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MANUFACTURER'S UNIFORM PRICING AND CHANNEL CHOICE WITH A RETAIL PRICE MARKUP COMMITMENT STRATEGY

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2014年第1期23卷 111-126页

作者： Huihui Liu Ming Lei Xiangdong Liu Guanghua school of management Peking University China Center for International economic Exchanges

The paper studies channel choice decisions in a multi-channel supply chain under a strategy where there is an ex-ante commitment made on the retail price markup. The market demand is uncertain and dependent on the price and sales efforts. The results show that in any channel structure, when making order decisions the retailer only examines the price ratio and the fluctuation size of random demand, rather than the channel cost and the retailer＇s marketing efficiency. When the retail price rises, the manufacturer is willing to increase inventory quantity for direct sales, because the manufacturer＇s profit margin is higher in direct channel. The increase in demand fluctuation only affects the degree of channel preference but doesn＇t change the manufacturer＇s channel choice. No matter in which level the price ratio is, when the sales efficiency of retail channel is not high or the demand proportion of direct channel is low, the manufacturer and the retailer will be both apt to choose a dual-channel structure. Then adding a direct channel becomes a marketing strategy, rather than a competitor of the retail channel, and helps the supply chain win more market demand.

关键词： Uniform pricing marketing/sales effort channel choice newsvendor model dual channelsupply chain

The net ecosystem services value in China's Mainland

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第5期61卷 595-603页

作者： Shixiong CAO Yujie LIU Wei SU Xinyi ZHENG Zhongqi YU school of economics Minzu University of China College of economic management Beijing Forestry University

Protection of the ecological environment is an effective strategy for maintaining ecosystem health,improving provision of ecosystem services,and increasing human ***,traditional calculations of the value of ecosystem services(VES)provide weak guidance because they ignore the costs of these services,leading to economically inefficient *** understand the difference between VES and the net ecosystem services value(NES,after subtracting costs from VES)and to improve evaluations of ecosystem services,we estimated NES for China's Mainland(including farmland,grassland,forest,and wetland).NES totaled 10.0×10~3RMB ha^(-1)yr^(-1)in 2014,which is only 35.1%of the corresponding *** NES was–0.7×10~3RMB ha^(-1)yr^(-1),in contrast with a positive grassland *** of farmland,grassland,forest,and wetland in2014 totaled 7.2×10^(12)RMB,accounting for 27.0%of China’s *** Chinese planning based on VES emphasizes forest conservation and ignores the conservation of other important ecosystems,such as grassland,leading to a continuing loss of China’s natural *** to regional differences in economic conditions,resource endowments,and geographical characteristics,VES and NES differ among *** maximize the ecological benefits from conservation,it is necessary to account for these differences by comparing strategies based on NES,thereby choosing projects that maximize both economic and ecological *** maintain the ecological balance,ecological restoration and socioeconomic activities should account for the costs of providing ecosystem *** is essential to minimize the costs and maximize the benefits of projects.

关键词： Ecosystem services Cost analysis Environmental conservation Land management Ecological restoration

How Load Aggregators Avoid Risks in Spot Electricity Market:In the Framework of Power Consumption Right Option Contracts

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Energy Engineering 2022年第3期119卷 883-906页

作者： Jiacheng Yang Xiaohe Zhai Zhongfu Tan Zhenghao He school of economic and management North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing102206China school of economic and management Yan’an UniversityYan’an716000China

There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent *** order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to *** terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key *** user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side ***,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market *** addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power ***,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this ***,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially *** a financial derivative,options can solve the above *** this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption ***,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is *** results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue

关键词： Load aggregator demand response power consumption right option pricing decision-making

Design and impact estimation of a reform program of China's tax and fee policies for low-grade oil and gas resources

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Petroleum Science 2011年第4期8卷 515-526页

作者： Cui Na Lei Yalin Fang Wei school of Humanities and economic management China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

With China＇s rapid economic development,it is important to formulate reasonable and feasible tax and fee policies to promote the development and utilization of low-grade oil and gas resources to guarantee China＇s energy supply *** this paper,by analyzing major problems of China＇s current tax and fee policies for oil and gas resources,a reform program for low-grade oil and gas resources is designed from the aspects of tax/fee items and tax/fee *** impacts of this reform program on China and China＇s oil companies during the ＂Twelfth Five-Year Plan＂ are investigated according to the related data in *** results show that the proposed tax and fee reform program will lower the tax burden of oil companies,promote the development of low-grade oil and gas resources,and increase China＇s GDP and national fiscal *** that,it will bring positive social effects by increasing employment opportunities.

