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Surgeons Embrace Future with Dr. Robot

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Engineering 2020年第4期6卷 379-380页

作者： marcus Woo Senior Technology Writer

If you need surgery anytime soon,there is an increasing likelihood your surgeon will be assisted by a *** many urological procedures,such as prostatectomies for prostate cancer,robotassisted surgery is now the standard-of-care,said Benjamin Chung,a urologist and director of robot surgery at Stanford University in Palo Alto,*** estimates that as many as 90%of prostatectomies in the United States are performed with robotic assistance[1];this fraction surpasses 60%for partial nephrectomies,and 27%for radical nephrectomies[2,3].“Over the last 20 years,it has progressively become more and more common,”said urologist Andrew hung,director of robotic simulation and education at the University of Southern California in los *** its adoption has been particularly strong in urology and gynecology,robotic surgery is also making inroads in other surgical *** to the global consulting firm Frost&Sullivan,while only 5%–10%of all open surgical procedures involved robot assistance in 2016,the devices have the potential to penetrate as much as 50%of all surgical procedures[4].Another recent market intelligence report estimates the size of the global surgical robotics market at$4.71 billion USD in 2018 and projects it to surpass$15.43 billion USD by 2029[5].

关键词： robot Robot estimates

The World’s Biggest Computer Chip

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Engineering 2020年第1期6卷 6-7页

作者： marcus Woo 不详

When it comes to computer chips, size matters. Smaller has always meant better. According to Moore’s law, the number of transistors that can squeeze onto a silicon chip doubles every two years, enabling sleeker and m... 详细信息

关键词： computer World Computer

Do coyotes Canis latrans influence occupancy ot prey in suburban forest fragments？

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Current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 1-6页

作者： Brandon M. JONES Michael V. COVE marcus A. lAShlEY Victoria l. JACKSON Department of Biology and Agriculture University of Central Missouri Warrensburg M0 64093 USA Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville MS 39762 USA

With the extirpation of apex predators from many North American systems, coyotes Canis latrans have become the de facto top predator and are ubiquitous members of most ecosystems. Keystone predators aid in maintaining ecosystem function by regulating the mammal community through direct predation and instilling the landscape of fear, yet the value of coyotes regulating systems to this capacity is understudied and likely variable across environments. Since coyotes are common in the Midwestern United States, we utilized camera traps and occupancy analyses to as- sess their role in regulating the distribution of mammalian herbivores in a fragmented suburban ecosystem. Forest cover was a strong positive predictor of white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus detection, while coyote occurrence had a negative effect. Coyotes exerted a negative effect on squirrel （Sciurus spp.） and eastern cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus occurrence, while urban cover was a positive predictor for the prey species＇ occurrence. These results suggest all 3 species behaviorally avoid coyotes whereby deer seek denser forest cover and squirrels and cottontails mitigate risk by increasing use of urban areas. Although previous studies reveal limited influence of coyote on the rest of the carnivore guild in suburban systems, we suggest coyotes play an important role in regulating the herbivorous mammals and hence may provide similar eco- logical, benefits in urban/suburban forest fragments through trophic cascades. Furthermore, since hunting may not be allowed in urban and suburban habitats, coyotes might also serve as the pri- mary regulator of nuisance species occurring at high abundance such as white-tailed deer and squirrels.

关键词： camera traps coyote deer rabbit squirrel urban wildlife.

Response of brown anoles Anolis sagrei to multimodal signals from a native and novel predator

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Current Zoology 2012年第6期58卷 791-796页

作者： Omar l. ElMASRI marcus S. MORENO Courtney A. NEUMANN Daniel T.BlUMSTEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the importance of single modalities （visual, auditory, olfactory） in eliciting anti-predator behavior, however multiple channels are often engaged simultaneously. While examining responses to multiple cues can potentially reveal more complex behavioral responses, little is known about how multimodal processing evolves. By contrasting response to familiar and novel predators, insights can be gained into the evolution of multimodal responses. We studied brown anoles＇（Anolis sagrei） response to acoustic and visual predatory cues of a common potential predator, the great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus and to the American kestrel Falco sparverius, a species found in other populations but not present in our study population. We observed anole behavior before and after a stimulus and quantified rates of looking, display, and locomotion. Anoles increased their rate of locomotion in response to grackle models, an effect modulated by grackle vocalizations. No such response or modulation was seen when anoles were presented with kestrel stimuli. This suggests that the degree of sophistication of anole response to predators is experience dependent and that relaxed selection can result in reduced anti-predator response following loss of predators.

