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Assessment Methods Used during Clinical Years of Undergraduate Medical Education at Moi University school of medicine, Kenya

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Health 2022年第3期14卷 296-305页

作者： Japheth Kipkulei Simon Kangethe Frankline Boibanda Hellen Jepngetich Teresa Lotodo Joel Kirinyet Department of Pathology Thematic Section of Haematology and Blood Transfusion School of Medicine Moi University Eldoret Kenya Department of Community Health Family Medicine and Medical Education School of Medicine Moi University Eldoret Kenya Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health Moi University Eldoret Kenya Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences School of Medicine Moi University Eldoret Kenya

Background: Assessment is the systematic collection, review, and use of information about educational programs undertaken to improve teaching and learning. It ensures quality in training programmes, motivates, and directs students’ learning. Assessment is also used for verification of achievement of objectives of training, feedback to students, licencing, certification, and screening of students for advanced training. It is guided by several principles, including the aims of the assessment (why assess), who to assess, timing (when to assess), what to assess, methods (how to assess), and the criteria for determining the usefulness of the assessment. Objective: To describe the assessment methods used during clinical years of the undergraduate programme at Moi University school of medicine (MUSOM) and determine the student’s perspectives concerning the comprehensiveness, relevance, objectivity of various assessment methods and challenges faced. Methodology: The study was carried out at MUSOM and a cross-sectional study design was employed. Ten study participants were studied using convenience sampling. Data were collected using an interview guide and was analyzed using content analysis. An informed consent was obtained from the study participants. Results: The methods used during clinical years at MUSOM for assessing knowledge and its applications include multiple-choice questions (MCQ), short answer questions (SAQ), modified essay questions (MEQ), long essay questions (LEQ), and oral exam. Whereas the methods for assessing clinical competence include long case, short cases, objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), and logbook. Students felt that MCQs were comprehensive, objective, and relevant to the curriculum content. They reported that feedback was not provided after assessments. Conclusion: The assessment methods used at MUSOM during clinical years include MCQ, SAQ, MEQ, LEQ, Short cases, long cases, and OSCE. Students reported varied perceptions of the

关键词： Medical Education Assessment Methods Clinical Years Undergraduate

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From "Genes to Society":The logic and process of the New Johns Hopkins University school of medicine curriculum

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中国病理生理杂志 2009年第11期25卷 2240-2241页

作者： Patricia A. Thomas Department of medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA

Johns Hopkins University school of medicine (JHUSOM) has been a leader in medical education since its inception in 1893. The influence of John Dewey on the founders of the school is evident in the design of the curriculum,which included serious study of basic science for two years,followed by 'learning by doing' in the 3d and 4th clinical years. After the Flexner report in 1910 which lauded the school as an exemplary model,this became the standard curricular structure of undergraduate medical education in the US. Since its founding Hopkins,like other medical schools,has struggled with burgeoning biomedical knowledge and the tension between time and content. The last curricular revision was implemented in 1992,and had several themes,including:(1) decreased lecture time and increased small group learning; (2) early clinical experience and more ambulatory clinical experience; (3) integration of the basic sciences to improve learning and reduce redundancy; (4) development of a longitudinal course for the social sciences,(named 'The Physician and Society' course); (5) a required thesis project for graduation. All but the last were implemented. Our students have done well in this curriculum. 98-100% pass the licensing board exams,and over 90% obtain their first choice for residency positions,often in highly competitive programs such as Dermatology,Neurosurgery and Ophthalmology. Approximately 30% of graduates are listed in the AAMC faculty roster-one of the highest percentages of graduates going to academic medicine in the country.

关键词：课程结构大学生医学院逻辑社会基因金医学教育

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Genetics in medical school curriculum:A look at the University of Rochester school of medicine and Dentistry

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2008年第1期9卷 10-15页

作者： Deanne M. ROBINSON Chin-To FONG Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochesterNY 14642USA

Genetics is assuming an increasingly important role in medicine. As a result,the teaching of genetics should also be increased proportionally to ensure that future physicians will be able to take advantage of the new genetic technology,and to understand the associated ethical,legal and social issues. At the University of Rochester school of medicine and Dentistry,we have been able to incorporate genetic education into a four-year medical curriculum in a fully integrated fashion. This model may serve as a template for other medical curriculum still in development.

