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Deep carbon recycling viewed from global plate tectonics

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National science Review 2024年第6期11卷 37-55页

作者： Maoliang Zhang Sheng Xu Yuji Sano School of Earth System science Tianjin University Marine Core Research institute Kochi University Atmosphere and Ocean Research institute The University of Tokyo

Plate tectonics plays an essential role in the redistribution of life-essential volatile elements between Earth's interior and surface, whereby our planet has been well tuned to maintain enduring habitability over much of its history. Here we present an overview of deep carbon recycling in the regime of modern plate tectonics,with a special focus on convergent plate margins for assessing global carbon mass balance. The up-to-date flux compilation implies an approximate balance between deep carbon outflux and subduction carbon influx within uncertainty but remarkably limited return of carbon to convecting mantle. If correct, carbon would gradually accumulate in the lithosphere over time by（i） massive subsurface carbon storage occurring primarily in continental lithosphere from convergent margins to continental interior and（ii） persistent surface carbon sinks to seafloors sustained by high-flux deep CO2emissions to the atmosphere. Further assessment of global carbon mass balance requires updates on fluxes of subduction-driven carbon recycling paths and reduction in uncertainty of deep carbon outflux. From a global plate tectonics point of view, we particularly emphasize that continental reworking is an important mechanism for remobilizing geologically sequestered carbon in continental crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle. In light of recent advances,future research is suggested to focus on a better understanding of the reservoirs, fluxes, mechanisms, and climatic effects of deep carbon recycling following an integrated methodology of observation, experiment,and numerical modeling, with the aim of decoding the self-regulating Earth system and its habitability from the deep carbon recycling perspective.

关键词： deep carbon recycling convergent plate margins subduction continental reworking global carbon mass balance

Symmetric silicon microring resonator optical crossbar array for accelerated inference and training in deep learning

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Photonics Research 2024年第8期12卷 1681-1688页

作者： RUI TANG SHUHEI OHNO KEN TANIZAWA KAZUHIRO IKEDA MAKOTO OKANO KASIDIT TOPRASERTPONG SHINICHI TAKAGI MITSURU TAKENAKA Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems The University of TokyoTokyo 113-8656Japan Quantum ICT Research institute Tamagawa UniversityTokyo 194-8610Japan National institute of Advanced Industrial science and Technology Ibaraki 305-8568Japan

Photonic integrated circuits are emerging as a promising platform for accelerating matrix multiplications in deep learning,leveraging the inherent parallel nature of *** various schemes have been proposed and demonstrated to realize such photonic matrix accelerators,the in situ training of artificial neural networks using photonic accelerators remains challenging due to the difficulty of direct on-chip backpropagation on a photonic *** this work,we propose a silicon microring resonator(MRR)optical crossbar array with a symmetric structure that allows for simple on-chip backpropagation,potentially enabling the acceleration of both the inference and training phases of deep *** demonstrate a 4×4 circuit on a Si-on-insulator platform and use it to perform inference tasks of a simple neural network for classifying iris flowers,achieving a classification accuracy of 93.3%.Subsequently,we train the neural network using simulated on-chip backpropagation and achieve an accuracy of 91.1%in the same inference task after ***,we simulate a convolutional neural network for handwritten digit recognition,using a 9×9 MRR crossbar array to perform the convolution *** work contributes to the realization of compact and energy-efficient photonic accelerators for deep learning.

关键词： resonator neural matrix

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Beyond network centrality: individual-level behavioral traits for predicting information superspreaders in social media

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National science Review 2024年第7期11卷 148-157页

作者： Fang Zhou Linyuan Lü Jianguo Liu Manuel Sebastian Mariani institute of Fundamental and Frontier sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Yangtze Delta Region institute(Huzhou) University of Electronic Science and Technology of China School of Cyber science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China Department of Digital Economics Shanghai University of Finance and Economics URPP social Networks Universit?t Zürich

Understanding the heterogeneous role of individuals in large-scale information spreading is essential to manage online behavior as well as its potential offline consequences. To this end, most existing studies from diverse research domains focus on the disproportionate role played by highly connected ‘hub’ ***, we demonstrate here that information superspreaders in online social media are best understood and predicted by simultaneously considering two individual-level behavioral traits: influence and susceptibility. Specifically, we derive a nonlinear network-based algorithm to quantify individuals' influence and susceptibility from multiple spreading event data. By applying the algorithm to large-scale data from Twitter and Weibo, we demonstrate that individuals' estimated influence and susceptibility scores enable predictions of future superspreaders above and beyond network centrality, and reveal new insights into the network positions of the superspreaders.