关键词： Low-grade oil and gas resources tax and fee policies reform program impact estimation

Research on supplier evaluation and selection based on fuzzy hierarchy analysis and grey relational analysis

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Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series) 2007年第5期14卷 698-702页

作者：张铁柱卓剑毕克新胡运权 China school of economic management Harbin University of Science and Technology school of management Harbin Institute of Technology

Considering the disadvantages of selecting evaluation index of supplier based on old purchase relation and in view of transformation of relation between manufacture and supplier under the dynamic, cooperative, competitive and quickly response environment, research on supplier selection evaluation was presented based on enterprise capability, cooperation degree and service level from the perspective of cooperative partnership and coordination, and the evaluation index system was established. A more objective and veracious supplier selection and evaluation method based on fuzzy analysis hierarchy process and grey relational analysis was developed, and then empirical research on electric equipment manufacturer was explored to analyze the supplier selection and evaluation.

关键词： cooperative partner fuzzy hierarchy analysis grey relational analysis supply chain supplier

Water quality evaluation of Haihe River with fuzzy similarity measure methods

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第10期25卷 2041-2046页

作者： Xiaojing Wang Zhihong Zou Hui Zou school of economic and management Beihang University Department of Applied Mathematics College of ScienceChina Agricultural University

Fuzzy similarity measures, which are used to judge the closeness of two fuzzy sets, are presented to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River. Based on the membership functions and coefficient of variation as the weights, four fuzzy similarity measures （including Lattice similarity measure, Hamming similarity measure, Euclidean similarity measure and the max-min similarity measure） are used to classify the 299 samples into the proper water quality standard ranks. The results are compared with the traditional distance discriminant methods. The calculation of two traditional distance discriminant methods （both Euclidean distance and absolute value distance） is also based on the use of coefficients of variation as the weights. Without the Lattice similarity measure, for this method loses some information, the correct assignment of samples classified into the same water quality ranks is 75.92% with the other three similarity measures and two distance discriminant methods. This result shows the reliability of the five methods. Only considering the three similarity measures, there were only 1.01% of the samples that did not classify to the same ranks, while the corresponding ratio of the two distance discriminant methods was 5.69%. The results of leave-one-out cross validation show that more than 88% of the samples are classified to the proper ranks, which demonstrates that the similarity measures are suitable to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River.

关键词： similarity measure distance discriminant coefficient of variation membership function

Analysis of Driving Factors of Natural Gas Consumption in China: Based on Regional Integration and LMDI Method

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Energy Engineering 2021年第4期118卷 1027-1043页

作者： Huiwen Xu Zhen Wang school of economic and management China University of Petroleum(Beijing)BeijingChina

In recent years,China has developed rapidly in terms of natural *** by regional economic integration,a regional natural gas market composed of neighboring provinces and cities has taken shape gradually,and it tends to grow toward the same direction in policy formulation,resource coordination,facility construction and market *** on the factors such as geographical location,economic conditions and natural gas consumption,this thesis tends to conduct a horizontal comparative analysis on the economic development conditions,natural gas consumption characteristics and natural gas pipeline network density of the three regions with obvious regional integration feature in *** according to LMDI,four core indicators,namely economic growth effect,energy intensity effect,energy structure effect,and substitution effect are *** thesis is expected to explore the contribution of different indicators to the growth of natural gas consumption in these three different *** to the results,it can be concluded that the driving factors of natural gas consumption differ greatly among *** speaking,the more developed the economy is,the greater the contribution of the energy substitution effect to natural gas consumption will be,and the contribution of the economic growth effect to natural gas consumption will be *** that the contribution of energy intensity in different regions shows slight difference,the energy structure contributes the least effect,which further explains the current differences in China’s natural gas consumption characteristics and the reasons behind.

关键词： Regional integration natural gas consumption influencing factor LMDI

A new approach for crude oil price prediction based on stream learning

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第1期8卷 183-187页

作者： Shuang Gao Yalin Lei school of Humanities and economic management China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

Crude oil is the world＇s leading fuel, and its prices have a big impact on the global environment, economy as well as oil exploration and exploitation activities. Oil price forecasts are very useful to industries, governments and individuals. Although many methods have been developed for predicting oil prices, it remains one of the most challenging forecasting problems due to the high volatility of oil prices. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for crude oil price prediction based on a new machine learning paradigm called stream learning. The main advantage of our stream learning approach is that the pre- diction model can capture the changing pattern of oil prices since the model is continuously updated whenever new oil price data are available, with very small constant overhead. To evaluate the forecasting ability of our stream learning model, we compare it with three other popular oil price prediction models. The experiment results show that our stream learning model achieves the highest accuracy in terms of both mean squared prediction error and directional accuracy ratio over a variety of forecast time horizons.

关键词： Crude oileconomic geologyPrediction modelMachine learningStream learning

Reciprocal Interactions Between Industrial Clusters and City Suburbs Development

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Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science) 2007年第3期12卷 421-426页

作者：程德理黄红黄立平 school of economic and management Tongji Univ. school of Medicine Shanghai Jiaotong Univ.

Industrial clusters which create competitive advantage are new trends in industry development. Establishing innovatory clusters in city suburbs which provide better environments for cluster development in return will greatly accelerate the development of suburbs. Thus there are reciprocal interactions between industrial clusters and city suburbs development. The relations and some suggestions about how to plan industrial clusters in suburbs were given.

关键词： industrial clusters competitive advantage reciprocal interactions