关键词：遗传学高等教育医学教学课程改革罗彻斯特大学

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Building New Education Model to Enhance the Comprehensive Competence of the Medical Students The exploration of PRICE Education Model in school of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

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Medical Bulletin of Shanghai Jiaotong University 2014年第1期26卷 2-5页

作者： Gang Huang Bingjie Lu Jifeng Fu Yanping Zhang Wenhan Mei Yan Li Yifei Wang Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of medicine

To enhance the competence of medical students, Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of medicine innovates the new PRICE education model, through Problem-based Learning(P) and Research-based learning(R), guides the students to give full play to the active learning; break the traditional discipline-centered teaching model by an integrated curriculum(I),combines with clinical practice-based learning(C) to solve the disjointed question between the basic theory and clinical practice in medical education, uses the comprehensive evaluation system(E) to assess the learning effect of the students and the quality of the teaching. The PRICE education model is verified by our educational practice.

关键词： PRICE Medical Education Model

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Teaching programs of neurobiology in Zhejiang University school of medicine:enlightment and encouragement

Teaching programs of neurobiology in Zhejiang University Sch...

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中国神经科学学会第十届全国学术会议

作者： Ai-Min BAO Jian-Hong LUO Department of Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of ChinaZhejiang University School of Medicine

The tremendously rapid developments in basic and medical neurosciences ask for more young researchers,who obtained knowledge of Neurobiology during undergraduate and postgraduate *** have developed,therefore,in Zhejiang University school of medicine such dedicated *** years of experience,we have designed for different groups of student tailor-made teaching programs of *** introduce our students into the neurosciences in an integrated way from molecule to mind,from the ion channels to brain function and to neurological and psychiatric *** present the knowledge on how our neuronal circuits are assembled during development under the influence of our experience with the world around us,how we carry out behaviors under control of our brain,and how our memory works and can be *** addition,the biology of our emotional life and its psychological disorders are *** main topics of teaching are（1） history of neuroscience;（2） structure and function of neuron and glia cells;（3） synaptic transmission,neuronal information processing and integration;（4） brain development and its disorders;（5） functional brain anatomy and circuits;（6） molecular mechanisms of learning and memory;（7）neuroendocrine regulation of behavior;and（8） neurobiology and neuropathology of brain *** with such an enlightening course,we aim,in addition,to encourage and guide our students into the recent field of the social consequences of *** make clear to the students that ’We are our brain’,*** the uniqueness of our brain is due to a combination of our genetic background and the brain programming that takes place during its development in the womb and early stages after *** show that in this way most of our character traits,talents and limitations are determined in these early stages,including not only the properties of our character such as being a morning or an evening person,degrees of spirituality,chances to be neu

关键词： teaching neurobiology

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P17 Pharmacology in the integrated course ＂Basic Medical Sciences＂ in Zhejiang University school of medicine

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中国药理通讯 2006年第2期23卷 25-25页

作者： Ji-qiang Chen Qiang Xia Qiang-min Xie Er-qing Wei Li-qin Fu Preclinical Department Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China

According to traditional teaching mode, the courses in preclinical medicine including pharmacology are separately run. This mode causes a series of disadvantages including loose connection between knowledge in different disciplines and weak ability to bridge basic preclinical knowledge and clinical practice. In order to overcome the disadvantages and promote the teaching efficiency, we constructed a new integrated course-Course of Basic Medical Sciences, which includes 6 traditional courses, anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, pathology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. We integrated these courses based on the human organ systems and according to the principle-" From macro to micro, From morphological to functional, From normal to abnormal and From disease to drug therapy" and published the series of textbook in 2004. The contents of pharmacology are taught just after pathology and pathophysiology in every organ system. In comparison with the traditional teaching mode, teachers of pharmacology need not spend a lot of time to review preceding knowledge of anatomy and histology, physiology, pathophysiology and pathology. This is helpful in saving time and improving the teaching efficiency.

关键词：教育方法药理学医学知识浙江大学药品

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Regenerative medicine strategies for chronic complete spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 818-824页

作者： Shogo Hashimoto Narihito Nagoshi Masaya Nakamura Hideyuki Okano Department of Orthopedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Department of Physiology Keio University School of Medicine

Spinal cord injury is a condition in which the parenchyma of the spinal cord is damaged by trauma or various *** rapid progress has been made in regenerative medicine for spinal cord injury that was previously untreatable,most research in this field has focused on the early phase of incomplete ***,the majority of patients have chronic severe injuries;therefore,treatments for these situations are of fundamental *** reason why the treatment of complete spinal cord injury has not been studied is that,unlike in the early stage of incomplete spinal cord injury,there are various inhibitors of neural ***,we assumed that it is difficult to address all conditions with a single treatment in chronic complete spinal cord injury and that a combination of several treatments is essential to target severe ***,we established a combination therapy of cell transplantation and drug-releasing scaffolds,which contributes to functional recovery after chronic complete transection spinal cord injury,but we found that functional recovery was limited and still needs further ***,for the further development of the treatment of chronic complete spinal cord injury,we review the necessary approaches to the different pathologies based on our findings and the many studies that have been accumulated to date and discuss,with reference to the literature,which combination of treatments is most effective in achieving functional recovery.