关键词： Anti-predator behavior Multimodal risk assessment Brown anoles

Three-Dimensional Chip Imaging

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Engineering 2020年第5期6卷 485-486页

作者： marcus Woo Senior Technology Writer

A new X-ray imaging technique can penetrate the layers of a computer chip and reveal its secrets—while keeping it *** method,called ptychographic X-ray laminography,should be useful for reverse engineering chips,verifying chip designs,and identifying *** could also be useful in other branches of science and engineering for zooming in on the three-dimensional(3D)structure of any sample with a planar geometry.

关键词： computer planar verify

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A New lander on Mars

Engineering 2019年第3期5卷 355-356页

作者： marcus Woo Senior Technology Writer

On 26 November 2018, Mars welcomed a new visitor: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s InSight lander. After barreling through the Martian atmosphere at 5.5 km·s^-1 and withstanding temperatures of 1500℃, the capsule containing the lander deployed its parachute. At a distance of 9.2 km from the surface, it released its heat shield, exposing the lander’s legs. A couple of minutes later, the capsule dropped the lander into a free fall. With the aid of pulsed retrorockets, InSight settled onto Elysium Planitia, a flat, moderately barren patch of land 4.5°north of the Martian equator. Over the next few weeks, the spacecraft surveyed its new surroundings, checked its systems, took a selfie (Fig. 1), and got to work.

关键词： Mars the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Individual variation in dispersal associated behavioral traits of the invasive Chinese mitten crab （Eriocheir sinensis, h. Milne Edwards, 1854） during initial invasion of lake V^inern, Sweden

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Current Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 410-416页

作者： Tomas BRODIN marcus K. DROTZ Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umea University Sweden lake Vanem Museum of Natural and Cultural history Framnisvsgen 2 53154 Lidkoping Sweden

Understanding and predicting species range-expansions and biological invasions is an important challenge in modem ecology because of rapidly changing environments. Recent studies have revealed that consistent within-species variation in behavior （i.e. animal personality） can be imperative for dispersal success, a key stage in the invasion process. here we investigate the composition and correlation of two important personality traits associated with invasion success, activity and boldness, and how they are connected to sex and individual size in a newly colonised population of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in lake Vanem, Sweden. We found no effect of sex or size on behavioral expressions orE. sinensis but a clear positive correlation between boldness and activity. In addition, this study generates important baseline data for monitoring behavioral develop ment, and thereby changing ecological impact, of an invading population over time. This has implications for predicting ecological effects of invasive species as well as for managing ecological invasions.

关键词： Eriocheir sinensis Biological invasion Behavior Boldness Activity Invasion front

Update of cholangioscopy and biliary strictures

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第34期17卷 3864-3869页

作者： marcus W Chin Michael F Byrne Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology Vancouver General Hospital Amy Athelstan Saw Fellow University of Western AustraliaPerth 6009 Australia Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology Vancouver General Hospital University of British ColumbiaVancouver V5Z1M9 Canada

Cholangioscopy remains another modality in the investigation of biliary strictures. At cholangioscopy, the"tumour vessel" sign is considered a specific sign formalignancy. Through its ability to not only visualisemucosa, but to take targeted biopsies, it has a greater accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for malignant strictures than endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided cytopathological acquisition. Cholangioscopy however, is time consuming and costly, requires greater technical expertise, and should be reserved for the investigation of undifferentiated strictures after standard investigations have failed.

关键词： Biliary strictures Cholangioscopy Endo- scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Endos- copy Cholangiocarcinoma

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Chronic Pain 2005