关键词： complex networks social networks social media information spreading superspreaders

Three-dimensional crystal defect imaging by STEM depth sectioning

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第8期33卷 2-7页

作者： Ryo Ishikawa Naoya Shibata Yuichi Ikuhara institute of Engineering Innovation The University of TokyoBunkyoTokyo 113-8656Japan

One of the major innovations awaiting in electron microscopy is full three-dimensional imaging at atomic *** the success of aberration correction to deep sub-angstrom lateral resolution,spatial resolution in depth is still far from atomic *** scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),this poor depth resolution is due to the limitation of the illumination *** overcome this physical limitation,it is essential to implement a next-generation aberration corrector in STEM that can significantly improve the depth *** review discusses the capability of depth sectioning for three-dimensional imaging combined with large-angle illumination ***,the statistical analysis approach remarkably improves the depth resolution,making it possible to achieve three-dimensional atomic resolution imaging at oxide *** will also discuss the future prospects of three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution by STEM depth sectioning.

关键词： atomic-resolution STEM STEM depth sectioning depth resolution dopants surface topography

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DiffMat:Latent diffusion models for image-guided material generation

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Visual Informatics 2024年第1期8卷 6-14页

作者： Liang Yuan Dingkun Yan Suguru Saito Issei Fujishiro Graduate School of science and Technology Keio UniversityKanagawaJapan School of Computing Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan Department of Information and Computer science Keio UniversityKanagawaJapan

Creating realistic materials is essential in the construction of immersive virtual *** existing techniques for material capture and conditional generation rely on flash-lit photos,they often produce artifacts when the illumination mismatches the training *** this study,we introduce DiffMat,a novel diffusion model that integrates the CLIP image encoder and a multi-layer,crossattention denoising backbone to generate latent materials from images under various *** a pre-trained StyleGAN-based material generator,our method converts these latent materials into high-resolution SVBRDF textures,a process that enables a seamless fit into the standard physically based rendering pipeline,reducing the requirements for vast computational resources and expansive *** surpasses existing generative methods in terms of material quality and variety,and shows adaptability to a broader spectrum of lighting conditions in reference images.

关键词： SVBRDF Diffusion model Generative model Appearance modeling

Metal-to-insulator transitions in 3d-band correlated oxides containing Fe compositions

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第1期31卷 48-59页

作者： Yiping Yu Yuchen Cui Jiangang He Wei Mao Jikun Chen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices for Post-Moore Chips Ministry of EducationUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China School of Materials science and Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China institute of Industrial science The University of Tokyo4-6-1 KomabaMeguro-kuTokyo 153-8505Japan

Metal-to-insulator transitions (MITs),which are achieved in 3d-band correlated transitional metal oxides,trigger abrupt variations in electrical,optical,and/or magnetic properties beyond those of conventional *** such material families,iron(Fe:3d^(6)4s^(2))-containing oxides pique interest owing to their widely tunable MIT properties,which are associated with the various valence states of *** potential electronic applications also show promise,given the large abundance of Fe on *** MIT properties triggered by critical temperature (TMIT) were reported for ReFe_(2)O_(4)(Fe^(2.5+)),ReBaFe_(2)O_(5)(Fe^(2.5+)),Fe_(3)O_(4)(Fe^(2.67+)),Re_(1/3)Sr_(2/3)FeO_(3)(Fe^(3.67+)),Re Cu_(3)Fe_(4)O_(12)(Fe^(3.75+)),and Ca_(1-x)Sr_(x)FeO_(3)(Fe^(4+))(where Re represents rare-earth elements).The common feature of MITs of these Fe-containing oxides is that they are usually accompanied by charge ordering transitions or disproportionation associated with the valence states of ***,we review the material family of Fe-containing MIT oxides,their MIT functionalities,and their respective *** the perspective of potentially correlated electronic applications,the tunability of the TMITand its resultant resistive change in Fe-containing oxides are summarized and further compared with those of other materials exhibiting MIT *** particular,we highlight the abrupt MIT and wide tunability of TMITof Fe-containing quadruple perovskites,such as Re ***,their effective material synthesis still needs to be further explored to cater to potential applications.

关键词： metal-to-insulator transitions Fe-containing oxides charge ordering charge disproportionation

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Enhancing Offensive Language Detection with Data Augmentation and Knowledge Distillation

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Research 2024年第2期6卷 29-40页

作者： Jiawen Deng Zhuang Chen Hao Sun Zhexin Zhang Jincenzi Wu Satoshi Nakagawa Fuji Ren Minlie Huang The CoAl group DCSTInstitute for Artificial InteligenceState Key Lab of Intelligent Technology and SystemsBeijing National Research Center for Information Science and TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Graduate School of Information science&Technology The University of Tokyo.Tokyo 1138654Japan School of Computer science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan611731China