关键词： cell transplantation chronic phase complete transection regenerative medicine spinal cord injury

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Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids as therapeutics for nervous system disorders:preclinical models and clinical studies

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 788-799页

作者： R.Scott Duncan Sean M.Riordan Matthew C.Gernon Peter Koulen Department of Ophthalmology School of MedicineUniversity of Missouri Department of Biomedical Sciences School of MedicineUniversity of Missouri

Cannabinoids are lipophilic substances derived from Cannabis sativa that can exert a variety of effects in the human *** have been studied in cellular and animal models as well as in human clinical trials for their therapeutic benefits in several human *** of these include central nervous system(CNS)diseases and dysfunctions such as forms of epilepsy,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s disease,pain and neuropsychiatric *** addition,the endogenously produced cannabinoid lipids,endocannabinoids,are critical for normal CNS function,and if controlled or modified,may represent an additional therapeutic avenue for CNS *** review discusses in vitro cellular,ex vivo tissue and in vivo animal model studies on cannabinoids and their utility as therapeutics in multiple CNS *** addition,the review provides an overview on the use of cannabinoids in human clinical trials for a variety of CNS *** and endocannabinoids hold promise for use as disease modifiers and therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.

关键词： anandamide cannabidiol cannabinoid endocannabinoid epilepsy multiple sclerosis neurodegeneration neuroprotection tetrahydrocannabinol

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Pathophysiological changes of muscle after ischemic stroke:a secondary consequence of stroke injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第4期19卷 737-746页

作者： Hu Qi Dan Tian Fei Luan Ruocong Yang Nan Zeng State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese medicine Resources Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine school of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Tuina school Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Sufficient clinical evidence suggests that the damage caused by ischemic stroke to the body occurs not only in the acute phase but also during the recovery period,and that the latter has a greater impact on the long-term prognosis of the ***,current stroke studies have typically focused only on lesions in the central nervous system,ignoring secondary damage caused by this *** a phenomenon arises from the slow progress of pathophysiological studies examining the central nervous ***,the appropriate therapeutic time window and benefits of thrombolytic therapy are still controversial,leading scholars to explore more pragmatic intervention *** treatment measures targeting limb symptoms can greatly improve a patient’s quality of life,they have become a critical intervention *** the most vital component of the limbs,skeletal muscles have become potential points of *** this,to the best of our knowledge,there are no comprehensive reviews of pathophysiological changes and potential treatments for post-stroke skeletal *** current review seeks to fill a gap in the current understanding of the pathological processes and mechanisms of muscle wasting atrophy,inflammation,neuroregeneration,mitochondrial changes,and nutritional dysregulation in stroke *** addition,the challenges,as well as the optional solutions for individualized rehabilitation programs for stroke patients based on motor function are discussed.

关键词： inflammation ischemic stroke mitochondria muscle atrophy muscle fiber muscle nutrition quality of life rehabilitation ubiquitin

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Tryptophan-specific peptide modification through metal-free photoinduced N-H alkylation employing N-aryl glycines

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第6期35卷 316-319页

作者： Jianhui Yin Wenjing Huang Changyong Guo Chao Liu Fei Gao Honggang Hu school of medicine or Institute of Translation medicine Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China

Tryptophan(Trp)carries a unique heteroaromatic indole side chain and plays a critical role in peptide or protein ***,we have reported a metal-free photoinduced N-H alkylation strategy using N-aryl glycines for specific modification of tryptophan-containing *** robustness of our approach is demonstrated by its wide substrate scope,excellent isolated yields,as well as almost unobservable side *** this highly efficiently metal-free condition,alkylated Trp-containing peptides can be smoothly *** study provides a reliable and practical tool for the chemo-selective modification of various tryptophan containing oligopeptides.

关键词： Tryptophan Peptide Modification Glycine Photoinduced

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