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Vector Radiative Transfer in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Scattering and Emitting ***Ⅰ:A New Discrete Ordinate Method

Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第2期38卷 209-224页

作者： Ziqiang ZHU Fuzhong WENG Yang HAN chinese academy of meteorological sciences China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

The original vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer(VDISORT)model takes into account Stokes radiance vector but derives its solution assuming azimuthal symmetric surface reflective matrix and atmospheric scattering phase matrix,such as the phase matrix derived from spherical particles or randomly oriented non-spherical *** this study,a new VDISORT is developed for general atmospheric scattering and boundary *** vector is decomposed into both sinusoidal and cosinusoidal harmonic modes,and the radiance at arbitrary viewing geometry is solved directly by adding two zero-weighted points in the Gaussian quadrature *** complex eigenvalues in homogeneous solutions are also taken into full *** accuracy of VDISORT model is comprehensively validated by four cases:Rayleigh scattering case,the spherical particle scattering case with the Legendre expansion coefficients of 0th-13th orders of the phase matrix(hereinafter L13),L13 with a polarized source,and the randomoriented oblate particle scattering case with the Legendre expansion coefficients of 0th-11th orders of the phase matrix(hereinafter L11).In all cases,the simulated radiances agree well with the benchmarks,with absolute biases less than 0.0065,0.0006,and 0.0008 for Rayleigh,unpolarized L13,and L11,*** a polarized bidirectional reflection distribution function(pBRDF)matrix is used as the lower boundary condition,VDISORT is now able to handle fully coupled atmospheric and surface polarimetric radiative transfer processes.

关键词： radiative transfer discrete ordinate polarization Stokes vector vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer(VDISORT)

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Bivariate attribution of the compound hot and dry summer of 2022 on the Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2122-2136页

作者： Baiquan ZHOU Panmao ZHAI Zhen LIAO State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

The extraordinarily high temperatures experienced during the summer of 2022 on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)demand attention when compared with its typical climatic *** absence of precipitation alongside the elevated temperatures resulted in 2022 being the hottest and driest summer on record on the TP since at least *** the susceptibility of the TP to climate change,this study employed large-ensemble simulations from the HadGEM3-A-N216 attribution system,together with a copula-based joint probability distribution,to investigate the influence of anthropogenic forcing,primarily global greenhouse gas emissions,on this unprecedented compound hot and dry event(CHDE).Findings revealed that the return period for the 2022 CHDE on the TP exceeds 4000 years,as determined from the fitted joint distributions derived using observational data spanning *** CHDE was directly linked to large-scale circulation anomalies,including the control of equivalent-barotropic high-pressure anomalies and the northward displacement of the subtropical westerly jet ***,anthropogenic forcing has,to some extent,promoted the surface warming and increased variability in precipitation on the TP in summer,establishing conditions conducive for the 2022 CHDE from a long-term climate change *** return period for a 2022-like CHDE on the TP was estimated to be approximately 283 years(142-613 years)by the large ensemble forced by both anthropogenic activities and natural ***,ensemble simulations driven solely by natural forcing indicated that the likelihood of occurrence of a 2022-like CHDE was almost *** outcomes underscore that the contribution of anthropogenic forcing to the probability of a 2022-like CHDE was 100%,implying that without anthropogenically induced global warming,a comparable CHDE akin to that observed in 2022 on the TP would not be possible.

关键词： Compound hot and dry event Tibetan Plateau Bivariate event attribution Anthropogenic forcing

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Changes in extreme high temperature warning indicators over China under different global warming levels

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Science China Earth sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1895-1909页

作者： Yuxia ZHANG Ying SUN Ting HU chinese academy of meteorological sciences Beijing 100081China National Climate Center Laboratory for Climate StudiesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