Offensive language detection has received important attention and plays a crucial role in promoting healthy communication on social platforms,as well as promoting the safe deployment of large language *** data is the basis for developing detectors;however,the available offense-related dataset in Chinese is severely limited in terms of data scale and coverage when compared to English *** significantly affects the accuracy of Chinese offensive language detectors in practical applications,especially when dealing with hard cases or out-of-domain *** alleviate the limitations posed by available datasets,we introduce AugCOLD(Augmented Chinese Offensive Language Dataset),a large-scale unsupervised dataset containing 1 million samples gathered by data crawling and model ***,we employ a multiteacher distillation framework to enhance detection performance with unsupervised *** is,we build multiple teachers with publicly accessible datasets and use them to assign soft labels to *** soft labels serve as a bridge for knowledge to be distilled from both AugCOLD and multiteacher to the student network,i.e.,the final offensive *** conduct experiments on multiple public test sets and our well-designed hard tests,demonstrating that our proposal can effectively improve the generalization and robustness of the offensive language detector.

关键词： COLD dealing limitations

A plant growth chamber system equipped with aerosol generators for studying aerosol-vegetation interactions

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Particuology 2024年第2期85卷 122-132页

作者： Masao Gen Seiji Ikawa Masahiro Yamaguchi Fong Zyin Lim Takeshi Izuta I.Wuled Lenggoro Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyKoganeiTokyo184-8588Japan institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Tohoku UniversitySendai980-8577Japan Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuTokyo183-8509Japan Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental sciences Nagasaki UniversityNagasaki852-8521Japan institute of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuTokyo183-8509 Japan Department of Applied Physics and Chemical Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyKoganeiTokyo184-8588Japan institute of Global Innovation Research Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuTokyo183-8509Japan

Understanding aerosol-vegetation interactions is vital in ***,the interactions remain elusive partly due to the lack of suitable plant growth chamber ***,deposition of submicron particles on leaf surfaces is challenging due to its low deposition velocities compared to larger *** this work,we present a plant-growth chamber that was used to study the effect of sub-micron black carbon(BC)particles on the growth and photosynthesis of *** chamber system simultaneously enables the growth of multiple plants in pots and the deposition of submicron particles onto *** spraying methods assisted by ultrasonic and electrostatic forces were employed as aerosol generators to realize the particle *** flow regime inside the chamber was numeri-cally calculated to predict the transportation of aerosol particles,suggesting the optimal operating conditions of the *** gas-phase particle size distribution measurements showed that gener-ated BC particles were suspended in submicron diameter *** aerosol generators were examined in the chamber using three conductor and insulator substrates as a model of plant *** observations and spectroscopic analysis ascertained that submicron BC particles generated from our generators were deposited on all substrate *** the developed chamber system,systematic studies can be performed to advance the fundamental understanding of aerosol-vegetation interactions.

关键词： Aerosol Exposure chamber Spray drying Black carbon

Surface-derived phosphate layer on NiFe-layered double hydroxide realizes stable seawater oxidation at the current density of 1 A·cm^(−2)

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Nano Research 2024年第7期17卷 5786-5794页

作者： Chaoxin Yang Zhengwei Cai Jie Liang Kai Dong Zixiao Li Hang Sun Shengjun Sun Dongdong Zheng Hui Zhang Yongsong Luo Yongchao Yao Yan Wang Yuchun Ren Qian Liu Luming Li Wei Chu Xuping Sun Bo Tang College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinan 250014China institute of Fundamental and Frontier sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054China Department of science and Environmental Studies Faculty of Liberal Arts and Social Sciencethe Education University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China institute for Advanced Study Chengdu UniversityChengdu 610106China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China

Seawater electrolysis,especially in coastlines,is widely considered as a sustainable way of making clean and high-purity H2 from renewable energy;however,the practical viability is challenged severely by the limited anode durability resulting from side reactions of chlorine ***,we report an effective Cl^(−) blocking barrier of NiFe-layer double hydroxide(NiFe-LDH)to harmful chlorine chemistry during alkaline seawater oxidation(ASO),a pre-formed surface-derived NiFe-phosphate(Pi)***,the PO_(4)^(3−)-enriched outer-layer is capable of physically and electrostatically inhibiting Cl−adsorption,which protects active Ni^(3+)sites during *** NiFe-LDH with the NiFe-Pi outer-layer(NiFe-LDH@NiFe-Pi)exhibits higher current densities(j)and lower overpotentials to afford 1 A·cm^(−2)(η1000 of 370 mV versusη1000 of 420 mV)than the NiFe-LDH in 1 M KOH+***,the NiFe-LDH@NiFe-Pi also demonstrates longer-term electrochemical durability than NiFe-LDH,attaining 100-h duration at the j of 1 A·cm^(−2).Additionally,the importance of surface-derived PO_(4)^(3−)-enriched outer-layer in protecting the active centers,γ-NiOOH,is explained by ex situ characterizations and in situ electrochemical spectroscopic studies.

关键词： seawater oxidation phosphate outer-layer layered double hydroxide electrostatic repulsion in situ Raman