IR） galaxies, most of which are brighter than 15.9 mag in r-band. This sample was drawn from a cross-correlation of the Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite （IRAS） point source catalog redshift survey with DR5 at z ≤ 0.08. Based on this IR galaxy sample, we constructed five volume-limited sub-samples with IR luminosity ranging from 10^9.5 L⊙ to 10^12L⊙. By deriving the IR luminosity functions （LF） for different morphological types, we found that normal spiral galaxies are the dominant population below LIR ~ 8 ~ 10^10 L⊙; while the fraction of barred spiral galaxies increases with increasing IR luminosity and becomes dominant in spiral galaxies beyond LIR ≈ 5 × 10^10L⊙. As the IR luminosity decreases, the IR galaxies become more compact and have lower stellar masses. The analysis also shows that normal spiral galaxies give the dominant contribution to the total comoving IR energy density in the nearby universe, while, in contrast, the contribution from peculiar galaxies is only 39%.

关键词： galaxies evolution galaxies interactions galaxies starburst infrared galaxies galaxies luminosity function

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Ionization state of cosmic hydrogen by early stars and quasars

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2009年第6期9卷 665-681页

作者： Xiao-Chun Mao1,2 1 National Astronomical Observatories, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100012, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

Cosmic hydrogen is reionized and maintained in its highly ionized state by the ultraviolet emission attributed to an early generation of stars and quasars. The Lyα opacity observed in absorption spectra of high-redshift quasars permits more stringent constraints on the ionization state of cosmic hydrogen. Based on density perturbation and structure formation theory, we develop an analytic model to trace the evolution of the ionization state in the post-overlap epoch of reionization, in which the bias factor is taken into account. For quasars, we represent an improved luminosity function by utilizing a hybrid approach for the halo formation rate that is in reasonable agreement with the published measurements at 2 ≤ z ≤ 6. Comparison with the classic Press-Schechter mass function of dark matter halos, we demonstrate that the biased mass distribution indeed enhances star formation efficiency in the overdense environment by more than 25 per cent following the overlap of ionized bubbles. In addition, an alternative way is introduced to derive robust estimates of the mean free path for ionizing photons. In our model, star-forming galaxies are likely to dominate the ionizing background radiation beyond z = 3, and quasars contribute equally above a redshift of z ～ 2.5. From 5 ≤ z ≤ 6, the lack of evolution in photoionization rate can thus be explained by the relatively flat evolution in star formation efficiency, although the mean free path of ionizing photons increases rapidly. Moreover, in the redshift interval z ～ 2 - 6, the expected mean free path and Gunn-Peterson optical depth obviously evolve by a factor of ～ 500 and ～50 respectively. We find that the relative values of critical overdensities for hydrogen ionization and collapse could be 430% at z ≈2 and 2% at z ≈6, suggesting a rapid overlap process in the overdense regions around instant quasars following reionization. We further illustrate that the absolute estimates of the fraction of neutral hydrogen computed fr

关键词： cosmology theory -- formation galaxies -- quasars general -- diffuse radiation -- intergalactic medium

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The identity of some taxa of Schizophragma (Saxifragaceae)

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009年第2期47卷 151-161页

作者： 1,2Wei LIU 1Xiang-Yun ZHU 1(Institute of Botany,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100093,china) 2(Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china) Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

After examining a large number of type and authoritative specimens of Schizophragma Siebold & Zucc.,*** *** and *** *** Rehder were reduced to synonyms of *** Rehder and *** *** *** was reduced to synonym of *** *** crassum *** *** was treated as the correct name of *** ***(Chun) *** name *** *** Rehder is *** taxonomic treat-ment is supported by leaf epidermal characters.

关键词： leaf epidermis new synonym reinstatement Schizophragma

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