High temperature warning indicators play a pivotal role in meteorological departments,serving as crucial criteria for issuing warnings that guide both social production and daily *** their importance,limited studies have explored the relationship between different global warming levels and changes in high temperature warning *** this study,we analyze data from 2,419 meteorological stations over China and utilize the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models to examine historical changes in high temperature warning indicators used by the China meteorological *** evaluate model performance and estimate future changes in these indicators using an annual cycle bias correction *** results indicate that since 1961,the number of high temperature days(TX35d and TX40d)and length of season(TX40d and TX40l)with daily maximum temperature reaching or exceeding 35℃ and 40℃ have increased over *** intensity of high temperatures(TXx)has strengthened and the geographical extent affected by high temperatures has *** 2022,the occurrence of 40℃ high temperatures surges,with Eastern China experiencing a two-day increase in TX40d and an extended seasonal length in TX40l by over five *** CMIP6 models have underestimated the high temperature indictors associated with 35℃ during historical periods,notable difference is not observed between the models and observations for TX40d and TX40l,given their rare ***,future projections,after bias correction,indicate that the increasing trends for 35℃ and 40℃ high temperature days and length of season become more pronounced than the raw projection,suggesting a more severe increase than that anticipated *** global warming intensifies,the high temperature days and length of season are projected to increase non-linearly,while the intensity of high temperatures is expected to increase *** every 1℃ increase in global temperature,the intensity is

关键词： Extreme high temperatures meteorological warning CMIP6 Global warming levels Future projection

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Synergistic Effects of Bay of Bengal Tropical Cyclones and Tibetan Plateau Vortices on Water Vapor Transport over the Tibetan Plateau in Early Summer

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第2期38卷 383-398页

作者： Jialu LIN Ying LI Beiyao LIU Pengchao AN State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic sciences and Institute of Atmospheric sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433

The Bay of Bengal(BoB)tropical cyclones(TCs)and the Tibetan Plateau vortices(TPVs)are two crucial weather systems influencing the Tibetan Plateau(TP).Their synergistic effects can lead to widespread heavy precipitation events on the *** this study,we employ the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)model to track the trajectory of water vapor transport during three large-scale precipitation events on the TP under the combined influence of BoB TCs and *** results indicate that low-level water vapor from the BoB under the influence of BoB TCs was cyclonically entangled into the cyclonic circulation,lifted and transported northward by southwesterly flow to the southeastern part of the TP,which contributes to the moistening of the entire troposphere ***,convergence of the cyclonic circulation of the TPVs on the northern TP further transports water vapor collected in the southeastern TP northward,conducive to the maintenance and development of precipitation systems,thus inducing widespread heavy precipitation events over the TP.

关键词： Bay of Bengal(BoB) tropical cyclones(TCs) Tibetan Plateau vortices(TPVs) trajectory tracing water vapor transport

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Precipitation Evolution from Plain to Mountains during the July 2023 Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in North China

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第4期38卷 635-651页

作者： Mingxin LI Jisong SUN Feng LI Chong WU Rudi XIA Xinghua BAO Jinfang YIN Xudong LIANG State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

North China experienced devastating rainfall from 29 July to 1 August 2023,which caused substantial flooding and *** study analyzed observations from surface rain gauges and S-band dual-polarization radars to reveal the following unique features of the precipitation evolution from the plain to the mountains during this event.(1) The total rainfall was found concentrated along the Taihang Mountains at elevations generally > 200 m,and its spatiotemporal evolution was closely associated with northward-moving low-level jets.(2) Storms propagated northwestward with southeasterly steering winds,producing continuous rainfall along the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains owing to mountain blocking,which resulted in the formation of local centers of precipitation ***,most rainfall episodes with an extreme hourly rainfall rate(HRR),corresponding to large horizontal wind shear at low levels,actively occurred in the plain area to the east of the Taihang Mountains.(3) The western portion of the extreme heavy rain belt in the north was mainly caused by long-lasting cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation with HRR 20 mm h~(-1).The contributions of convective precipitation and cumulus–stratus mixed precipitation to the total rainfall of the southern and middle rain belts were broadly equivalent.(4) The local HRR maxima located at the transition zone from the plain to the mountains were induced by moderate storm-scale convective cells with active warm-rain processes and large number of small-sized rain droplets.(5) During the devastating rainfall event,it was observed that the rainfall peaked at around 1800 local time(LT) every day over the upstream plain area(no diurnal cycle of rainfall was observed in relation to the accumulated rainfall centers over mountain areas).This was attributable to convective activities along the storm propagation path,which was a resu

关键词： extreme rainfall from plain to mountains convective precipitation stratiform precipitation hourly rainfall rate low-level jet diurnal variation

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Extraordinary hot extreme in summer 2022 over the Yangtze River basin modulated by the La Nina condition under global warming

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第1期15卷 21-30页

作者： Zhen LIAO Yu-Feng YUAN Yang CHEN Pan-Mao ZHAI State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

A widespread and prolonged hot extreme hit the Yangtze River basin in summer 2022,with 300 sites established new temperature records and nearly 96%stations endured more than 40 hot *** the perspective of the combination effect of the global warming and La Nina condition,potential mechanisms of the hot extreme were *** a record-breaking hot extreme was caused by an extremely strong and westward-shifted western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH).The global warming effect contributed primarily to the abnormal hot days in the Yangtze River basin,coupled with the modulation of the La Nina *** sea surface temperature anomaly pattern under La Nina condition favored more convection activities over the western Pacific,encouraging an enhanced and westward-extended *** addition,an observation-based attribution analysis indicates that anthropogenic warming may increase the probability of such extensively persistent hot extremeby1.8 times.

关键词： Hot extreme The Yangtze River basin Global warming Tropical Pacific forcing

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Co-influence of the start of thermal growing season and precipitation on vegetation spring green-up on the Tibetan Plateau

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第2期15卷 327-337页

作者： Chen-Peng WANG Meng-Tian HUANG Pan-Mao ZHAI State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Institute of Global Change and Polar Meteorology Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049China

The climate in the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has undergone significant change in recent decades,mainly in thermal and water conditions,which plays a crucial role in phenological changes in vegetation spring ***,how the start of the thermal growing season(SOS-T)and the start of the rainy season(SORS)as key climatic factors affect vegetation green-up remains *** that these factors characterize thermal and water conditions required for vegetation green-up,this study investigated changes in the SOS-T and SORS from 1961 to 2022,using observation-based datasets with long time *** found that the SOS-T and SORS have advanced across the TP in 1961-2022 and have shown a spatial pattern of advancement in the east and delay in the west in ***,the co-effect of temperature and precipitation change on the start of vegetation growing season(SOS-V)in 2000-2022 was *** across TP,the SOS-V had an early onset of 1.3 d per decade during 2000-2022,corresponding to advanced SOS-T and ***,the SOS-V generally occurred nearly at the same time as the SOS-T in the high-altitude meadow region.A substantial delay in the SOS-V relative to the SOS-T was observed in the desert,shrub,grassland and forest regions and generally kept pace with the ***,for 50%of the vegetated regions on the TP,inter-annual variation in the delay in the SOS-V relative to the SOS-T was dominated by precipitation change,which was profound in warm-climate *** study highlights the co-regulation of precipitation and temperature change in the SOS-V in different vegetation cover regions in the TP,offering a scientific foundation for comprehending the impact of climate change and prospects for vegetation phenology on the TP.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Start of growing season Temperature Precipitation Climate change

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Tropical Cyclone Monitoring and Analysis Techniques: A Review

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第2期38卷 351-367页

作者： Chuanhai QIAN Ying LI Yinglong XU Xin WANG Zenghai ZHANG Gaozhen NIE Da LIU Shiwen ZHANG Institute for Development and Programme Design China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 chinese academy of meteorological sciences China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 National meteorological Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 National Satellite meteorological Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

Tropical cyclones(TCs),including tropical depressions and different categories of typhoons,hurricanes,and cyclonic storms,mostly originate over the oceans in the absence of direct ***,detailed monitoring and analysis of TCs has always been an unsolved *** the recent 20 years,great changes have taken place in domestic and foreign TC monitoring techniques,imposing a significant impact on TC operations and *** new technologies and products gradually emerge to support operations,with improved monitoring *** this paper,the progress on TC monitoring and analysis via meteorological satellites,radars,and airplanes in China and the world is reviewed,compared,and summarized,with special focuses on multisatellite fusion observations,in situ aircraft measurements,and some unconventional observation equipment such as rockets,saildrones,and underwater *** this basis,the paper points out future directions for improving TC monitoring and analysis in aid of better TC forecast and early warning.

关键词： tropical cyclone(TC) monitoring and analysis meteorological satellite aircraft reconnaissance

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Spatiotemporal Changes of Snow Depth in Western Jilin,China from 1987 to 2018

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chinese Geographical Science 2024年第2期34卷 357-368页

作者： WEI Yanlin LI Xiaofeng GU Lingjia ZHENG Zhaojun ZHENG Xingming JIANG Tao Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102China University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049China Changchun Jingyuetan Remote Sensing Experiment Site Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102China College of Electronic Science and Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130012 National meteorological Satellite meteorological Center Beijing 100081China

Seasonal snow cover is a key global climate and hydrological system component drawing considerable attention due to glob-al warming ***,the spatiotemporal snow cover patterns are challenging in western Jilin,China due to natural condi-tions and sparse ***,this study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of snow cover using fine-resolution passive mi-crowave(PMW)snow depth(SD)data from 1987 to 2018,and revealed the potential influence of climate factors on SD *** results indicated that the interannual range of SD was between 2.90 cm and 9.60 cm during the snowy winter seasons and the annual mean SD showed a slightly increasing trend(P>0.05)at a rate of 0.009 cm/*** snowmelt periods,the snow cover contributed to an increase in volumetric soil water,and the change in SD was significantly affected by air *** correlation between SD and air temperature was negative,while the correlation between SD and precipitation was positive during December and *** March,the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.5 in Zhenlai,Da’an,Qianan,and Qianguo ***,the SD and precipitation were neg-atively correlated over western Jilin in October,and several subregions presented a negative correlation between SD and precipitation in November and April.

关键词： snow cover snow depth(SD) climate changes passive microwave(PMW) western Jilin,China

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The Performance of Downward Shortwave Radiation Products from Satellite and Reanalysis over the Transect of Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第8期41卷 1574-1588,1671-1675页

作者： Jiajia JIA Zhaoliang ZENG Wenqian ZHANG Xiangdong ZHENG Yaqiang WANG Minghu DING State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

The downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important part of the Earth's energy balance, driving Earth's system's energy, water, and carbon cycles. Due to the harsh Antarctic environment, the accuracy of DSR derived from satellite and reanalysis has not been systematically evaluated over the transect of Zhongshan station to Dome A, East ***, this study aims to evaluate DSR reanalysis products(ERA5-Land, ERA5, MERRA-2) and satellite products(CERES and ICDR) in this area. The results indicate that DSR exhibits obvious monthly and seasonal variations, with higher values in summer than in winter. The ERA5-Land(ICDR) DSR product demonstrated the highest(lowest) accuracy,as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.988(0.918), a root-mean-square error of 23.919(69.383) W m^(–2), a mean bias of –1.667(–28.223) W m^(–2) and a mean absolute error of 13.37(58.99) W m^(–2). The RMSE values for the ERA5-Land reanalysis product at seven stations, namely Zhongshan, Panda 100, Panda 300, Panda 400, Taishan, Panda 1100, and Kunlun, were 30.938, 29.447, 34.507, 29.110, 20.339, 17.267, and 14.700 W m^(-2), respectively;with corresponding bias values of 9.887, –12.159, –19.181, –15.519, –8.118, 6.297, and 3.482 W m^(–2). Regarding seasonality, ERA5-Land, ERA5,and MERRA-2 reanalysis products demonstrate higher accuracies during spring and summer, while ICDR products are least accurate in autumn. Cloud cover, water vapor, total ozone, and severe weather are the main factors affecting DSR. The error of DSR products is greatest in coastal areas(particularly at the Zhongshan station) and decreases towards the inland areas of Antarctica.

关键词： downward shortwave radiation East Antarctic reanalysis product satellite product validation

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